Which is the most common and convenient enteral route of drug administration?

Which enteral route is useful when the oral route is unavailable?

For patients unable to swallow, which enteral route is used?

Drugs administered via the enteral route must survive the acidic stomach environment and ________.

Which route bypasses the GI tract through injection?

Subcutaneous (SubQ) injection delivers drugs ________.

Intramuscular (IM) injection delivers drugs into ________.

Intravenous (IV) injection delivers drugs directly into ________.

Which parenteral route is useful for drugs destroyed by stomach acid?

Which route involves absorption through skin and mucous membranes?

Inhalation route delivers drugs ________.

Sublingual (SL) route delivers drugs ________.

Topical route applies drugs to ________.

Transdermal route delivers drugs through ________.

What is the process called when a drug is released from its dosage form and dissolved in body fluids?

What is the process called when a drug is transferred from the administration site into circulation?

What is the process called when a drug is transported throughout the body via bloodstream?

What is the process called when a drug is chemically altered, primarily in the liver?

What is the process called when a drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body?

Which stage of the LADME pathway involves the drug being released from its dosage form and dissolved in body fluids?

What is the generic name of a drug?

Which of the following is an example of a generic drug name?

Fill in the blank: The official name of a drug is the name listed by the ______ in official publications. In most cases, the official name is the same as the generic name.

The generic name of a drug is normally not capitalized.

Which statement about brand or trademark names is correct?

Fill in the blank: Advil and Motrin are both brand names for ______.

What does the chemical name of a drug describe?

Fill in the blank: The chemical name for acetaminophen is _________.

Nurses rarely need to reference chemical names in daily practice.

The chemical name is rarely used in clinical practice because:

What is biologic therapy?

Fill in the blank: Unlike traditional small-molecule drugs, biologic agents are ______ manufactured in living systems such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells.

Name two conditions that biologics have revolutionized treatment for.

Biologics offer targeted therapy with potentially fewer side effects than traditional medications.

According to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938, 1951, 1962), what must manufacturers prove before marketing a drug?

Which schedule under the Controlled Substances Act (1970) has high abuse potential and no accepted medical use? Examples include heroin, LSD, hashish, MDMA, and ecstasy.

Fill in the blank: Schedule II drugs have high abuse potential and accepted medical use with severe restrictions. Examples include ________, opioid, morphine, Adderall, Narco, and Methadone.

Schedule I drugs are used in severe medical situations.

Which schedule has the lowest abuse potential?

What is the most serious type of warning that the FDA can require on a drug label?

A black box warning is surrounded by a black border and indicates a very serious, potentially life-threatening problem discovered during postmarketing surveillance or late-stage clinical trials.

Fill in the blank: The probability of a drug acquiring a new black box warning or being withdrawn from the market within 25 years of being released is approximately ____%.

Which drug is specifically mentioned as an example of one that may require a black box warning?

Postmarketing surveillance represents a critical continuation of drug safety assessment after FDA approval. Ongoing safety monitoring for new drugs is important because:

According to the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), approximately how many rare health conditions affect Americans?

A disease is considered rare if it affects fewer than how many people in the United States?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a rare disease?

What are orphan drugs?

Why did pharmaceutical companies historically avoid developing treatments for rare diseases?

Which of the following is an incentive provided by the Orphan Drug Act of 1983?

Since the passage of the Orphan Drug Act, hundreds of orphan drugs have been approved, improving outcomes for patients with rare diseases.

What are drug receptors? Fill in the blank: Drug receptors are specific sites on cells where drugs form chemical bonds, similar to a lock and key mechanism. These receptors are typically proteins on cell surfaces or within cells that recognize and bind specific drug molecules.

What is pharmacodynamics? Fill in the blank:

Which of the following is an example of an agonist?

Which of the following is an example of an antagonist?

What is the process called where a drug is released from its dosage form and dissolved in body fluids before being absorbed into the bloodstream?

Which factor affects how quickly different drugs dissolve in the stomach?

Enteric-coated medications cannot be ________.

Immediate-release tablets dissolve quickly, while extended-release formulations dissolve slowly over hours. What is this factor called?

Some drugs require administration with food for optimal dissolution, while others should be taken on an empty stomach. What is this factor called?

What is absorption?

Which of the following factors affect the absorption rate of drugs?

Oral drugs must pass through the GI tract; IV drugs enter directly into circulation, bypassing absorption. Which type of drug administration bypasses absorption?

Areas with rich blood supply absorb drugs more rapidly than poorly perfused tissues.

Lipid-soluble drugs cross membranes more easily than water-soluble drugs.

Intravenous medications are absorbed fastest because they're placed directly into the bloodstream.

Absorption of medications applied to the skin can be influenced by which of the following?

What is metabolism (also called biotransformation) in the context of drugs? Fill in the blank: Metabolism is the process whereby the body chemically ______ drugs through enzymatic reactions.

Which organ is the primary site of drug metabolism?

Which enzyme system in the liver is primarily responsible for drug metabolism?

Other than the liver, which organ contains enzymes in the intestinal wall that can metabolize some drugs before they reach systemic circulation?

Which organ metabolizes some inhaled drugs and substances absorbed from other routes?

Which tissues contribute to drug metabolism to a lesser degree? Fill in the blank: ______, blood, and other tissues contribute to metabolism to a lesser degree.

What is excretion?

Which organ is the major organ of drug excretion?

Renal function significantly impacts drug clearance, making kidney disease a major consideration in medication dosing.

Fill in the blank: Decreased kidney function requires _______ for renally excreted drugs.

Which of the following is the primary route for most drugs and metabolites?

Name two other routes of drug excretion besides renal (urine).

What is the purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)?

Drug blood level monitoring is especially important for which of the following types of medications?

Fill in the blank: TDM is particularly important for drugs with ______ therapeutic windows, where the difference between therapeutic and toxic levels is small.

Which of the following is an example of an anticonvulsant that requires drug blood level monitoring?

Which of the following is an immunosuppressant that may require drug blood level monitoring?

Name one mood stabilizer for which drug blood level monitoring is important.

What do unbound (free) drugs represent in the bloodstream? Fill in the blank: Unbound (free) drugs represent the pharmacologically ______ portion that can reach target tissues and produce effects.

Bound drugs are attached to ______ in the bloodstream and are temporarily inactive, serving as a reservoir. Fill in the blank.

Which of the following statements is true about the clinical significance of protein binding?

When protein binding is high (>90%), what effect can small changes in binding have on free drug concentration and clinical effects? Fill in the blank: Small changes in binding can cause ______ changes in free drug concentration and clinical effects?

Fill in the blank: A drug interaction is said to occur when the action of one drug is ______ or changed by the action of another drug.

Which of the following describes enhanced effects in drug interactions?

Which of the following describes decreased effects in drug interactions?

Changes in Absorption: Most drug interactions that alter absorption take place in the gastrointestinal tract, where drugs can interfere with each other's ability to pass through the intestinal wall and enter the bloodstream. Which of the following is a common absorption interaction that involves antacids increasing gastric pH and inhibiting the dissolution of certain tablets?

Changes in Absorption: Some drugs bind to minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium) and form insoluble complexes that can't be absorbed. This process is called _________. Example: Tetracycline antibiotics binding to calcium in dairy products.

Changes in Absorption: Some drugs slow movement through the GI tract, affecting absorption of other medications. This is known as:

Changes in Absorption: Many alterations in absorption can be managed by separating the administration times of interacting drugs. Generally, spacing medications by ________ allows one drug to be absorbed before the other interferes.