What is the forceful ejection of partially digested food and secretions known as?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of nausea and vomiting?

SATA: The vomiting reflex is initiated by stimuli from which of the following organs?

The chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the brainstem responds to stimuli from drugs, toxins, and motion.

Which autonomic nervous system response is associated with tachycardia, tachypnea, and diaphoresis during vomiting?

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of prolonged nausea and vomiting?

Acidosis is the loss of HCl acid with vomiting of ________ contents (less common than alkalosis).

What is alkalosis in the context of vomiting? Alkalosis is the loss of ________ HCl.

Which of the following is NOT a goal in the care of nausea and vomiting (N/V)?

The use of drugs in the care of N/V depends on the cause.

What does bright red blood in emesis indicate? Fill in the blank: Bright red blood in emesis indicates ________ bleeding.

Coffee-ground emesis is a sign of which condition?

Regurgitation is best described as:

Projectile vomiting is common with ________ and spinal cord tumors.

Emesis during or right after eating is commonly associated with ________ stress.

What is the syndrome characterized by recurring episodes of nausea/vomiting (N/V) and fatigue lasting from a few hours up to 10 days?

Which of the following is part of the implementation plan for acute care in N/V?

What should be monitored to assess for dehydration in patients with N/V?

SATA: What positions should a patient be placed in as an aspiration precaution during N/V care?

Which of the following is recommended for nutrition therapy in N/V?

Patients with N/V should eat quickly to avoid over distention.

What is the most common upper GI problem?

What does GERD stand for?

What is the primary factor in the pathophysiology of GERD?

Which of the following is a medication that can induce esophagitis?

List one non-drug intervention for managing or preventing nausea and vomiting (N/V).

Environmental comfort measures for N/V include avoiding sudden position changes and stopping intake until acute episodes subside.

What is the most common symptom of GERD?

Which of the following is NOT a complication of GERD?

Fill in the blank: Burning, tight sensation under lower sternum that spreads into the throat or jaw and mimics angina but is relieved with antacids is called ________.

Which diagnostic test for GERD involves swallowing a contrast material to visualize the esophagus?

Regurgitation in GERD is described as hot, bitter, or sour liquid in the mouth or throat.

Which of the following is a management strategy for GERD?

What is the term for the metaplasia of cells in the esophagus that increases the risk for cancer in GERD patients?

Which of the following is recommended for managing reflux?

Which substances should be avoided to help manage reflux?

For patients with GERD: After meals, it is recommended to remain in an upright position for _____ hours and avoid tight clothing at the waist or bending over after eating.

It is recommended to avoid eating 3 hours before bed to help manage reflux with GERD.

Which of the following is NOT a recommended lifestyle modification for reflux management?

Drug therapy for reflux aims to:

SATA: Which drug classes are most common and effective for reflux management?

Fill in the blank: PPIs are most effective for healing esophagitis and decreasing incidence of strictures. They should be taken ________.

One complication associated with long-term use of PPIs is:

Fill in the blank: Prokinetics increase ______ pressure and improve gastric emptying.

Prokinetics should be used ONLY as a treatment for GERD if the patient has delayed gastric emptying.

Fill in the blank: Antacids neutralize acids and provide quick relief for ______ and intermittent heartburn.

How long after meals should antacids be taken?

Fill in the blank: Continuous use of antacids with older adults and in patients with CVD should be monitored due to increased ______.

Which of the following should be avoided to decrease LES pressure according to nutritional therapy?

Nutritional therapy for GERD recommends avoiding irritating foods and soda such as ______, orange juice, cola, and red wine.

Weight reduction is recommended if indicated as part of nutritional therapy for gastrointestinal disorders.

What is the purpose of the LINX reflux management system?

What is the most common abnormality found on x-rays of the upper GI tract?

Fill in the blank: The two types of hiatal hernia are ______ and rolling.

Which type of hiatal hernia is most common and occurs when the patient is supine, withdrawing when the patient is standing?

Paraesophageal or rolling hiatal hernia is less common, more cause for concern, and does not change with position.

What is a medical emergency in the context of a paraesophageal/rolling hiatal hernia?

What structural change contributes to the pathophysiology of hiatal hernias?

What is one endoscopic alternative to surgery for reflux management?

What are the clinical manifestations of Hiatal Hernia? Clinical manifestations include heartburn/pyrosis, dyspepsia, regurgitation, respiratory symptoms, and _________.

Which of the following is NOT a complication of Hiatal Hernia?

What diagnostic methods are used for Hiatal Hernia? Fill in the blank: Diagnostics are the same as GERD, ________ swallow or endoscopy.

A Nissen Fundoplication is when the fundus of the stomach is wrapped around the distal _________, then the fundus is sutured to itself.

The incidence of GERD and Hiatal Hernia increases with age.

Which of the following drugs may decrease LES pressure in older adults?

What is a possible first sign of GERD or Hiatal Hernia in older adults? Fill in the blank: The first sign may be SEVERE _________ bleeding or respiratory complications related to aspiration.

Which of the following is NOT a food trigger for Eosinophilic Esophagitis?

Environmental allergens such as pollens, molds, cats/dogs, and dust mite allergens can trigger Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

SATA: What are some shared clinical manifestations of esophageal disorders?

Fill in the blank: Treatment for esophageal disorders includes avoiding known/identified _________.

PPIs and corticosteroids are used in the treatment of esophageal disorders.

What is a possible complication of esophageal diverticula? Fill in the blank: Malnutrition, aspiration, _________?

Which age group is most often affected by esophageal diverticula?

Fill in the blank: Diagnosis of esophageal diverticula is done by endoscopy and ________ studies.

Choose the BEST answer: Which of the following is a common cause of esophageal strictures?

What is absent in the lower 2/3 of the esophagus in Achalasia?

Achalasia is a rare, chronic disorder with an unknown etiology.

Fill in the blank: Achalasia is characterized by slow onset, increased LES pressure with incomplete _________

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of Achalasia?

Which diagnostic methods are used for Achalasia?

What is the main goal of treatment for Achalasia?

Which of the following is a treatment option for Achalasia?

Fill in the blank: Heller myotomy is a procedure to cut the ______ muscle laparoscopically.

Fill in the blank: Medication therapy is ______ effective than invasive procedures for esophageal varices.

SATA: Which of the following is a medication therapy for esophageal varices?

Fill in the blank: Patient is able to resume usual activities in ______ weeks after anti-reflux surgery.

Esophageal varices are _____, tortuous veins occurring in the lower esophagus.

Fill in the blank: Esophageal varices are due to partial ______, a complication of cirrhosis.

There is high mortality with variceal bleeding in esophageal varices.

Regurgitation is always proceeded by gagging and/or retching.

SATA: Proton pump inhibitors should be given at the LOWEST dose possible for the SHORTEST duration possible due to which long-term complications?

It is recommended that a patient with a LINX reflux management system should schedule an MRI a few weeks postoperatively to confirm placement.

Heartburn and pyrosis are the same thing.

What is the definition of esophageal diverticula?