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WorksheetsBIO 202 Final Exam Review
Total questions: 68
Worksheet time: 34mins
Which characteristic differentiates endocrine glands from exocrine glands?
Release chemical messengers into synapses
Deliver hormones directly into bloodstream
Store enzymes for extracellular digestion
Secrete into ducts toward body surfaces
Which hormone primarily regulates basal metabolic rate in adults?
Insulin from pancreatic beta cells
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4
Cortisol from adrenal cortex
Growth hormone from anterior pituitary
Negative feedback in endocrine control is best illustrated by which example?
TSH decreases when thyroid hormones rise
Oxytocin increases uterine contractions
Insulin secretion during high stress
Glucagon release after carbohydrate meal
Which immediate effect of cortisol during stress is most accurate?
Increases insulin secretion from beta cells
Decreases sympathetic nervous output
Raises blood glucose via gluconeogenesis
Lowers blood glucose by glycogen storage
Insulin secreted by pancreatic beta cells primarily does what to blood glucose?
Has no effect on blood glucose
Prevents glucose absorption in gut
Lowers blood glucose concentration
Raises blood glucose concentration
Which statement correctly contrasts endocrine and exocrine signaling?
Both diffuse locally without transport
Both use ducts to reach targets
Endocrine uses blood; exocrine uses ducts
Endocrine uses ducts; exocrine uses blood
Which ion is most closely associated with parathyroid hormone regulation of blood levels?
Sodium concentration in plasma
Calcium concentration in plasma
Chloride concentration in plasma
Potassium concentration in plasma
Prostaglandins are best described as local mediators that commonly cause which response?
Systemic endocrine hormone release
Long-distance neural transmission
Promotion of inflammatory processes
Inhibition of inflammation universally
Which blood component primarily transports oxygen bound to hemoglobin?
Leukocytes during inflammation
Platelets with surface proteins
Erythrocytes carrying hemoglobin
Plasma proteins like albumin
In the ABO system, which type has anti-A antibodies in plasma?
Type AB with no antibodies
Type O with universal antibodies
Type B with anti-A antibodies
Type A with anti-B antibodies
Rh incompatibility risk increases when a mother is Rh negative and the fetus is:
Type O lacking A and B antigens
Rh positive expressing D antigen
Rh neutral without surface antigens
Rh negative with A antigen
Which leukocyte function is best described as defense against infection?
Maintaining osmotic pressure
Phagocytosis and immune signaling
Forming clotting proteins
Transporting dissolved gases
The pacemaker of the heart that initiates normal rhythm is the:
AV node conducting delay
Bundle branches in septum
Purkinje fibers in ventricles
SA node generating impulses
Which vessel type typically has the largest diameter and carries blood away from the heart?
Capillary enabling exchange
Vein with valves and low pressure
Artery with elastic walls
Arteriole regulating flow
Where does gas exchange primarily occur in systemic tissues and lungs respectively?
Arteries and atria
Veins and bronchi
Aorta and pulmonary trunk
Capillary beds and alveoli
Which pathway correctly describes the pulmonary circuit?
From aorta to capillaries
From right heart to lungs
From left ventricle to body
From veins to left atrium
Which feature best distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
Slow response with specificity
Antibody production by plasma cells
Clonal expansion after exposure
Rapid response without memory
Which cell type primarily provides antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity?
B lymphocytes
Neutrophils
CD8 T cells
NK lymphocytes
Antigen-presenting cells most directly activate which T cell subset during initiation of adaptive responses?
Regulatory T cells
CD8 cytotoxic T cells
CD4 helper T cells
Memory B cells
Which statement best explains why vaccines provide protection?
They induce active immunity
They supply passive antibodies
They block innate barriers
They inhibit complement proteins
Which process moves food through the gastrointestinal tract by coordinated smooth muscle contractions?
Mass movements in the large intestine
Haustral churning in colonic sacs
Peristaltic waves in muscular walls
Segmentation contractions in circular layers
Pendular movements in small bowel
Which stomach condition best favors pepsin activity during protein digestion?
Isotonic environment with water absorption
Acidic lumen from hydrochloric acid
Alkaline environment from pancreatic juice
Neutral lumen with bicarbonate mucus
Weakly basic pH from bile salts
Pancreatic lipase primarily acts to digest which macronutrient before absorption?
Complex carbohydrates into maltose units
Long-chain triglycerides into fatty acids
Fiber into short-chain fatty acids
Nucleic acids into nucleotide bases
Polypeptides into short peptide chains
Which small intestinal structure maximizes nutrient absorption by increasing surface area?
Plicae circulares with submucosal ridges
Colonic haustra with sacculations
Gastric rugae with mucosal folds
Appendiceal lymphoid nodules clusters
Intestinal villi with microvilli brush border
In the large intestine, which process predominates with respect to luminal contents?
Chylomicron assembly into lymph
Lactase-mediated lactose hydrolysis
Protein emulsification by bile
Water and electrolyte reabsorption
Active glucose uptake from chyme
Which statement correctly pairs calorie sources with approximate energy density?
Carbohydrates four, fats nine, proteins four
Carbohydrates five, fats seven, proteins three
Carbohydrates six, fats eight, proteins four
Carbohydrates four, fats seven, proteins five
Carbohydrates three, fats nine, proteins six
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is best described as which measure?
Upper intake level avoiding chronic toxicity
Average intake meeting half of group needs
Requirement based solely on basal metabolism
Minimum intake preventing acute deficiency
Daily intake sufficient for nearly all individuals
Anabolism primarily uses ATP for which cellular purpose?
Catabolic heat generation from substrates
Mechanical work of skeletal muscle contraction
Synthesis of complex biomolecules from precursors
Transport of oxygen by hemoglobin binding
Excretion of nitrogen as urea formation
Which formula best represents how Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated?
Weight divided by height, cubed
Height divided by weight, squared
Weight multiplied by height, squared
Height multiplied by weight, squared
Weight divided by height, squared
Which structure is the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs?
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli sacs
Tracheal mucosa
During inspiration, what does diaphragmatic contraction primarily do to thoracic volume?
Decreases slightly
Remains unchanged
Increases markedly
Oscillates rapidly
Most oxygen in blood is transported by binding to which molecule?
Bicarbonate ion
Plasma lipids
Hemoglobin iron
Albumin protein
Pulmonary surfactant primarily lowers alveolar surface tension. What is the direct physiological consequence?
Reduced alveolar collapse
Enhanced mucus clearance
Increased airway resistance
Accelerated ciliary motion
Smooth muscle in bronchioles most directly regulates which parameter?
Airway diameter
Pleural pressure
Alveolar number
Pulmonary compliance
Low arterial oxygen levels stimulate release of which hormone from the kidney?
Angiotensin II
Erythropoietin
Aldosterone
Renin enzyme
In emphysema, which structure is characteristically destroyed leading to reduced surface area?
Cilia bundles
Alveoli walls
Bronchial cartilage
Tracheal rings
The medulla adjusts ventilation primarily in response to changes in which variables?
CO2 and pH
Osmolality
Blood glucose
Na+ and K+
Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis typically involves which ventilatory change?
Hypoventilation
Periodic apnea
Variable tidal breaths
Hyperventilation
Which structure is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration and reabsorption?
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
Nephron
Glomerulus
In the glomerulus, what primarily drives filtration of blood into Bowman's capsule?
Hydrostatic pressure
Osmotic pressure
Active transport
Oncotic pull
Which segment establishes the corticomedullary osmotic gradient essential for water reabsorption?
Loop of Henle
Proximal tubule
Distal tubule
Renal pelvis
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption mainly in which nephron region?
Collecting duct
Proximal tubule
Ascending limb
Glomerulus
Renin release from juxtaglomerular cells primarily helps regulate which variable?
Body temperature
Blood pressure
Blood glucose
Serum calcium
What is the normal arterial blood pH range in humans?
7.05–7.15
7.35–7.45
7.15–7.25
7.55–7.65
Which buffer system is the principal extracellular buffer maintaining blood pH?
Protein buffer
Hemoglobin buffer
Phosphate buffer
Bicarbonate buffer
Respiratory acidosis is most directly caused by which physiological change?
Elevated CO2 with low ventilation
Excess base intake with low CO2
Decreased CO2 with hyperventilation
Loss of bicarbonate from kidneys
During renal compensation for acidosis, kidneys primarily do what?
Excrete H+ and reabsorb HCO3−
Decrease ammonium production
Excrete HCO3− and retain H+
Increase CO2 elimination
Metabolic alkalosis commonly results from which mechanism?
Bicarbonate depletion
Carbon dioxide retention
Hydrogen ion loss
Lactic acid accumulation
Which structure is the primary male gonad responsible for sperm and testosterone production?
Testes
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
In the male tract, identify the correct pathway for sperm from formation to exit.
Seminiferous tubules → urethra → epididymis → vas deferens
Epididymis → seminiferous tubules → vas deferens → urethra
Seminiferous tubules → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra
Vas deferens → seminiferous tubules → urethra → epididymis
Which hormone released by anterior pituitary primarily stimulates ovarian follicle development?
LH
Prolactin
Progesterone
FSH
During the menstrual cycle, what event marks the end of the follicular phase?
Endometrial shedding
Rise in progesterone
Corpus luteum regression
Ovulation of the oocyte
Which cells in the testes synthesize testosterone under LH stimulation?
Sertoli cells
Leydig cells
Primary spermatocytes
Spermatogonia
Which accessory gland adds fructose-rich secretions that nourish sperm within semen?
Epididymis
Bulbourethral glands
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
What hormonal surge directly triggers ovulation in a typical human cycle?
FSH peak
Progesterone spike
LH surge
hCG release
Which uterine layer prepares to receive a blastocyst for implantation?
Decidua basalis
Endometrium
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Approximately how many million sperm are produced daily in healthy adult males?
Fifty million
Ten million
Two hundred million
One hundred million
Menopause is characterized by chronically low levels of which hormone produced by the ovary?
Cortisol
Insulin
Testosterone
Estrogen
Which structure forms shortly after fertilization and implants into the endometrium around day 6–7?
Gastrula stage embryo
Morula stage embryo
Blastocyst stage embryo
Zygote single cell
Which hormone produced by the placenta is commonly detected in pregnancy tests?
hCG hormone
Estrogen hormone
Oxytocin hormone
Progesterone hormone
Place the developmental stages in the correct sequence from earliest to latest: fertilization, fetus, blastocyst, gastrula.
Gastrula → blastocyst → fertilization → fetus
Blastocyst → fertilization → fetus → gastrula
Fertilization → blastocyst → gastrula → fetus
Fertilization → gastrula → blastocyst → fetus
Which maternal complication is characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy?
Ectopic implantation tubal
Preeclampsia disorder
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Placental abruption condition
During labor, which hormone mediates a positive feedback loop to enhance uterine contractions?
Oxytocin hormone release
Prolactin hormone surge
Estrogen hormone peak
Progesterone hormone drop
What is the primary function of the amnion during fetal development?
Thermoregulation control
Waste removal
Mechanical protection
Nutrient exchange
The umbilical cord typically contains two arteries and one vein. What do the arteries primarily carry from fetus to placenta?
Oxygenated blood flow
Deoxygenated blood
Nutrient-rich blood
Hormone-laden blood
Exposure to teratogens is most harmful during which periods of pregnancy?
Preconception months
Critical developmental periods
Late third trimester
Postnatal neonatal phase
Which stage of childbirth involves delivery of the placenta?
Transition stage phase
Placental stage phase
Expulsion stage phase
Dilation stage phase
During lactation, prolactin primarily stimulates milk production, while oxytocin triggers which process?
Ductal remodeling change
Alveolar growth expansion
Milk ejection reflex
Milk synthesis initiation
