In what year was the first kidney transplant from a deceased donor performed?

Which university performed the first lung transplant in 1963?

The first liver transplant was performed in 1967 at which university?

Where was the first heart transplant performed in 1967?

In 1968, the first US heart transplant was performed at which hospital?

What act was established in 1968 to regulate anatomical gifts?

Which medicine became the most successful anti-rejection drug in 1983?

By 1984, what fraction of all heart transplants survived more than 5 years?

What act was passed in 1984 to regulate organ transplants in the US?

Where was the first small intestine transplant into a child performed in 1989?

Immune system specifically ________ and eliminates foreign agents thereby protecting the host against infection.

What does the immune system do to protect the host against infection?

It was once believed that it was impossible for the immune system to attack itself.

Malfunctions of the immune system do occur and may cause serious disease.

What percentage of the population in the United States is affected by autoimmune diseases as a group?

Autoimmune diseases are the ______ most common category of disease in industrialized countries.

The immune system is made up of which of the following?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the immune system?

Chronic autoimmune diseases usually require ______ care.

Innate immunity is a ______ defensive system.

Which of the following are part of innate immunity?

What type of cells originate in bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells?

Which of the following best describes adaptive immunity?

Based on the diagram, which cell is responsible for the humoral response?

Fill in the blank: The cell-mediated immune response is primarily carried out by ________ and their subtypes.

Which part of the immune system is labeled as 'Thymus' in the diagram?

Which part of the immune system is responsible for producing blood cells and is labeled in the leg area in the diagram?

Which part of the immune system is shown as a group of small red dots in the neck and armpit area in the diagram?

Which part of the immune system is labeled near the mouth and nose area in the diagram?

Which part of the immune system is labeled on the outer surface of the body in the diagram?

Which part of the immune system is labeled near the throat area in the diagram?

Which part of the immune system is labeled on the left side of the abdomen in the diagram?

Which part of the immune system is shown as vessels running throughout the body in the diagram?

What type of defense is responsible for acting against specific pathogens or changed body cells?

Which cells are responsible for defense in the blood?

Which cells are responsible for defense in the tissue?

What are the substances that kill bacteria as part of the innate immune system?

What provides protection on the outside of the body as part of the innate immune system?

What provides protection on the inside of the body as part of the innate immune system?

What is the first attack in the tissue as part of the innate immune system?

Fill in the blank: In innate immunity, the lag phase is ______, response is immediate. In adaptive immunity, the lag phase is ______, response takes at least a few days.

Which type of immunity has high specificity, with the response directed only to the agents that initiated it?

Fill in the blank: In innate immunity, diversity is ______, hence limited specificity. In adaptive immunity, diversity is ______, resulting in a wide range of antigen receptors.

Which type of immunity has memory, where subsequent exposures to the same agent induce amplified responses?

Fill in the blank: In innate immunity, self/non-self discrimination is present, and the reaction is against ______. In adaptive immunity, self/non-self discrimination is present, and the reaction is against ______.

Which of the following is a component of innate immunity (rapid response)?

Which of the following is a component of adaptive immunity (slow response)?

Fill in the blank: ________ are responsible for producing antibodies in the adaptive immune system.

Which cell type is classified as a granulocyte in the innate immune system?

Natural killer cells are part of both innate and adaptive immunity.

Which of the following is a physical or physiological barrier against pathogens?

Which cell is part of innate immunity?

Which of the following is NOT a component of adaptive immunity?

Fill in the blank: ________ is a physical barrier that helps protect the body from pathogens.

Which of the following is a function of mucous membranes in immunity?

Natural Killer Cells are part of adaptive immunity.

Which cell type is responsible for producing antibodies?

Fill in the blank: ________ are part of the body's innate immunity and help destroy pathogens by engulfing them.

Which of the following is NOT a physical or physiological barrier?

Fill in the blank: Chemotactic agents ______ immune cells to site.

Which of the following is a <10kDa signal protein secreted by immune cells?

Fill in the blank: ______ regulate and coordinate immune response.

C-reactive protein (CRP) binds to bacteria as tags along with which complement fragment?

Antibodies (Ab) are also known as ______.

How many classes of antibodies are mentioned in the image?

Which class of antibody is the most abundant?

Which chemokine receptor binds to CXCL1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8?

Which cells are associated with the chemokine receptor CCR5?

Fill in the blank: The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is associated with most T cells, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Monocytes, MDSCs, Tregs, B cells, and ________.

Which chemokine binds to the receptor CCR7?

Which chemokine receptor is associated with Macrophages only?

According to the diagram, which cell is responsible for producing antibodies?

Fill in the blank: The cell that gives rise to all other blood cells in the diagram is the _________.

Which cytokine is associated with the induction of fever according to the diagram?

T-helper cells are involved in the clonal expansion of T cells according to the diagram.

Which two cell types are shown to contribute directly to the inflammatory response in the diagram?

Which T-cell effector subgroup is associated with the recruitment of neutrophils?

Fill in the blank: The main cytokines produced by Th1 cells are _______ and _______.

Which T-cell effector subgroup produces Interleukin-5 and Interleukin-13?

Fill in the blank: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are characterized by the expression of _______ and _______ transcription factors.

Which T-cell effector subgroup is responsible for cytotoxicity against virally infected cells?

According to the diagram, what happens to a cell membrane after tissue injury, ischemia, or inflammation?

What is the effect of high CRP concentrations on damaged or apoptotic cells according to the diagram?

Fill in the blank: At low CRP concentrations, C1q cannot bind to the cell membrane, and the cell ________ and repairs its membrane.

Which molecule is responsible for marking the damaged cell for macrophage destruction in the presence of high CRP concentrations?

What is the role of IL-6 in the process depicted in the diagram?

What is the presence of autoantibodies (ANAs) or T lymphocytes reactive with?

Any disease that results from an aberrant immune response is called ________.

Failure of the immune system can stem from:

Diagnosis of immune system dysfunction is by nature of symptoms of illness or detection of ________ (ANAs).

Treatments for immune system dysfunction include ________ and prednisone.

Which of the following is NOT a failure of the immune system listed in the notes?

What does ANA stand for in the context of immune system diagnosis?

Allergy is characterized by excessive production of IgE in response to harmless common antigens by mast cells and basophils and their overactivation. Is this considered an autoimmune disorder?