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WorksheetsBiology Exam 4: The Colonization of Land
Total questions: 47
Worksheet time: 24mins
Plants colonized land in the company of __________; their symbiotic relationships still exist today.
insects
cyanobacteria
fungi
algae
animals
What structures allow plants' easy uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
gametangia
cuticles
stomata
mitochondria
capsules
Which statement about algae and plants is true?
Plants are multicellular, whereas algae are unicellular.
Plants have a waxy, waterproof cuticle, and algae do not.
Algae have different types of chlorophyll molecules from plants.
Both plant and algal zygotes develop into embryos.
Plant cells have rigid cellulose walls, and algal cells do not.
In moving to land, plants had to overcome which challenge?
competition from other photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria
many herbivores on land
desiccation
less available CO2 in the atmosphere than in the oceans
All of the choices are correct.
Alternation of generations __________.
is distinguished by a unicellular haploid stage and a multicellular diploid generation
is distinguished by a multicellular haploid generation and a unicellular diploid generation
is distinguished by haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular
is unique to plants
consists of a diploid gametophyte stage alternating with a haploid sporophyte stage
Plants undergo alternation of generations in which __________.
the sporophyte generation alternates with the gametophyte generation
the vascular generation alternates with the nonvascular generation
male plants alternate with female plants
antheridia alternate with archegonia
All of the choices are correct.
In charophytes, __________ protect(s) zygotes from desiccation.
sporopollenin
chlorophyll
lignin
stomata
cuticles
Which is a key difference between alternation of generations in plants and sexual reproduction in nonplant organisms?
In plants, the haploid and diploid stages are both multicellular.
In plants, the haploid generation is always dependent on the diploid generation.
In plants, only the haploid stage is multicellular.
In other sexually reproducing organisms, the fusion of gametes forms a zygote before an embryo.
In other sexually reproducing organisms, the haploid and diploid generations are both multicellular.
The development of the __________ prevents plants from drying out and protects them from microbes.
stomata
chlorophyll
gametangia
cuticle
apical meristem
Which term is most nearly synonymous with land plants?
photoautotrophs
seed plants
embryophytes
tracheophytes
vascular plants
Fungi are __________ organisms.
photoheterotrophic
chemoautotrophic
photoautotrophic
chemoheterotrophic
mixotrophic
__________ fungi absorb nutrients from living organisms.
Parasitic
Mutualistic
Decomposer
The first and second choices are both correct.
All of the listed choices are correct.
There is a fungus in Oregon that covers 890,965 hectares! The bulk of this fungus is most likely __________.
fruiting bodies
mycelia
pathogenic
reproductive structures
sporangia
In fungi, the function of the mycelium is __________.
surviving a period of food shortage
obtaining food
defense
dispersal to distant habitats
movement
You can buy mycorrhizal fungus to add to soil when you plant trees and other plants. Why would you want to do this?
Mycorrhizal fungi perform photosynthesis along with the plant.
Mycorrhizal fungi live in plant leaves and produce toxins that discourage herbivores.
Mycorrhizal fungi produce carbohydrates needed by plants.
Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants in the absorption of essential nutrients.
Mycorrhizal fungi prey on nematodes in the soil.
In contrast to plants, the cell walls of fungi are composed of __________.
chitin
pectin
cellulose
lignin
peptidoglycan
Which choicegenerally represents the correct order of events in fungal sexual reproduction?
karyogamy, meiosis, plasmogamy, germination
meiosis, plasmogamy, karyogamy, germination
germination, meiosis, karyogamy, plasmogamy
plasmogamy, meiosis, germination, karyogamy
plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination
Which statement about fungi is true?
Spores germinate and then mitotically divide to form a mycelium.
Many species obtain their nutrients from decaying organic matter.
The dominant stage of the life cycle is usually haploid.
The haploid nuclei of dikaryotic hyphal cells fuse to form a diploid zygote.
All of the choices are correct.
During what stage of fungal reproduction are diploid cells produced?
meiosis
karyogamy
dikaryotic stage
plasmogamy
binary fission
Molecular evidence suggests that fungi __________.
evolved from plants
were once photosynthetic
and animals have a common ancestor
are a polyphyletic group
evolved from a multicellular protist
Which feature is unique to chytrids among the fungi?
zoospores (flagellated spores)
asci (spore-producing sacs)
cell walls made of chitin
conidia (asexual spores)
arbuscles
What is the major feature of glomeromycetes?
arbuscules
the containment of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms in their hyphae
flagella
mycorrhizae
ascocarps
The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in __________.
club mosses
mosses
ferns
horsetails
seed plants
When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the __________.
gametophyte generation
structure where meiosis occurs
sporophyte generation
spore-producing structure
structure that results directly from a fertilized egg
Rhizoids __________.
are found in liverworts and hornworts, but not in mosses
have tissues in their centers that allow some mosses to grow up to 2 m tall
anchor the gametophytes of bryophytes
play a primary role in water and mineral absorption
contain specialized conducting cells
How are gametes produced by bryophytes?
by meiosis of sporophyte cells
by meiosis of spores
by meiosis of gametophyte cells
by mitosis of gametophyte cells
by mitosis of spores
Ferns and mosses are limited mostly to moist environments because __________.
they have swimming sperm
their pollen is carried by water
they lack vascular tissue
their seeds do not store water
they lack cuticles and stomata
What is the evolutionary significance of megaphylls?
They are modified leaves that have sporangia.
They increase the surface area for photosynthesis.
They allow plants to grow taller.
They increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.
They provide a way to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant's body.
Where would you find a fern gametophyte?
attached to the underground stem (rhizoids)
in a freshwater stream
inside a dissected seed
on the underside of the leaf (frond)
on moist soil
Fern gametophytes are __________.
free-living, multicellular organisms
photosynthetic diploid organisms
found on the underside of fern leaves (fronds)
produced from haploid gametes
part of the asexual life cycle
Vascular tissues of plants include __________.
phloem for conducting water and minerals, and lignin for conducting organic molecules
xylem for conducting water and minerals, and phloem for conducting dissolved organic molecules
lignin for conducting organic molecules, and phloem for conducting sugars
xylem for conducting organic molecules, and phloem for conducting water and minerals
cuticles for conducting water, and phloem for conducting organic molecules
What is true of seed plants, but not true of seedless plants?
A film of water is necessary for sperm to come in contact with eggs.
The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte.
The gametophyte is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte.
The spore is the main means of dispersing the offspring.
The sporophyte is large, and the gametophyte is small and independent.
The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always __________.
is called the gametophyte
develops from a spore
produces spores
is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage
produces eggs and sperm
The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into __________.
fruit
ovaries
gametophytes
seeds
spores
The cells within pollen grains are __________ and together comprise the __________.
diploid … a new sporophyte
haploid … spores
diploid … spores
haploid … male gametophyte
diploid … sperm nuclei
Seeds have advantages over spores. Which is the best statement of this?
Seeds can survive even in conditions that are unfavorable for the parent plants.
Most seeds are poisonous; therefore, they are not consumed by animals and persist in the environment for long periods of time.
Seeds can survive for extended periods of time at reduced metabolic rates.
Seeds are single cells, demanding fewer nutrients from the parent plants.
Seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering.
What significant change occurred on Earth between the Carboniferous period and the Permian period that most likely contributed to the success of the gymnosperms?
Viruses killed off most moss species.
Insects developed flight.
An asteroid hit Earth, leading to mass extinctions that made way for gymnosperms to take over lands where other plants had perished.
The climate became drier and warmer.
Reptiles decreased in diversity and were replaced with amphibians better adapted for seed dispersal.
In ovulate cones, megasporocytes undergo __________ and produce __________ megaspores.
mitosis … haploid
meiosis … diploid
meiosis … haploid
mitosis … diploid
Depending on environmental conditions, any of the listed responses may occur.
Like gymnosperms, many grasses and angiosperm trees are wind-pollinated. To conserve resources, these angiosperms do not produce complete flowers (complete flowers have all four of the basic parts). Which part would be unnecessary for wind-pollinated angiosperms?
petals
ovaries
anthers
fruits
sepals
The portion of a flower that receives the pollen is the __________.
ovary
anther
stigma
style
filament
During pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the __________ to the __________.
anther … stigma
stigma … ovary
ovary … anther
anther … sepal
carpel … stigma
A pea pod is formed from __________. A pea inside the pod is formed from __________.
endosperm … an ovary
an ovary … a pollen grain
an anther … an ovule
an ovary … an ovule
an ovule … a carpel
After fertilization, the __________ develops into a seed and the __________ develops into a fruit.
pollen grain … ovule
ovary … ovule
egg … ovary
egg … ovule
ovule … ovary
Which best describes the function of fruits?
reward for pollinators
food storage for the plant to use over the winter
to distract herbivores from eating the leaves
protection and dispersal of seeds
Depending on the plant species, any of the listed responses are possible.
At current rates of deforestation, tropical rain forests will be eliminated in __________ years.
10
50
175
250
1000
Lichens are important pioneers in areas that have been burned by fires or destroyed by lava flows because __________.
they release chemicals that maintain the surfaces of the underlying substratum
they thrive on acid rain
they take up excess nitrogen
they are important in the initial stages of soil formation
All of the choices are correct.
A dramatic example of the pathogenicity of certain fungi is the dramatic decrease of the American chestnut tree by __________.
a chytrid
an ascomycete
ergots
a yeast
truffles
