Muscles ______ in order to produce movement.

Muscles pull, never push.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?

ATP is needed for muscles to contract and comes from ______ respiration, an overall exothermic reaction.

Muscle contractions give off heat as a byproduct, helping to maintain ______ and regulate constant body temperature.

What are prime movers (agonists)?

Fill in the blank: In a bicep curl, the ________ is the prime mover in forearm flexion.

What is the name of the muscle labeled and highlighted in the arm during a bicep curl?

Muscles can be functionally classified into how many groups?

What are antagonists in muscle classification?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of antagonists?

In a bicep curl, the ________ is the antagonist in forearm flexion.

Refer to the diagram showing the biceps brachii and triceps brachii. Which muscle acts as the antagonist during forearm flexion?

What are synergists? Fill in the blank: Synergists are ...

What are fixators? Fill in the blank: Fixators are __.

In the diagram, which muscle is labeled as the prime mover during a bicep curl?

Which type of muscle tissue is described as striated muscles of the heart that contract involuntarily to pump blood throughout the body?

Which type of muscle tissue is nonstriated and found in the walls of visceral organs, contracting involuntarily to propel objects/substances down internal passageways?

Which type of muscle tissue is striated, generally attached to bones, and contracts voluntarily to produce movement?

Fill in the blank: Cardiac muscle tissue contracts ________ to pump blood throughout the body.

Fill in the blank: Every muscle is its own ________, composed mainly of skeletal muscle tissue but also blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues.

What are myofibrils?

Fill in the blank: Thin filaments called ______ run the length of each myofibril.

Which of the following are the two main proteins found in myofilaments?

What is the contractile unit of the muscle called?

In the diagram, which structure is labeled as the organelle that makes up most of muscle cells?

What are muscle fibers also known as?

Which of the following is NOT found in muscle fibers?

Fill in the blank: The specialized endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers is called the _________.

What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called?

True or False: The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle cell.

Label the following parts in the diagram:

What do muscle fibers bundle together to form?

What do fascicles bundle together to form?

Which of the following is made of hundreds to thousands of muscle cells, plus connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerve fibers?

Each fascicle is a bundle of muscle cells.

Epimysium wraps around the entire _________?

Perimysium surrounds each _________?

Endomysium surrounds each _________?

What is the contractile unit of the muscle called?

Each myofibril is a chain of _________

What separates each sarcomere at each end?

The thick filaments contain the contractile protein _________.

The thin filaments contain the contractile protein _________

Refer to the diagram of the myofibril. What is the section from one Z disc to the next called?

According to the sliding filament model, why do muscles contract?

Fill in the blank: The heads of the thick _______ filament heads grab on to the thin actin filaments.

During muscle contraction, the thin actin filaments are pulled to slide past the thick myosin filaments, resulting in more overlap and a shortening of the sarcomere.

What happens to the H zone during muscle contraction?

The two main changes that occur in the sarcomere during muscle contraction according to the sliding filament model are:

What two things does myosin need in order to touch actin?

What regulatory protein blocks actin, preventing myosin from binding?

What triggers Ca+2 channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open and release stored Ca+2?

Which protein does Ca+2 grab to move tropomyosin out of the way?

What happens when myosin grabs an ATP and rips a phosphate off?

What causes myosin to release from actin during muscle relaxation?

Which molecule energizes the myosin head at the beginning of the contraction cycle?

What happens when calcium ions bond to troponin during muscle contraction?

During the power stroke, the myosin head pivots and pulls the actin filaments toward the _______.

What causes the cross bridge to detach from the actin filament during muscle contraction?

Fill in the blank: Freed myosin head splits ATP into ______ and P_i, releasing energy to prepare for the next stroke.

Contractions only happen if activated/stimulated by the nervous system.

Neurons and muscle cells are excitable cells. This means they respond to external stimuli by changing their ______.

Resting membrane potential is the voltage across the cell membrane, usually between ______ mV.

Action potential (AP) is a large change in membrane potential that spreads rapidly over long distances within the cell.

Refer to the diagram showing the action potential graph. What phase is represented by the upward spike in the graph?

What is the main location of the somatic motor neurons that activate skeletal muscle fibers for contraction?

The extension from the neuron's cell body in the spinal cord that connects to the muscle fiber it signals is called the _______.

What is the name of the junction where the axon terminals of the motor neuron meet the muscle fiber, including the space between them?

In the diagram, which structure is labeled as the 'neuromuscular junction'?

The space between the axon terminals of the motor neuron and the muscle fiber is called the _______.

What must action potentials be converted to in order to spread the signal across the synaptic cleft?

Fill in the blank: The gap between the cells where neurotransmitters diffuse to spread the signal is called the ________.

Which neurotransmitter do motor neurons use in muscle contraction?

Action potentials can move directly from cell to cell without being converted to neurotransmitters.

Label the following part in the diagram: What is the name of the structure where neurotransmitters are released to communicate with the muscle cell?