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WorksheetsBiomechanics
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 49mins
Which structure experiences the most tension during cervical flexion?
Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
Posterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
Facet joints
Annulus fibrosus
How are the facet joints oriented in the typical cervical vertebrae (C3–C7)?
Sagittal plane, 90°
Frontal plane, 45°
Horizontally at 20°
Oblique plane at approximately 45°
Which ligament prevents excessive rotation at C1–C2?
Alar ligament
Transverse ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Nuchal ligament
Which muscle elevates the scapula and assists in downward rotation?
Serratus anterior
Levator scapulae
Upper trapezius
Rhomboid major
Lateral deviation of the mandible to the right requires:
Right condyle rotates, left translates
Left condyle rotates, right translates
Bilateral translation
No condyle movement
Coupled motion in the LOWER cervical spine usually involves:
Side-bending and rotation to opposite sides
Side-bending and rotation to the same side
Rotation without side-bending
Flexion with ipsilateral rotation
The first muscle to fire during trunk flexion-extension tasks is:
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Erector spinae
Multifidus
Rib cage biomechanics: during inhalation the pump-handle motion increases:
Transverse diameter
Anteroposterior diameter
Diagonal diameter
Vertical diameter
During mandibular closing, which movement occurs first?
Posterior translation
Anterior rotation
Disc displacement
Posterior rotation
Which lumbar segment bears the highest shear forces?
L2-L3
L1-L2
L5-S1
L3-L4
Which of the following ligament prevents counternutation?
Sacrotuberous ligament
Anterior sacroiliac ligament
Sacrospinous ligament
Long posterior sacroiliac ligament
Which thoracic vertebrae have demi-facets for rib articulation?
T2–T9
T1, T10–T12
T1–T4
T5–T8
The retrodiscal tissue is:
Avascular and aneural
Highly vascular and richly innervated
The thickest part of the disc
Responsible for lateral deviation
Bucket Handle Motion occurs in Frontal plane:
TRUE
FALSE
Thoracolumbar fascia contributes primarily to:
Rotation control
Extension stability
Intra-abdominal pressure & lifting mechanics
Rib expansion
How is the lumbosacral angle (LSA) measured on X-ray?
Angle between the superior endplate of L5 and a vertical line
Angle between the superior endplate of S1 and a horizontal line
Angle between the inferior endplate of L5 and the sacral ala
Angle between L4–L5 joint line and the pelvic brim
Which muscle increases lumbar lordosis when it tightens?
Iliopsoas
Rectus abdominis
Gluteus maximus
Transverse abdominis
Which of the following are atypical thoracic vertebrae?
T1, T9, T10
T1, T9, T10, T11, T12
T1, T8, T9, T10, T11, T1
T1, T12
A patient’s thoracolumbar spine is in a neutral position and side-bends to the right. Rotation will occur to the:
Depends on the segment
No rotation
Left
Right
According to Fryette’s First Law, when the spine is in a neutral position:
Side-bending and rotation occur to the same side
Side-bending occurs first and rotation is opposite
Rotation occurs first and side-bending is opposite
Only rotation occurs
TMJ is a ellipsoid joint.
TRUE
FALSE
When a person bends forward to pick an object, the COM:
Moves backward and upward
Remains at the same location
Shifts toward the feet only
Moves forward and downward
Which of the following is the second layer muscles of the back?
Serratus posterior inferior
Lattisimus dorsi
Multifidus
Splenius
Contradirectional lumbopelvic rhythm occurs when:
Pelvis tilts anteriorly while lumbar spine extends
Lumbar spine and pelvis move opposite to each other
Pelvis remains neutral
Lumbar spine and pelvis move together
Fryette’s Third Law states that:
Motion in one plane reduces motion in other planes
Motion in one plane increases motion in other planes
Motion is unaffected in other planes
Rotation occurs before side-bending
When a person bends forward to pick an object, the COM:
Moves backward and upward
Remains at the same location
Shifts toward the feet only
Moves forward and downward
Lumbarization of S1 typically results in:
Reduced risk of low back pain
Increased lumbar mobility
Decreased stability of the lumbosacral junction
Presence of 6 lumbar vertebrae
TMJ disc displacement WITHOUT reduction is characterized by:
Normal mouth opening
Clicking during opening
Limited mouth opening (closed lock)
No deviation on opening
Which of the following is TRUE about COM/COG in pregnancy?
COM shifts downward due to weight gain in legs
COM shifts upward and anteriorly due to fetal growth
COG moves posteriorly due to backward lean
COG remains unchanged throughout pregnancy
Which statement is TRUE?
Ipsidirectional rhythm enhances spinal stability
Contradirectional rhythm increases total trunk ROM
Contradirectional rhythm occurs mainly during bending tasks
Ipsidirectional rhythm increases total trunk ROM
What biomechanical consequence MOST strongly links LCS to increased risk of facet joint compression?
Posterior pelvic tilt rotates sacrum backward
Excessive anterior pelvic tilt increases lumbar lordosis
Weak hamstrings alter knee biomechanics
Increased hip flexion torque lengthens paraspinals
The muscles typically tight in BOTH upper and lower crossed syndromes:
Erector spinae
SCM
Hamstring
Rhomboids
In the lumbar spine, a disc herniation usually compresses:
The nerve root exiting at the same level
Both nerve roots
The nerve root exiting one level below
Only the cauda equina
Which is TRUE regarding L5 atypical morphology compared to other lumbar vertebrae?
L5 has the longest spinous process in the lumbar spine
L5 superior articular facets face more laterally than medially
L5 has the thickest transverse processes
L5 body is smaller than L1
The multifidus (lumbar region) originates primarily from:
Transverse processes of thoracic spine
Posterior superior iliac spine and mamillary processes
Spinous processes of lumbar spine
Iliac crest
Counternutation of the sacrum increases which pelvic dimension?
Iliac crest width
Pelvic outlet diameter
Sacral canal diameter
Pelvic inlet diameter
TMJ mobilization is often combined with:
Strengthening exercises of cervical flexors
Soft tissue release of masticatory muscles
Postural correction
All
Which lumbar vertebra is MOST commonly associated with lumbar transitional anatomy (lumbarization or sacralization)?
L2
L5
L1
L3
L4
The piriformis muscle originates from:
Ischial spine
Iliac crest
ASIS
Posterior surface of sacrum (S2–S4)
Which position naturally promotes nutation of the SI joint?
Supine lying
End-range trunk extension
Squatting
Standing upright
Counternutation of the sacrum means:
Forward rotation of sacral base
Downward glide of ilium
Backward rotation of sacral base
Compression at pubic symphysis
For improving protrusion (forward movement) of the mandible, the recommended mobilization is:
Posterior glide of condyle
Lateral glide
Inferior-anterior glide of condyle
Superior glide
Thumb extension weakness indicates impairment of which myotome?
C6
C7
C8
T1
The most common cause of a dowager’s hump in elderly women is:
Osteoporosis
Kyphoscoliosis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Scheuermann’s disease
When the mandible deviates to the right, which of the following movements occur at the temporomandibular joints?
Right condyle rotates around a vertical axis, left translates anteriorly
Left condyle rotates and translates simultaneously
Both condyles translate anteriorly
Right condyle translates anteriorly left rotates around a vertical axis
Knee extension weakness corresponds to which myotome?
L2
L3
L4
L5
Which joint compartment is primarily responsible for the initial 10–15 mm of mouth opening?
Upper joint (superior compartment)
Lower joint (inferior compartment)
Temporalis attachment
Masseter insertion
Common clinical signs of disc displacement without reduction include:
Jaw deviation toward affected side and restricted opening
Pain only at rest
Clicking during opening
No limitation of protrusion
Which statement is TRUE?
Ipsidirectional rhythm enhances spinal stability
Contradirectional rhythm increases total trunk ROM
Contradirectional rhythm occurs mainly during bending tasks
Ipsidirectional rhythm increases total trunk ROM
Type I collagen is more in Nucleus Pulposus.
TRUE
FALSE
