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Cell Biology: A Tour of the Cell - Practice Questions

Total questions: 132

Worksheet time: 66hrs 0mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What is the main advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

a)

They can view living specimens

b)

They provide color images

c)

They have higher resolution

d)

They are less expensive

2.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Which microscope type is especially useful for studying the surface topography of specimens?

a)

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

b)

Brightfield light microscope

c)

Phase-contrast microscope

d)

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

3.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What is the typical resolution limit of a standard light microscope?

a)

0.2 nm

b)

0.2 μm (200 nm)

c)

2.0 μm

d)

10 μm

4.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Cell fractionation involves:

a)

Staining cells with dyes

b)

Separating cell components by size and density using centrifugation

c)

Freezing cells rapidly for microscopy

d)

Growing cells in culture media

5.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Cryo-electron microscopy differs from traditional EM methods by:

a)

Using lower magnification

b)

Preserving specimens at extremely low temperatures without preservatives

c)

Only working with plant cells

d)

Providing less detailed images

6.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What does the term "resolution" refer to in microscopy?

a)

The ratio of image size to real size

b)

The difference between light and dark areas

c)

The minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished

d)

The thickness of the specimen

7.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Which microscopy technique uses fluorescent dyes or antibodies to label specific molecules?

a)

Brightfield microscopy

b)

Phase-contrast microscopy

c)

Fluorescence microscopy

d)

Differential interference contrast

8.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. In cell fractionation, what forms at the bottom of the tube during centrifugation?

a)

Supernatant

b)

Homogenate

c)

Pellet

d)

Medium

9.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Which parameter in microscopy refers to the difference in brightness between light and dark areas?

a)

Magnification

b)

Resolution

c)

Contrast

d)

Refraction

10.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What technique allowed researchers to determine that mitochondria are sites of cellular respiration?

a)

Fluorescence microscopy

b)

Cell fractionation combined with biochemical tests

c)

Super-resolution microscopy

d)

X-ray crystallography

11.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Which cellular structure is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

a)

Nucleus

b)

Mitochondria

c)

Plasma membrane

d)

Endoplasmic reticulum

12.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Where is DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

a)

Nucleus

b)

Nucleoid region

c)

Mitochondria

d)

Endoplasmic reticulum

13.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What is the function of the plasma membrane?

a)

Protein synthesis

b)

Cellular respiration

c)

Selective barrier

d)

Photosynthesis

14.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Which statement best describes the surface area to volume ratio as a cell increases in size?

a)

Surface area increases faster than volume

b)

Volume increases faster than surface area

c)

Both increase at the same rate

d)

Surface area decreases while volume increases

15.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What is the typical size range for most eukaryotic cells?

a)

0.1-1.0 μm

b)

1-10 μm

c)

10-100 μm

d)

100-1000 μm

16.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What is the semifluid substance inside all cells where subcellular components are suspended?

a)

Cytoplasm

b)

Cytosol

c)

Nucleoplasm

d)

Matrix

17.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Which cellular feature is absent in prokaryotic cells?

a)

Ribosomes

b)

DNA

c)

Membrane-bound organelles

d)

Plasma membrane

18.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as a cell grows larger?

a)

It increases

b)

It decreases

c)

It remains constant

d)

It becomes zero

19.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Which structure increases surface area without appreciably increasing volume in intestinal cells?

a)

Cilia

b)

Flagella

c)

Microvilli

d)

Pseudopodia

20.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What is the approximate diameter of a typical bacterial cell?

a)

0.1-1.0 μm

b)

1-5 μm

c)

10-50 μm

d)

50-100 μm

21.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. In eukaryotic cells, what does the term "cytoplasm" refer to?

a)

Everything inside the plasma membrane

b)

Only the region between the nucleus and plasma membrane

c)

Only the cytosol

d)

Only the organelles

22.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What are the smallest known cells?

a)

Animal cells

b)

Plant cells

c)

Mycoplasmas

d)

Yeast cells

23.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Why are most cells microscopic in size?

a)

They need to be invisible to predators

b)

Larger cells cannot divide

c)

They need a high surface area to volume ratio for efficient material exchange

d)

They need to fit through small spaces

24.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. What happens when the surface area to volume ratio becomes too low?

a)

The cell divides

b)

The cell grows larger

c)

Material exchange becomes inefficient

d)

The cell becomes more active

25.

Select the best answer for each question. Only one answer is correct. Which type of cell generally has a higher surface area to volume ratio?

a)

Larger cells

b)

Smaller cells

26.

What structure encloses the nucleus?

a)

Nuclear lamina

b)

Nuclear matrix

c)

Nuclear envelope

d)

Chromatin

27.

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?

a)

DNA replication

b)

Ribosome assembly

c)

Regulating entry and exit of proteins and RNAs

d)

Chromosome organization

28.

Where are ribosomal subunits assembled?

a)

Nucleolus

b)

Nuclear envelope

c)

Cytoplasm

d)

Endoplasmic reticulum

29.

What is chromatin composed of?

a)

DNA only

b)

Proteins only

c)

DNA and proteins

d)

RNA and lipids

30.

What is the difference between free and bound ribosomes?

a)

Free ribosomes are larger

b)

Bound ribosomes are only in prokaryotes

c)

They have different structures

d)

They are structurally identical but make different proteins

31.

Which type of ribosome makes proteins destined for secretion?

a)

Free ribosomes

b)

Bound ribosomes

c)

Both types equally

d)

Neither type

32.

What structure maintains the shape of the nucleus?

a)

Nuclear pores

b)

Nuclear lamina

c)

Chromatin

d)

Nucleolus

33.

During cell division, chromosomes become:

a)

Less condensed

b)

More condensed and visible

c)

Disassembled

d)

Converted to RNA

34.

What is the function of the nucleolus?

a)

DNA replication

b)

Ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

Lipid synthesis

35.

How do materials move between the nucleus and cytoplasm?

a)

Through gaps in the nuclear envelope

b)

Through nuclear pores

c)

By diffusion through the membrane

d)

By active transport only

36.

What is the typical number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell?

a)

23

b)

46

c)

48

d)

24

37.

Which statement about ribosomes is correct?

a)

They are membrane-bound organelles

b)

They are found only in eukaryotic cells

c)

They carry out protein synthesis

d)

They contain DNA

38.

What happens to mRNA after it is synthesized in the nucleus?

a)

It stays in the nucleus

b)

It is transported to the cytoplasm

c)

It is converted to DNA

d)

It is degraded immediately

39.

What proteins help coil DNA into chromosomes?

a)

Tubulins

b)

Actins

c)

Histones

d)

Keratins

40.

Which cells would have particularly large numbers of ribosomes?

a)

Muscle cells

b)

Fat cells

c)

Pancreas cells that make digestive enzymes

d)

Red blood cells

41.

Which organelle is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

a)

Endoplasmic reticulum

b)

Golgi apparatus

c)

Mitochondria

d)

Lysosomes

42.

What is the function of smooth ER?

a)

Protein synthesis

b)

Lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification

c)

DNA replication

d)

Photosynthesis

43.

What structure gives rough ER its "rough" appearance?

a)

Many folds

b)

Attached ribosomes

c)

Glycoproteins

d)

Lysosomes

44.

Where are secretory proteins modified by having carbohydrates attached?

a)

Smooth ER

b)

Rough ER lumen

c)

Cytoplasm

d)

Nucleus

45.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

a)

Cellular respiration

b)

Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins

c)

DNA replication

d)

Lipid synthesis only

46.

Which side of the Golgi apparatus receives vesicles from the ER?

a)

Trans face

b)

Cis face

c)

Medial face

d)

Lateral face

47.

What organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules?

a)

Peroxisome

b)

Lysosome

c)

Mitochondrion

d)

Chloroplast

48.

What process involves a cell engulfing a food particle?

a)

Autophagy

b)

Phagocytosis

c)

Exocytosis

d)

Pinocytosis

49.

What is autophagy?

a)

Cell eating of external particles

b)

Self-digestion of cell's own components

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

Lipid degradation

50.

Which disease results from missing lysosomal enzymes?

a)

Cancer

b)

Tay-Sachs disease

c)

Diabetes

d)

Arthritis

51.

What is the main function of contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists?

a)

Food storage

b)

Pumping excess water out

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

Photosynthesis

52.

How do transport vesicles move between organelles?

a)

Through cytoplasmic bridges

b)

By budding off one membrane and fusing with another

c)

By passive diffusion

d)

Through nuclear pores

53.

What happens to the phospholipid composition of membranes as they move through the endomembrane system?

a)

It remains constant

b)

It is modified

c)

It becomes identical in all membranes

d)

It disappears

54.

What structure forms by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles in plant cells?

a)

Nucleus

b)

Central vacuole

c)

Chloroplast

d)

Mitochondrion

55.

In the cisternal maturation model of Golgi function:

a)

Vesicles transfer material between static cisternae

b)

Cisternae themselves move from cis to trans face

c)

The Golgi doesn't process materials

d)

All cisternae are identical

56.

What helps target vesicles to their correct destinations?

a)

Molecular identification tags like phosphate groups

b)

Random movement

c)

Magnetic fields

d)

Electrical charges only

57.

Where are hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes synthesized?

a)

Free ribosomes

b)

Rough ER

c)

Smooth ER

d)

Golgi apparatus only

58.

What maintains the acidic environment inside lysosomes?

a)

Proton pumps in the lysosomal membrane

b)

Secretion of acids

c)

External environment

d)

Nuclear control

59.

What is the function of transitional ER?

a)

Lipid synthesis

b)

Budding of transport vesicles

c)

Detoxification

d)

Calcium storage

60.

What is the main function of mitochondria?

a)

Photosynthesis

b)

Cellular respiration

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

Lipid synthesis

61.

According to the endosymbiont theory, mitochondria evolved from:

a)

Invaginations of the plasma membrane

b)

Engulfed photosynthetic bacteria

c)

Engulfed aerobic bacteria

d)

Nuclear material

62.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

a)

Cellular respiration

b)

Photosynthesis

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

Lipid storage

63.

Which characteristic supports the endosymbiont theory for mitochondria and chloroplasts?

a)

Single membrane

b)

No DNA

c)

Circular DNA and ribosomes

d)

Identical membrane composition to nuclear envelope

64.

What are the infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane called?

a)

Cristae

b)

Matrix

c)

Thylakoids

d)

Grana

65.

Where does cellular respiration occur in mitochondria?

a)

Outer membrane

b)

Intermembrane space

c)

Matrix and inner membrane

d)

Only in the matrix

66.

What is the fluid inside chloroplasts called?

a)

Cristae

b)

Matrix

c)

Stroma

d)

Cytosol

67.

What are the flattened sacs in chloroplasts called?

a)

Cristae

b)

Thylakoids

c)

Matrix

d)

Granules

68.

What is the function of peroxisomes?

a)

Photosynthesis

b)

Cellular respiration

c)

Oxidation reactions producing hydrogen peroxide

d)

Protein synthesis

69.

Which organelle contains chlorophyll?

a)

Mitochondrion

b)

Chloroplast

c)

Peroxisome

d)

Lysosome

70.

How many membranes surround a typical mitochondrion?

a)

One

b)

Two

c)

Three

d)

Four

71.

What is the compartment between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes?

a)

Matrix

b)

Cristae

c)

Intermembrane space

d)

Stroma

72.

What are stacks of thylakoids called?

a)

Cristae

b)

Grana

c)

Matrix

d)

Stroma

73.

Which organelle can divide independently within the cell?

a)

Nucleus

b)

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

c)

Endoplasmic reticulum

d)

Golgi apparatus

74.

What enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide in peroxisomes?

a)

Catalase

b)

ATP synthase

c)

Rubisco

d)

DNA polymerase

75.

Which statement about mitochondria is false?

a)

They have their own DNA

b)

They can divide independently

c)

They are found in all eukaryotic cells

d)

They are not involved in energy transformation

76.

What is the advantage of cristae in mitochondria?

a)

They store DNA

b)

They increase surface area for respiration

c)

They produce ATP directly

d)

They synthesize proteins

77.

Where are enzymes for cellular respiration located in mitochondria?

a)

Only in the matrix

b)

Only in the inner membrane

c)

In both matrix and inner membrane

d)

In the outer membrane only

78.

What are glyoxysomes?

a)

Photosynthetic organelles

b)

Specialized peroxisomes in plant seeds

c)

Mitochondrial derivatives

d)

Protein synthesis centers

79.

How do chloroplasts and mitochondria cooperate with peroxisomes?

a)

In protein synthesis

b)

In DNA replication

c)

In certain metabolic functions

d)

They don't cooperate

80.

What is the thickest component of the cytoskeleton?

a)

Microfilaments

b)

Intermediate filaments

c)

Microtubules

d)

All are the same thickness

81.

What protein are microfilaments made of?

a)

Tubulin

b)

Actin

c)

Keratin

d)

Collagen

82.

What is the function of motor proteins?

a)

Structural support only

b)

Movement of organelles along cytoskeletal tracks

c)

DNA replication

d)

Protein synthesis

83.

What is the "9+2" pattern associated with?

a)

Centrioles

b)

Cilia and flagella

c)

Microtubules in cytoplasm

d)

Nuclear pores

84.

What structures anchor microtubules in animal cells?

a)

Basal bodies

b)

Centrosomes with centrioles

c)

Nuclear envelope

d)

Plasma membrane

85.

How do dynein "feet" cause cilia to bend?

a)

By shortening microtubules

b)

By walking along adjacent microtubules

c)

By secreting fluid

d)

By electrical signals

86.

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

a)

Cell motility

b)

Organelle movement

c)

Bearing tension and structural support

d)

Chromosome separation

87.

Which cytoskeletal component is involved in muscle contraction?

a)

Microtubules

b)

Microfilaments

c)

Intermediate filaments

d)

All of the above

88.

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

a)

Movement of cytoplasm in plant cells

b)

Protein synthesis

c)

DNA replication

d)

Lipid synthesis

89.

What makes up the core of microvilli?

a)

Microtubules

b)

Microfilaments

c)

Intermediate filaments

d)

Collagen fibers

90.

What is the structural difference between cilia and flagella?

a)

Cilia are longer

b)

Flagella have different internal structure

c)

Cilia are more numerous on cell surface

d)

Only flagella have microtubules

91.

What happens when microtubules are disassembled?

a)

Cell dies immediately

b)

Tubulin subunits are degraded

c)

Subunits can be reused elsewhere

d)

Cell membrane ruptures

92.

Which cytoskeletal element is most permanent?

a)

Microtubules

b)

Microfilaments

c)

Intermediate filaments

d)

All are equally permanent

93.

What is the function of the nuclear lamina?

a)

DNA replication

b)

Structural support for nuclear envelope

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

Ribosome assembly

94.

How do cells crawl using amoeboid movement?

a)

Beating cilia

b)

Extending pseudopodia with actin-myosin interactions

c)

Flagellar movement

d)

Microtubule sliding

95.

What is the diameter of microtubules?

a)

7 nm

b)

10 nm

c)

25 nm

d)

100 nm

96.

What protein makes up microtubules?

a)

Actin

b)

Tubulin

c)

Keratin

d)

Myosin

97.

What is the function of basal bodies?

a)

Anchor cilia and flagella

b)

Synthesize ATP

c)

Replicate DNA

d)

Synthesize proteins

98.

Which cytoskeletal element forms the nuclear lamina?

a)

Microtubules

b)

Microfilaments

c)

Intermediate filaments

d)

All of the above

99.

What causes the bending motion in cilia and flagella?

a)

Contraction of microtubules

b)

Sliding of microtubules past each other

c)

Shortening of microtubules

d)

Growth of microtubules

100.

What is the main function of plant cell walls?

a)

Photosynthesis

b)

Protection, shape maintenance, preventing excessive water uptake

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

Cellular respiration

101.

What are plant cell walls primarily made of?

a)

Cellulose

b)

Chitin

c)

Peptidoglycan

d)

Silica

102.

What is the middle lamella composed of?

a)

Cellulose

b)

Pectins

c)

Lignin

d)

Proteins

103.

Which cell wall layer is deposited after cell growth stops?

a)

Primary wall

b)

Secondary wall

c)

Middle lamella

d)

Plasma membrane

104.

What is the most abundant glycoprotein in animal extracellular matrix?

a)

Fibronectin

b)

Collagen

c)

Integrin

d)

Elastin

105.

What connects the ECM to the cytoskeleton inside the cell?

a)

Collagen fibers

b)

Proteoglycans

c)

Integrins

d)

Middle lamella

106.

What are plasmodesmata?

a)

Animal cell junctions

b)

Plant cell connections through cell walls

c)

Mitochondrial structures

d)

Nuclear pores

107.

Which type of animal cell junction forms a tight seal between cells?

a)

Desmosomes

b)

Tight junctions

c)

Gap junctions

d)

Plasmodesmata

108.

What type of junction allows direct cytoplasmic communication between animal cells?

a)

Tight junctions

b)

Desmosomes

c)

Gap junctions

d)

Adherens junctions

109.

What are desmosomes reinforced by inside the cell?

a)

Microtubules

b)

Microfilaments

c)

Intermediate filaments

d)

Collagen fibers

110.

How can the ECM influence gene expression?

a)

Through mechanical and chemical signaling pathways

b)

Direct DNA modification

c)

Breaking nuclear envelope

d)

Destroying chromatin

111.

What is the function of proteoglycans in ECM?

a)

Structural strength

b)

Form hydrated gels that resist compression

c)

Cell signaling only

d)

Energy storage

112.

What molecules can pass through plasmodesmata?

a)

Only water

b)

Small solutes and sometimes proteins/RNA

c)

Only ions

d)

Nothing passes through

113.

Where are tight junctions especially important?

a)

Muscle tissue

b)

Epithelial tissue lining body surfaces

c)

Nerve tissue

d)

Bone tissue

114.

What is the function of integrins?

a)

Cellulose synthesis

b)

Transmit signals between ECM and cytoskeleton

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

DNA replication

115.

What happens if plant cell walls were impermeable?

a)

Cells could communicate better

b)

Cells would die from isolation

c)

Plants would grow faster

d)

Photosynthesis would increase

116.

What glues adjacent plant cells together?

a)

Primary cell wall

b)

Secondary cell wall

c)

Middle lamella

d)

Plasma membrane

117.

Which ECM component forms strong fibers?

a)

Proteoglycans

b)

Collagen

c)

Integrins

d)

Fibronectin

118.

What is similar in function between gap junctions and plasmodesmata?

a)

Both provide structural support

b)

Both allow cytoplasmic communication between cells

c)

Both prevent fluid leakage

d)

Both are composed of cellulose

119.

How do materials move to plasmodesmata within plant cells?

a)

By diffusion only

b)

Along cytoskeletal fibers

c)

Through endoplasmic reticulum

d)

By active transport pumps

120.

What is needed for a macrophage to engulf bacteria?

a)

Cytoskeleton, lysosomes, and plasma membrane coordination

b)

Chloroplasts only

c)

Nucleus division

d)

Ribosomes only

121.

Why is the cell described as "greater than the sum of its parts"?

a)

It contains many organelles

b)

Cellular functions arise from integrated organelle activities

c)

It is visible to naked eye

d)

It can reproduce

122.

What provides energy for cellular processes like phagocytosis?

a)

Chloroplasts

b)

Mitochondria producing ATP

c)

Nucleus

d)

Lysosomes

123.

What is necessary for protein synthesis involved in macrophage function?

a)

Ribosomes following DNA instructions

b)

Mitochondria only

c)

Lysosomes only

d)

Cytoskeleton only

124.

How do different cellular components work together during phagocytosis?

a)

Independently without coordination

b)

In an integrated sequence: recognition, engulfment, digestion

c)

Only two components are involved

d)

Randomly without specific order

125.

Which organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis?

a)

Rough ER

b)

Smooth ER

c)

Golgi apparatus

d)

Lysosomes

126.

Where are proteins for secretion synthesized?

a)

Free ribosomes

b)

Bound ribosomes on rough ER

c)

Nuclear ribosomes

d)

Mitochondrial ribosomes

127.

What organelle modifies and packages proteins for secretion?

a)

Endoplasmic reticulum

b)

Golgi apparatus

c)

Lysosomes

d)

Peroxisomes

128.

Which structure is not membrane-bound?

a)

Lysosome

b)

Ribosome

c)

Mitochondrion

d)

Endoplasmic reticulum

129.

What is the function of the nucleolus?

a)

DNA replication

b)

Ribosome subunit assembly

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

Lipid storage

130.

Which cellular structure contains cristae?

a)

Chloroplast

b)

Mitochondrion

c)

Nucleus

d)

Endoplasmic reticulum

131.

What is the main component of microfilaments?

a)

Tubulin

b)

Actin

c)

Keratin

d)

Collagen

132.

Which organelle contains enzymes for breaking down hydrogen peroxide?

a)

Lysosome

b)

Peroxisome

c)

Mitochondrion

d)

Chloroplast

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