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Worksheets8th Q2 Exam Study Guide
Total questions: 106
Worksheet time: 53mins
A rock sample contains rounded pebbles cemented together. After millions of years, it is buried deeply and later melts into magma. Which sequence best describes its journey through the rock cycle?
Igneous → Sedimentary → Metamorphic
Sedimentary → Metamorphic → Igneous
Metamorphic → Sedimentary → Igneous
Sedimentary → Igneous → Metamorphic
What is changed when a new type of rock is formed?
locations
minerals
planets
sheets
What is the cycle where rocks change from one type of rock to another?
Life Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Rock Cycle
Water Cycle
When sedimentary rock is exposed to intense heat and pressure what type of rock will eventually be formed?
New sedimentary rock
Igneous rock
Crystalized rock
Metamorphic rock
Increased temperatures and pressures below the surface of the Earth can cause a rock’s
A. physical and chemical properties to change
B. color and weight to change
C. heat and pressure to change
D. hardness and luster to change
While it is still below the Earth’s surface which rock can turn directly into metamorphic rock?
sedimentary
crystal
igneous
mineral
Geologic processes of the Earth can cause rock material to be
melted
recycled
changed
all of these
What pattern does minerals form in many metamorphic rock that is caused by the reorganization of solid crystals?
wavy pattern
no pattern
crystalized pattern
dotted pattern
Patterns of dark and light parallel bands in metamorphic rock are caused by the minerals in the rock being ________ from the high temperature and pressure deep underground.
broken
rearranged
melted
weathered
Igneous rock exposed to heat and pressure can lead to the rock becoming
metamorphic
igneous
sedimentary
unidentifiable
________ is another word for when large changes in temperature and pressure cause a rock to change over millions of years.
crystallization
metamorphism
sedimentation
pressurization
Metamorphic rock that undergoes melting and cooling will lead to which type of rock?
new metamorphic rock
sedimentary rock
igneous rock
crystallized rock
What will happen first to a metamorphic rock exposed on the surface of the Earth to become sedimentary rock?
a thick layer of dust must form on the rock.
the rock must be melted and then cooled.
weathering and erosion must move pieces of the rock to another location.
microorganisms will need to break down plant and animal remains.
What can push sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rock up to the surface of the Earth?
uplift
volcanoes
mountains
oceans
When sedimentary rock undergoes erosion, deposition, and cementation what type of rock is made?
igneous rock
metamorphic rock
new sedimentary rock
metamorphism
A scientist finds a rock made of large, visible crystals formed deep underground. Later, the same rock is exposed at Earth’s surface where rain and wind begin breaking it apart. Which statement best describes the changes occurring in this rock?
A. An intrusive igneous rock is weathered and may eventually become sediment.
B. A sedimentary rock is melting and turning into magma.
C. A metamorphic rock is becoming foliated due to pressure.
D. An extrusive igneous rock is forming inside a volcano.
Formation of metamorphic rocks is generally an extremely slow process. The process is so slow because changes happen to the rock in ____________.
A. its solid state
B. erosion and weathering
C. the second phase of the rock cycle
D. deposition
In the process of metamorphism, the parent rock can be ____________.
only metamorphic rock
only sedimentary rock
only igneous rock
any type of rock
The processes that form different kinds of rock and recycle matter on Earth do not have one defined pathway. The pathways are ____________.
more like a web
more like a circle
more like a straight line
more like an explosion
Layers of sediment at the bottom of a lake become buried and compressed over millions of years. Later the area is exposed to extreme heat from magma but doesn't melt. What happens to the rock?
Sedimentary rock will turn directly into extrusive igneous rock.
Sedimentary rock will be compacted into new sediment.
Sedimentary rock will undergo metamorphism and become metamorphic rock
Sedimentary rock will melt and become intrusive igneous rock.
Magma that cools below the ground and lava that cools above ground form _____
Unidentifiable rock
sedimentary
minerals only
igneous
What is extrusive igneous rock?
rock formed in the atmosphere
rock formed on the Earth's surface
rock formed by compaction
rock formed inside the Earth
When igneous rocks are formed on the inside of the earth, the rocks are described as _______ grained rocks.
smooth
coarse
rough
fine
What is happening to sedimentary rock when uplift occurs?
rocks harden underground
rocks below the surface are melted
underground rock is now on the surface
rocks sink into the Earth
What rock takes the shortest amount of time to form?
minerals
igneous rock
crystals
sedimentary rock
A metamorphic rock shows bands of dark and light minerals aligned in stripes. What process most likely created this feature?
Rapid cooling of lava in air
Layers of sediment settling underwater
Heat and pressure causing minerals to realign without melting
Complete melting followed by slow crystallization underground
A ____ is a solid that's atoms or molecules are arranged in a repeating pattern.
rock
crystal
diamond
mineral
When sedimentary rock undergoes erosion, deposition, and cementation what is created?
new sedimentary rocks
igneous rocks
minerals
metamorphism
What is the key ingredient that are found in all rocks?
water
minerals
sediment
erosion
30. Ways to identify sedimentary rocks include:
Presence of layers or fossils
Glassy texture
High density and metallic luster
Crystalline structure with large grains
How are sedimentary rocks usually named?
by NOAA
by the type of lava that melted over them
by the size and type of fragments they contain
by a meteorologist
During a volcanic eruption, lava cools rapidly and forms a rock with very small or no visible crystals. What does this reveal about the environment where the rock formed?
The magma cooled slowly at great depth.
The rock formed under extreme heat and pressure underground.
The lava cooled quickly at or near Earth’s surface, forming extrusive igneous rock.
Water compressed the lava into layers before it hardened.
When metamorphic rock undergoes erosion, deposition, and cementation what type of rock does it become?
igneous rock
sedimentary rock
new metamorphic rock
crystalized
____ can give us clues about what the environment was like when the organism was alive.
rock structures
Pangea
fossils
plate tectonics
The ____ is the edge of the continent that is underwater.
continental shelf
oceanic plate
continental boundary
ridge
What is the process that forms oceans?
trenches
subduction
seafloor spreading
currents
A student claims that convection currents in the mantle cause tectonic plates to move. Which evidence best supports this claim?
The crust is thinner under the oceans
Heat from Earth’s interior causes mantle material to rise and sink
Earth’s magnetic field originates in the core
Sedimentary rocks form in layers over time
Earth’s entire surface, continents & ocean floor, is broken into large pieces known as
plate boundaries
layers of earth
convection currents
tectonic plates
When part of the ocean floor is cool enough and dense enough to sink under the continent a ______ is formed.
trench
rift valley
continental plates
ocean ridges
The continents on Earth's surface are like a giant _______.
rock
puzzle
valley
landform
A scientist observes that magma is rising at a mid-ocean ridge where two tectonic plates are moving apart. Which Earth layer is most directly responsible for driving this plate movement?
Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust
New technology allowed scientists to find a giant continuous mountain range underwater. This mountain range is called a
mid ocean ridge
volcano
trench
valley
With sea-floor mapping, scientists discovered deep trenches known as _______ that are the deepest valleys on Earth.
volcanoes
trenches
rift valleys
ridges
A rift valley that widens from plate movement will fill with water and become a ______.
river
lake
pond
linear sea
The motion of the tectonic plates has formed, shifted, and destroyed parts of the Earth, even the _______ have been changed by this motion.
subduction
District 3
continents
convection currents
There is geological evidence that all the continents were joined together at one time into a super continent called _______.
District 5
Pangea
Grasslands
Superlandia
If Earth's mantle were completely solid instead of semi-plastic, which outcome would most likely occur?
Plates would move faster due to increased friction
Plate tectonic movement would slow or stop
Earthquakes would become deeper and more frequent
Volcanoes would form only at convergent boundaries
A plate boundary where the two plates are dividing is called a _______ boundary.
convergent
divergent
continental
transform
The lithosphere is thin below _____ and thick below the _____
continents, mid ocean ridges
trenches, mid ocean ridges
new continental plates, oceanic Plate
mid ocean ridges, continents
The layer of the Earth that contains the convection currents is the ______.
mantle
asthenosphere
lithosphere
outer core
Two plates collide, and one plate sinks beneath the other, forming a deep-sea trench and volcanic mountains. Which combination of Earth layers and plate properties best explains this process?
Dense oceanic crust sinking into the mantle
Less dense continental crust sinking into the core
Mantle material pushing the crust upward
Outer core pulling plates toward the center of Earth
What layer is closest to the Earth's crust?
inner core
asthenosphere
outer core
lithosphere
The motion of trenches getting deeper can cause which of the following?
subdivision
earthquakes
volcanoes
mid ocean ridges
When a dense plate sinks, it pulls on the rest of plate with a force known as?
strike slips
slab fall
subduction
slab pull
What is it called when the denser plate sinks under the more buoyant plate?
reduction
deep ocean trench
fault lines
subduction
What is the cause of plate motion?
convection currents
hurricanes
tornadoes
mountains
When continental plates of the same density collide what will they form?
rift valley
mid ocean ridge
mountain range
divergent boundary
What layer of Earth is a solid metal ball?
inner core
outer core
mantle
crust
Which layer of Earth is extremely thin in comparison to the others?
outer core
mantle
crust
inner core
Which layer of Earth is made of iron & nickel in a liquid form?
mantle
crust
outer core
inner core
Earthquakes often occur along plate boundaries. Which explanation best describes why most earthquakes happen in the lithosphere rather than deeper layers of Earth?
The lithosphere is the hottest layer of Earth.
The lithosphere is rigid & breaks under stress.
The asthenosphere flows to quickly
The inner core absorbs seismic energy
A large boulder breaks into smaller pieces over many years. Which explanation best describes what is happening?
The rock is being transported by an agent of erosion.
The rock is undergoing weathering as forces break it into sediment.
The rock is melting and reforming into new minerals.
The rock is being deposited in a new environment.
A dry, windy desert shows rocks with smooth, rounded surfaces. What process most likely shaped them?
Chemical reactions with groundwater
Physical abrasion from wind-blown sediment
Deposition from melting glaciers
Rapid freezing and thawing cycles
A limestone cave forms where acidic groundwater moves through the bedrock. What does this reveal about chemical weathering?
It only occurs in hot climates.
It changes the chemical makeup of rocks over time.
It requires strong wind and rapid erosion.
It forms only in high-energy environments.
A large rock formation breaks down much faster in a humid climate than in a dry one. The factor that best explains this difference is:
increased wind speeds
Greater access to plants and animals
Higher availability for water for chemical reactions
Lower levels of gravity acting on rock
A student claims that humans cannot influence weathering. Which scenario best disproves the claim?
Rain washing soil away from a hillside
Tree roots pushing apart a sidewalk
Water slowing down before depositing sediment
Glaciers carving new valleys
A stream carries small rocks downstream during a storm. What process is mainly occurring?
Weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Evaporation
A river slows as it enters a lake. How will this most likely affect the sediment it carries?
The river gains energy and erodes faster.
The sediment dissolves immediately.
The river drops sediment because it loses energy.
The sediment becomes larger before being deposited.
A scientist compares two environments: a fast-flowing river and a quiet swamp. What difference in sediment deposition should the scientist expect?
Larger sediments in the swamp; smaller in the river
Faster deposition in the river; slower in the swamp
Faster deposition in the river; none in the swamp
Faster deposition in the river; smaller sediments in the swamp
A rock layer made of very fine grains is discovered deep beneath a lake. What does this indicate about the energy of the environment?
It was a high-energy environment
It was a low-energy environment
It frequently froze and thawed
It experienced strong winds
Students examine a cliff and notice several thin, horizontal layers of sediment. What process is most responsible for forming these layers?
Repeated chemical weathering
Deposition over long periods of time
Sudden erosion caused by gravity
Heat and pressure from underground
Wind stops suddenly after blowing across a sandy plain. What will most likely happen next?
Sediment will continue to move at the same speed.
Sediment will be lifted higher into the air.
Sediment will be deposited because wind energy decreased.
Weathering will completely stop.
A glacier moves slowly down a mountain, carrying rocks of all sizes. Which statement best explains the glacier’s role?
smallest sediments are deposited
rocks weather chemically as the glacier melts
it erodes material as it moves down hill
it increases the rocks temperatures
A U-shaped valley with smoothed sides is observed. Which process most likely created it?
Wind abrasion
River erosion
Glacier movement
Chemical weathering
A landslide occurs after heavy rainfall. What role did gravity most likely play?
It prevented movement by holding soil in place.
It pulled loosened materials downhill, causing rapid erosion.
It increased chemical weathering in the soil.
It caused sediment to dissolve before moving.
Waterfall erosion continues to carve deeper into a rock face. Which explanation describes gravity’s influence?
Gravity causes water to lose energy as it falls.
Gravity pulls water downward, increasing its erosive force.
Gravity stops erosion at the base of the waterfall.
Gravity increases chemical weathering at the top of the falls.
A canyon shows steep walls and a winding river at the bottom. What long-term process shaped it?
Fast deposition from hurricanes
Millions of years of river erosion
Sudden chemical weathering
Rock compression from plate movement
A scientist observes rock surfaces scratched and carved by sediment frozen in ice. What conclusion can be made?
Wind erosion shaped the rocks.
The area was once covered by glaciers.
Rocks were dissolved by acids in rain.
Sediment was deposited by rivers.
A region contains ridges made of mixed sediment clay, sand, and large boulders. What does this mixture reveal?
The sediments were sorted by size during erosion.
Glaciers transported and deposited unsorted material.
Only wind shaped the landscape.
Only water erosion was involved.
A hillside with loose soil collapses suddenly. Which processes are responsible?
Weathering and deposition
Chemical weathering and melting
Weathering and gravity-driven erosion
Deposition and wind erosion
What would a scientist observe to determine whether an area experienced wind or water erosion?
presence of large boulders far from their source
smooth rounded rocks found in a stream
sand-blasted, pitted surfaces on exposed rocks
layers of sediment at the bottom of a lake
A boulder remains unchanged for hundreds of years in a desert, but a nearby sandstone rock erodes rapidly. What inference can be made?
All rocks weather at the same rate.
Sandstone has a composition that weathers more easily.
The boulder is exposed to more chemical reactions.
The sandstone is protected from wind abrasion.
A coastal cliff shows signs of both smooth surfaces and dissolved rock pockets. What does this combination suggest?
Only chemical weathering occurred.
Both physical and chemical weathering shaped the cliff.
Deposition caused the cliff to form.
Only wind shaped the entire coastline.
Scientists use layers of sediment to study Earth’s history. Why are sediment layers useful for researching past events?
They always form at the same rate.
They record environmental changes over time.
They are easily moved by erosion.
They never change once deposited.
A sand dune changes shape within hours during a strong windstorm. A nearby canyon takes millions of yearsto form. What does this comparison show about Earth processes?
All erosion happens slowly.
All weathering happens quickly.
The rates of weathering and erosion vary widely.
Deposition never changes landforms.
A rock at a river’s mouth settles into a delta. What most likely causes this?
The river gained speed and energy as it spread out.
The river slowed down and could no longer carry the sediment.
The sediment chemically reacted with ocean water.
The delta pushed the river backward.
What causes rockfalls and landslides
High temperatures
Gravity pulling material downward
Strong chemical reactions
Low-energy environments
What kind of time scale does weathering, erosion, and deposition occur?
Only minutes
Only millions of years
Only during storms
A wide range of time scales
An example of physical weathering
Acid rain dissolving limestone
Rock being smoothed by flowing water
Iron reacting with oxygen
Acid groundwater forming caves
What does Chemical weathering change in a rock?
Size only
Temperature
Composition
Color only
Chemical weathering rates increase because of?
Dry climate
Cold temperatures
Strong winds
Presence of natural acids in water
Which causes physical weathering?
Groundwater acids
Oxidation
Burrowing animals
Carbon dioxide
What type of weathering happens faster?
Chemical weathering
Physical weathering
Both occur at the same speed
Neither changes rocks noticeably
How do glaciers mainly erode land?
Melting
Evaporating
Grinding and carrying sediment like a conveyor belt
Breaking apart during storms
How many layers does the Earth have?
six
three
five
four
Who proposed the concept of plate tectonics?
Gregor Mendel
Kevin Justice
Alfred Wegener
Robert Hooke
A plate boundary where the plates collide is
convergent boundary
divergent boundary
continental boundary
transform boundary
What can happen at a divergent boundary?
trench
earthquake
mid ocean ridge
volcanic island chain
What happens at transform plate boundaries?
earthquakes
volcanoes
trenches
mid ocean ridges
Boundaries where plates slide past each other is a
continental
convergent
divergent
transform
Which process is responsible for transforming magma into igneous rock?
Erosion
Cooling and solidification
Metamorphism
Compaction
What type of rock forms when sediments are compacted and cemented together?
Mineral rock
Sedimentary rock
Igneous rock
Metamorphic rock
Which of the following is NOT a process involved in the rock cycle?
Weathering
Evaporation
Melting
Deposition
Which process is responsible for transforming igneous rock into sedimentary rock?
Heat and pressure
Weathering, erosion, and cementation
Crystallization
Melting and cooling
What type of rock forms when layers of sediment are compacted and cemented together over time?
Metamorphic rock
Igneous rock
Volcanic rock
Sedimentary rock
Which feature is most commonly found in metamorphic rocks?
Gas bubbles
Layered bands of minerals
Loose grains
Fossils
