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WorksheetsRadiopharmaceuticals and Pulmonary Drug Delivery
Total questions: 60
Worksheet time: 32mins
FDA does not regulate the nuclear pharmacy
True
False
The radiopharmaceuticals administered at standard doses produce a pharmacologic response.
True
False
Neutron is not one of the product of beta minus decay
True
False
Alpha decay has the strongest penetration ability in all the three radioactive decay
True
False
99mTc has a half-life of 6 hours, determine the fraction remaining after 12 hours
12.5%
25%
50%
75%
A radiopharmaceutical has a physical half-life of 3 hours and a biological half-life of 12 hours, calculate its effective half-life.
0.42 hours
1.2 hours
2.4 hours
7.5 hours
Beta-emitting nuclides are usually used for diagnostic purposes
True
False
99mTc is usually used in therapeutics
True
False
For an excepted packaging, a safety analysis report must be submitted and approved before transporting
True
False
Beta minus (β–) decay emits which particles?
Positron and neutrino
Electron and antineutrino
Neutron and proton
Gamma photon
Gamma decay involves a nucleus:
Increasing atomic number by 2
Transitioning from high to lower energy state without changing atomic identity
Converting a neutron into a proton
Emitting a positron
The SI unit of activity is the:
Curie (Ci)
Gray (Gy)
Becquerel (Bq)
Sievert (Sv)
Which characteristic is ideal for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals?
Long biological half-life
Beta emission for tissue damage
Pure gamma emission with short half-life
Extensive metabolism
Which of the following does NOT regulate radiopharmaceuticals?
State board of pharmacy
FDA
NRC
EPA
Which of the following radiopharmaceuticals can pass the blood brain barrier?
[15O]-oxygen
[15O]-carbon monoxide
[15O]-water
[11C]-acetate
Match the radiopharmaceutical to the application:
[15O]-oxygen
Cerebral Oxygen extraction, metabolism
[11C]-acetate
Myocardial
Metabolism
[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose
Cerebral/Myocardial/Tumor glucose Metab.
[15O]-water
Cerebral/Myocaridal blood flow
[13N]-ammonia
Myocardial blood flow
Match the radiopharmaceutical to its primary use:
Oxyquinoline
Radiolabel autologous leukocytes
Tc red blood cells
Image GI Bleeding, cardiac chambers
Tc sestamibi
Image myocaridal perfusion, breast tumor
I sodium iodide
Thyroid imaging and uptake
Y ibitumomab tiuxetan
Non-hodgkin lymphoma
What is used in 90% of all diagnostic imaging studies?
Technetium-99m
Tc Exametazime
Y microspheres
Ho-DOTMP
Which factor does NOT affect the dose of a radiopharmaceutical?
Administered Activity
Effective Half-Life
Bio-Distribution
Energy of emissions
Temperature
Which of the following is NOT part of the S-Factor
Total energy from radiation type
Fraction of energy absorbed by target organ, emitted by source organ
Mass of target organ
Mass of radiopharmaceutical
Which type of radioactive decay involves the emission of a positron?
β⁻ decay
β⁺ decay
α decay
γ decay
In gamma decay, a nucleus transitions from:
Low energy → high energy
High energy → lower energy
Proton converted into neutron
Neutron converted into proton
Tc-99m emits radiation at approximately:
50–100 keV
140 keV
511 keV
1–5 MeV
The half-life of Tc-99m is approximately:
20 minutes
6 hours
24 hours
10 days
Transport of radioactive materials is governed under:
OSHA Medical Hazardous Goods Act
Carriage of Dangerous Goods 2009
Clean Air Handling Act
FDA Consolidated Shipping Act
Physical half-life refers to:
Time to clear 50% via metabolism
Time for activity in tissue to drop due to decay and clearance
Time required for radioactive atoms to decay 50%
Time to lose target activity in imaging
Isotopes are defined as nuclides that share the same:
Neutron number
Proton number
Mass number
Decay mode
Radioactivity is defined as:
Conversion of drug into metabolites
Emission of radiation due to spontaneous nuclear transformation
Breakdown of molecules by enzymatic action
Artificial induction of ionizing energy
Effective half-life accounts for:
Only radioactive decay
Only biological clearance
Both physical and biological half-life
Only metabolic elimination
Cold kits contain all of the following EXCEPT:
Buffer systems
Compound to be labeled
Antioxidants
Radionuclide already complexed
Surface area decreases with the increasing distance of the airway from the glottis
True
False
Pulmonary delivered drugs may produce local side effects due to the oropharyngeal deposition.
True
False
Pulmonary delivery dosage forms are inhaled through the nose
True
False
For pressurized metered inhalers (pMDIs), the momentum of aerosol particles are generated depends on the device rather than the patient's IFR
True
False
For efficient deposition, breath-holding for a period less than 5 seconds after inspiration is recommended
True
False
Narrowing airways can decrease linear velocities, enhance inertial impartion, and produce more deposition in the central airways.
True
False
Inertial impaction is the general mechanism for deposition of particles greater than 5 micrions in diameter.
True
False
Deposition by sedimentation mainly occurs in the lung periphery.
True
False
Deposition by diffusion increases with the decrease in particle size.
True
False
Dissolution in the mucus is the rate limiting step for absorption of water soluble drugs.
True
False
The macrophages engulfed particles will be eliminated via the lymphatic system or absorbed into the pulmonary circulation.
True
False
Propane cannot be used as propellant
True
False
Tin plated steel is usually used for small volume aerosols
True
False
The actuator in the valve assembly prevents leakage of the formulation when the valve is in the closed position
True
False
If the drugs are suspended or emulsified in the propellant system, constant agitation during manufacture and use is required.
True
False
Valve discharge rate of an aerosol is the amount of the drug discharged per unit volume.
True
False
The pharmacists are not allowed to put any label on an aerosol container because only the manufacturers can do that.
True
False
If multiple dosing is recommended in administering a pMDI, the patients need to wait for about 1 minute interval between actuations.
True
False
Ultra sonic nebulizers can nebulize high viscosity liquids
True
False
Which of the following is an advantage of pulmonary drug delivery?
Increased first-pass metabolism
Requires higher doses to reach systemic circulation
Rapid onset of action and lower systemic side effects
Suitable for all drugs regardless of absorption properties
What is the primary mechanism of deposition for particles greater than ~5 µm in diameter?
Brownian diffusion
Gravitational sedimentation
Inertial impaction
Passive filtration in alveoli
Deposition by gravitational sedimentation primarily occurs in:
Trachea and bronchi
Central airways during high inspiratory flow
Small distal airways where airflow is low
Nasal cavity due to mucociliary clearance
What particle size range allows optimal penetration to alveolar regions?
<0.1 µm
1–5 µm
>10 µm
8–12 µm
Failure to coordinate inhalation with firing of a pMDI leads to:
Increased alveolar deposition
Decreased oropharyngeal deposition
Increased systemic toxicity
Increased deposition in the oropharynx and reduced lung entry
Which factor increases deeper lung penetration of aerosol particles?
Increasing inspiratory flow rate
Decreasing tidal volume
Slow, deep inhalation with breath-holding
Rapid inhalation through the nose
What is a disadvantage of pulmonary delivery?
Reduced systemic effects
Needle-free administration
High cost and complexity of device engineering
Ability to bypass first-pass metabolism
Drug particles delivered via dry powder inhalers must first:
Evaporate into gas-phase molecules
Dissolve in mucus before absorption
Diffuse directly through alveolar macrophages
Undergo enzymatic activation in the trachea
Which material provides the pressure needed for spray actuation in pMDIs?
Dissolution enhancer
Surfactant
Propellant
Plastic actuator nozzle
Major disadvantage of older air-jet nebulizers includes:
Inability to nebulize solutions
Evaporation of solvent leading to drug loss
High temperature degradation of protein drugs
Requirement of breath coordination
Which region of the respiratory tract has the largest surface area available for drug absorption?
Nasopharyngeal region
Trachea
Alveolar region
Bronchi
