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WorksheetsLab 8: Energetics, Fermentation, and Respiration.
Total questions: 108
Worksheet time: 2hrs 48mins
What is glycolysis?
An anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm of both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
A process that only occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells.
A type of photosynthesis in green plants.
A process that produces oxygen in animal cells.
What is the end product of glycolysis?
2 Pyruvate.
2 Acetyl-CoA.
2 Lactate.
2 Glucose.
What is anaerobic?
A process that can proceed in the absence of oxygen.
A process that requires sunlight to occur.
A process that only happens in water.
A process that needs oxygen to proceed.
What is aerobic?
A process that requires oxygen.
A process that produces carbon dioxide only.
A process that occurs without any gas exchange.
A process that requires sunlight.
What is fermentation?
An anaerobic process that oxidizes NADH back to NAD.
A process that produces oxygen from glucose.
A method of breaking down proteins into amino acids.
A reaction that requires sunlight to occur.
What is fermentation?
This is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate as a major source of energy.
This is the process of breaking down proteins into amino acids.
This is the conversion of fats to fatty acids and glycerol.
This is the process of photosynthesis in plants.
What is lactic acid fermentation?
The second type of fermentation process that metabolizes pyruvate and produces lactic acid.
A process that produces ethanol from glucose in plants.
A method of photosynthesis in bacteria.
A type of aerobic respiration that uses oxygen to produce energy.
What is lactic acid fermentation? (b) For example, when oxygen in the muscles is depleted, what happens?
Lactic acid is produced and eventually resynthesized into pyruvate once oxygen becomes available again.
Glucose is directly converted into ATP without any byproducts.
Oxygen is produced in the muscles to continue aerobic respiration.
Fatty acids are immediately broken down to supply energy.
What is pyruvate oxidation?
Included in when pyruvate enters the mitochondria, the second stage of glucose oxidation.
A process that occurs during photosynthesis in plants.
A reaction that takes place in the cytoplasm during glycolysis.
A step involved in the breakdown of fatty acids.
What happens to glucose at the end of the Krebs Cycle?
Glucose is completely oxidized, releasing its carbon atoms as CO₂.
Glucose is converted into lactic acid.
Glucose is stored as glycogen.
Glucose is released into the bloodstream.
What condition is necessary for the Krebs Cycle to occur?
Oxygen must be available to accept electrons.
Glucose must be present in the cytoplasm.
Light energy must be absorbed by chlorophyll.
Carbon dioxide must be released from the cell.
What molecules are produced from glucose and used in oxidative phosphorylation?
NADH and FADH₂
ATP and CO₂
Glucose and Oxygen
Pyruvate and Lactate
What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
It passes electrons from one complex to another until they reach O₂, releasing energy that creates a proton gradient by pumping hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space.
It breaks down glucose directly into ATP without any intermediate steps.
It synthesizes proteins required for cellular growth.
It stores oxygen for later use in the cell.
What is the function of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP synthase allows protons in the intermembrane space to reenter the matrix of the mitochondria.
ATP synthase breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
ATP synthase transports electrons across the mitochondrial membrane.
ATP synthase synthesizes DNA in the mitochondria.
What are the final products of cellular respiration?
The final products are carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and energy. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
The final products are glucose and oxygen. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
The final products are lactic acid and ATP. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
The final products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
What are yeasts?
Yeasts are simple unicellular organisms, ranging from mushrooms, molds, and mildews. They are heterotrophs and facultative anaerobes.
Yeasts are multicellular plants that perform photosynthesis.
Yeasts are complex animals found in aquatic environments.
Yeasts are viruses that infect bacteria.
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that do not carry out photosynthesis because their energy comes from an external source.
Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
Organisms that obtain energy only from sunlight.
Organisms that live only in water.
What are facultative anaerobes?
Organisms that can live in aerobic or anaerobic environments.
Organisms that require only anaerobic environments to survive.
Organisms that can only survive in the presence of oxygen.
Organisms that cannot survive in the absence of light.
How much net energy is produced during the process of fermentation?
Only two ATPs for every glucose molecule metabolized.
Four ATPs for every glucose molecule metabolized.
Thirty-six ATPs for every glucose molecule metabolized.
No ATP is produced during fermentation.
What is the result of carbon dioxide passing from the U-tube into the cylinder?
The solution in the cylinder will turn yellow.
The solution in the cylinder will freeze.
The solution in the cylinder will evaporate.
The solution in the cylinder will turn blue.
Can you formulate a hypothesis about the requirements for maximizing fermentation rate?
If the glucose concentration is 5%, the rate of yeast fermentation, as measured by CO₂ production, will be the highest.
If the glucose concentration is 1%, the rate of yeast fermentation, as measured by CO₂ production, will be the highest.
If the glucose concentration is 10%, the rate of yeast fermentation, as measured by CO₂ production, will be the highest.
If the glucose concentration is 0%, the rate of yeast fermentation, as measured by CO₂ production, will be the highest.
What do you predict will happen in the experiment?
Groups 1-2 will produce the most ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Groups 3-4 will produce the most ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
All groups will produce equal amounts of ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
No group will produce ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
What is the independent variable in this experiment?
Glucose concentration.
Temperature.
pH level.
Light intensity.
What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
The amount of CO₂ produced.
The temperature of the room.
The type of container used.
The amount of reactant added.
Briefly describe the experiment:
Testing whether the removal of ZAP1 affects ethanol production.
Testing whether the addition of glucose increases cell growth.
Testing whether temperature changes affect protein synthesis.
Testing whether light exposure alters DNA replication.
Hypothesis:
The removal of ZAP1 will lead to less ethanol production.
The removal of ZAP1 will lead to more ethanol production.
The removal of ZAP1 will have no effect on ethanol production.
The removal of ZAP1 will increase glucose consumption.
What is your positive control? What do you expect to see in your positive control?
Strain A, the wild-type strain; High ethanol production.
Strain B, the mutant strain; Low ethanol production.
Strain C, the wild-type strain; No ethanol production.
Strain D, the mutant strain; High ethanol production.
What is your negative control? What do you expect to see in your negative control?
Water; No ethanol production.
Yeast; High ethanol production.
Sugar solution; Moderate ethanol production.
Ethanol; Increased ethanol production.
What is the independent variable in this experiment?
The yeast culture.
The temperature of the room.
The amount of water added.
The type of container used.
What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
Amount of ethanol production.
Type of microorganism used.
Temperature of incubation.
Amount of substrate added.
Where in the cell do the following processes occur? a. Glycolysis: b. Fermentation:
Glycolysis: Cytoplasm
Glycolysis: Mitochondria
Glycolysis: Nucleus
Glycolysis: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Why is fermentation considered to be an inefficient process?
It yields only 2 net ATP per glucose molecule.
It produces large amounts of oxygen.
It requires high temperatures to occur.
It generates more ATP than aerobic respiration.
Why is the process of fermentation called anaerobic?
It doesn’t require oxygen.
It produces oxygen.
It requires sunlight.
It uses carbon dioxide.
In which flask is carbon dioxide being produced?
Group I & Group III; yeast + 5% glucose, yeast + 5% sucrose
Group II & Group IV; yeast + 5% starch, yeast + 5% water
Group I & Group IV; yeast + 5% glucose, yeast + 5% water
Group II & Group III; yeast + 5% starch, yeast + 5% sucrose
What is the source of the carbon dioxide?
The carbon atoms in the sugar.
The oxygen atoms in water.
The nitrogen atoms in the air.
The hydrogen atoms in glucose.
As mixtures of grapes and yeast ferment, bubbles appear. What causes the formation of these bubbles?
Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the yeast’s metabolic processes during alcoholic fermentation.
Oxygen is released as yeast breaks down sugars.
Nitrogen gas is produced from grape skins.
Water vapor forms due to heat from fermentation.
What do the data from each group tell you about the process of fermentation?
a. Group 1: Demonstrates that yeast + a simple sugar are needed for fermentation. b. Group 2: Shows that live and active yeast cells are necessary for fermentation. c. Group 3: Yeast can utilize different types of sugar for fermentation. d. Group 4: A sugar source is essential for fermentation.
Yeast can ferment only one type of sugar and does not require a sugar source.
Fermentation occurs without yeast or sugar present in the mixture.
All groups show that fermentation is not related to yeast or sugar at all.
Why was Group 4 included in this experiment?
A sugar source is essential for fermentation.
Group 4 was used to test the effect of temperature.
Group 4 was included to measure oxygen levels.
Group 4 was a control for light exposure.
What is the effect of boiling the yeast (Group 2)?
Boiling the yeast kills it, preventing fermentation.
Boiling the yeast increases its fermentation rate.
Boiling the yeast makes it reproduce faster.
Boiling the yeast enhances its flavor.
What do you conclude about the role of yeasts in the process of fermentation?
Yeasts help convert sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide during fermentation.
Yeasts prevent fermentation from occurring.
Yeasts are only involved in photosynthesis, not fermentation.
Yeasts destroy nutrients during fermentation.
What do you conclude about the importance of the type of sugar used as a food source for yeasts in the process of fermentation?
The type of sugar used affects the rate and efficiency of yeast fermentation.
All types of sugar have the same effect on yeast fermentation.
Yeasts cannot ferment any type of sugar.
The type of sugar used does not influence yeast fermentation.
Did the deletion of ZAP1 affect the ability of yeast to produce alcohol (ethanol)? How can you tell?
Yes, the deletion of ZAP1 affected the ability of yeast to produce ethanol, as shown by a change in ethanol production.
No, the deletion of ZAP1 did not affect the ability of yeast to produce ethanol, as ethanol levels remained the same.
The deletion of ZAP1 increased the ability of yeast to produce ethanol significantly.
The deletion of ZAP1 completely stopped ethanol production in yeast.
The source of the alcohol that reacts to form the iodoform layer is:
Ethanol
Methanol
Propanol
Butanol
ZAP1 is a transcription factor. Explain how the deletion of a transcription factor could result in lower alcohol production.
The deletion of ZAP1 could reduce the expression of genes involved in alcohol production, leading to lower alcohol levels.
The deletion of ZAP1 could increase the expression of genes involved in alcohol production, leading to higher alcohol levels.
The deletion of ZAP1 has no effect on alcohol production.
The deletion of ZAP1 causes alcohol to be converted into sugar, resulting in lower alcohol levels.
Metabolic heat is useful to plants and animals in their natural environment because:
It helps maintain optimal body temperature for survival.
It increases the rate of photosynthesis in all plants.
It allows animals to survive without food.
It prevents water loss in all organisms.
Heavy breathing could be beneficial because:
it increases oxygen supply to the body
it reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood
it causes dehydration
it lowers body temperature
Ten glucose molecules are broken down during glycolysis. How many pyruvate molecules are produced? How many Acetyl-CoA compounds can be produced from the 10 glucose molecules?
Pyruvate: 20; Acetyl-CoA: 20
Pyruvate: 10; Acetyl-CoA: 10
Pyruvate: 10; Acetyl-CoA: 20
Pyruvate: 20; Acetyl-CoA: 10
A farmer has a large bag of pea seeds left over from last year's planting. He would like to save some money by planting the seeds, but is not sure that a sufficient percentage of the seeds remains viable. How could he determine what percentage of the seeds would be expected to germinate?
By planting a sample of the seeds and observing how many germinate
By weighing the seeds to check for viability
By checking the color of the seeds
By counting the number of seeds in the bag
What are chlorophylls?
Greenish pigments in green plants, primarily chlorophyll a and b.
Proteins responsible for plant growth.
Enzymes involved in photosynthesis.
Minerals found in soil.
What are carotenoids?
Yellow, orange, and red pigments that help absorb light for photosynthesis and protect plants from sun damage.
Proteins that store energy in plant cells.
Enzymes that break down carbohydrates in leaves.
Green pigments responsible for photosynthesis.
What are pigments?
Molecules that capture light energy due to their reflective color.
Proteins that store genetic information.
Enzymes that break down food.
Cells that transport oxygen in the blood.
What type of organisms use photosynthesis?
Plants, protists (single-celled organisms), and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).
Fungi, viruses, and mammals.
Insects, reptiles, and birds.
Fish, amphibians, and humans.
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + SUNLIGHT → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + SUNLIGHT
6O₂ + 6H₂O → 6CO₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ + SUNLIGHT
6CO₂ + 6O₂ + SUNLIGHT → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6H₂O
Paper chromatography is:
a method used to separate mixtures of substances based on their movement through paper
a technique for measuring the thickness of paper
a process for printing images on paper
a way to test the strength of paper
Solvent is absorbed through a chromatography paper by:
capillary action
diffusion
osmosis
active transport
54. How are the pigments shown through a chromatographic paper?
By separating into distinct colored bands
By forming a single uniform color
By dissolving completely in the solvent
By remaining at the origin point
The retention factor is:
the ratio of the distance traveled by the solute to the distance traveled by the solvent front
the amount of solvent used in chromatography
the time taken for a solute to elute from the column
the concentration of solute in the mobile phase
How is the retention factor calculated?
Retention factor is calculated as the ratio of the distance traveled by the solute to the distance traveled by the solvent front.
Retention factor is calculated as the ratio of the distance traveled by the solvent front to the distance traveled by the solute.
Retention factor is calculated by multiplying the distance traveled by the solute and the solvent front.
Retention factor is calculated by subtracting the distance traveled by the solute from the distance traveled by the solvent front.
56. Percent error is calculated by which of the following formulas?
(Actual Value - Experimental Value) / Actual Value x 100
(Experimental Value - Actual Value) / Experimental Value x 100
(Actual Value + Experimental Value) / 2 x 100
(Experimental Value / Actual Value) x 100
Percent error helps you determine:
how accurate a measured value is compared to the true value
the exact value of a measurement
the amount of material present in a sample
the speed at which an experiment is conducted
What is the value of Carotene (yellow-orange) pigment in this experiment?
0.98
0.45
0.72
0.60
What is the value of Xanthophyll (yellow) pigment in this experiment?
0.67
0.23
1.12
0.89
What are the inputs of photosynthesis?
CO₂, H₂O, and sunlight.
O₂, glucose, and sunlight.
CO₂, O₂, and glucose.
H₂O, glucose, and oxygen.
What are the outputs of photosynthesis?
Glucose and Oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide and Water.
Nitrogen and Hydrogen.
ATP and Heat.
Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?
Chloroplasts.
Mitochondria.
Nucleus.
Cell membrane.
In what organ/structure does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell?
The thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast.
The mitochondria.
The nucleus.
The cell wall.
Would you categorize photosynthesis as an anabolic or catabolic reaction?
Anabolic.
Catabolic.
Hydrolytic.
Fermentative.
Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Similarities:
Both use ATP. The products of one are the reactants of the other.
Only photosynthesis uses ATP, cellular respiration does not.
Both processes produce oxygen as a main product.
Cellular respiration stores energy, photosynthesis releases energy.
Which pigment traveled the farthest? Why?
Chlorophyll a traveled the farthest because it is the most soluble pigment.
Carotene traveled the farthest because it is the most soluble pigment.
Xanthophyll traveled the farthest because it is the most soluble pigment.
Chlorophyll b traveled the farthest because it is the most soluble pigment.
Which pigments are essential for photosynthesis to take place?
Chlorophyll
Melanin
Hemoglobin
Keratin
Did your percent error calculations fall at or close to 0? What do your results mean?
Yes, the percent error was close to 0, indicating high accuracy in the results.
No, the percent error was very high, indicating low accuracy in the results.
Yes, the percent error was close to 100, indicating high accuracy in the results.
No, the percent error was close to 0, indicating low accuracy in the results.
Describe the dependencies between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration uses the oxygen and glucose produced by photosynthesis.
Cellular respiration produces oxygen for photosynthesis to use.
Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration to make proteins.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are completely independent processes.
Walther Flemming coined the term chromatin, using chromo, which means?
Color because of its affinity for absorbing dye. Chromosome means colored body.
Shape because of its structure under a microscope.
Size because of its large appearance.
Texture because of its granular look.
What are the main functions of mitosis?
Growth and maintenance.
Energy production.
Protein synthesis.
Genetic variation.
What happens during interphase?
A cell performs its duties, grows, and replicates its genetic material.
A cell divides into two daughter cells.
A cell undergoes meiosis.
A cell dies and is replaced by a new cell.
What is G0?
A period where cells exit the cell cycle. Specialized cells such as neurons, skeletal muscle tissues, and fat cells enter G0.
A phase where cells prepare for mitosis.
A stage where DNA replication occurs.
A checkpoint before cytokinesis.
What is produced by meiosis?
Gametes, meiosis creates haploid cells from diploid cells.
Somatic cells, meiosis creates diploid cells from haploid cells.
Enzymes, meiosis is a process of protein synthesis.
Hormones, meiosis regulates endocrine functions.
Down syndrome is a result of what?
Nondisjunction during gamete formation.
Mutation in mitochondrial DNA.
Deficiency of growth hormone.
Viral infection during pregnancy.
How will these chromosomes look in G1 of interphase?
They will appear as two unreplicated chromosomes (each made of a single chromatid), because the diploid number is 2.
They will appear as four replicated chromosomes (each made of two chromatids), because the diploid number is 4.
They will appear as two replicated chromosomes (each made of two chromatids), because the diploid number is 2.
They will appear as four unreplicated chromosomes (each made of a single chromatid), because the diploid number is 4.
How many chromosomes does an organism that has a diploid (2n) number of two have in the S phase of interphase?
2
1
4
8
How many chromatids does it have during S phase?
Four chromatids, because each chromosome is replicated into two sister chromatids.
Two chromatids, because chromosomes do not replicate during S phase.
Eight chromatids, because each chromosome splits into four chromatids.
One chromatid, because chromosomes remain single during S phase.
How many (daughter) chromosomes are in your cell after anaphase?
Four daughter chromosomes, because sister chromatids separate and each becomes its own chromosome.
Two daughter chromosomes, because only half of the chromatids separate.
Eight daughter chromosomes, because all chromatids double again.
Zero daughter chromosomes, because all chromosomes disappear after anaphase.
How many cells have been produced by mitosis?
Two
One
Three
Four
How many chromosomes are in each cell?
Two
Four
Six
Eight
What is the genetic relationship of these cells?
Identical daughter cells
Unrelated cells
Genetically modified cells
Parent and offspring cells
Cells with different mutations
What structural features identify a cell in metaphase?
When the sister chromatids align in the middle of the cell at the metaphase plate.
When the nuclear envelope reforms around chromosomes.
When the chromosomes condense and become visible.
When the cell begins to divide into two daughter cells.
What significant event indicates a cell is undergoing anaphase?
When the microtubules of the mitotic spindle split and pull apart the sister chromatids into daughter chromosomes.
When the nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes.
When the chromosomes align at the center of the cell.
When the cell membrane pinches in to form two separate cells.
Define telophase.
The reformation of the nuclear envelope.
The breakdown of the nuclear envelope.
The alignment of chromosomes at the cell equator.
The separation of sister chromatids.
How can you distinguish a cell in cytokinesis from a cell in interphase?
Because interphase is the first step of mitosis, involving all the growth and preparation, such as DNA synthesis, while cytokinesis is the formation of 2 new cells.
Because cytokinesis is when the cell is preparing for DNA replication, while interphase is when the cell divides into two.
Because interphase is when the cell splits into two, while cytokinesis is when the cell grows and prepares for division.
Because cytokinesis is the stage where chromosomes are aligned in the center, while interphase is when the cell is resting.
What would be a possible reason why an organism would produce sex cells with half the normal number of chromosomes?
To allow fusion (fertilization) to restore the full, normal number.
To increase the organism's size.
To reduce the organism's lifespan.
To prevent the organism from reproducing.
Explain what possible key advantage is gained from sexual reproduction that outweighs all the negative aspects?
Genetic diversity can cause populations to adapt to environmental changes.
It allows organisms to reproduce faster than asexual reproduction.
It guarantees offspring will be stronger than parents.
It eliminates all genetic diseases from a population.
Briefly explain why homologous chromosomes can exchange genes with each other.
During prophase I, crossing over occurs because of the synaptonemal complex.
Because DNA replication causes random gene exchange between chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes exchange genes during mitosis only.
Gene exchange occurs due to errors in chromosome separation during anaphase.
Could human chromosome 6 undergo crossing over with human chromosome 19?
No, because they are not homologous.
Yes, because all chromosomes can cross over.
Yes, because they are both human chromosomes.
No, because crossing over only occurs in plants.
How many gamete combinations can a human make?
223=8,388,608
246=70,368,744,177,664
210=1,024
216 = 65,536
How many chromosomes are in your cell after it has completed S phase and G2?
Four
Two
Six
Eight
How many chromatids are in your cell?
23
46
92
184
What does it mean for your chromosomes to be truly homologous?
For chromosomes to be truly homologous, they must form a matched pair with the same length, gene order, and centromere position, with one chromosome inherited from each parent.
They are identical copies of each other, both inherited from the same parent.
They have completely different gene sequences and functions.
They are chromosomes that only share the same centromere position but differ in length and gene order.
It is clear that in humans, the 23rd pair (X and Y) of chromosomes differ in size. What can be inferred from this?
Because the X and Y chromosomes differ in size, it can be inferred that the individual is male; a female would have two X chromosomes, which are the same size.
It can be inferred that the individual is female, as females have X and Y chromosomes of different sizes.
It can be inferred that the individual has a genetic disorder due to the size difference in the 23rd pair.
It can be inferred that the 23rd pair of chromosomes always have the same size in all individuals.
What is the actual purpose of synapsis?
To organize homologous chromosomes so they can divide properly and ensure genetic variability.
To separate sister chromatids during mitosis.
To replicate DNA before cell division.
To produce energy for cellular activities.
Explain why your cells are haploid at the conclusion of meiosis I.
Because the two homologs were pulled apart into 2 separate chromosomes.
Because DNA replication occurs twice during meiosis I.
Because sister chromatids are separated during meiosis I.
Because the cell skips cytokinesis after meiosis I.
Examine the diagram of the electron transport chain below. Which area of the mitochondria has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)?
intermembrane space
matrix
outer membrane
Which molecules are oxidized in the ETC of a mitochondria?
water
oxygen
NADH & FADH2
H+
What label should be written in spot D
cytoplasm
cellular respiration
glycolysis
krebs cycle
The Electron Transport Chain takes place in the _____ .
matrix
cristae
inner membrane
outer membrane
Which of the following best describes the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Oxygen is released as a byproduct of fermentation.
Oxygen is used to break down proteins in the cytoplasm.
Oxygen is converted into glucose during glycolysis.
What would happen to yeast fermentation if no sugar is provided as a substrate?
Yeast would convert proteins into ethanol.
Yeast would not produce ethanol or carbon dioxide.
Yeast would produce more ethanol than usual.
Yeast would continue fermentation at the same rate.
Which process occurs in both aerobic respiration and fermentation?
Photosynthesis
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
