Distance is total path length; displacement is change in position with direction.

Distance includes direction; displacement does not.

Distance is measured in meters; displacement is measured in seconds.

Choose a reference point; define x- and y-directions (axes); give distances along each axis.

Measure speed; choose time interval; compute slope.

Distance and direction from a reference point.

Speed and time.

Its position changes relative to a chosen reference point over time.

Its mass decreases.

Negative displacement.

Positive displacement.

Positive displacement.

Negative displacement.

The object is not changing position (stopped).

The object is speeding up.

Velocity includes direction; speed does not.

Speed includes direction; velocity does not.

The graph is a straight line with a constant slope.

The graph is a horizontal line at y = 0.

The graph is a horizontal line (velocity stays the same).

The graph is a line with increasing slope.

Average speed uses total distance divided by total time for a trip; instantaneous speed is speed at a specific moment.

Average speed is measured in seconds; instantaneous speed is measured in meters.

The slope increases—the line or curve becomes steeper over time.

The slope decreases and flattens.

The slope decreases—the line or curve becomes less steep over time.

The slope increases.

Identify total time from the x-axis; identify total distance from the y-axis; use start and end points; compute distance ÷ time; include units.

Pick any point; read its slope; multiply by time; add mass; report value.

Speed increases.

Speed decreases.

Direction changes.

Speeding up.

Slowing down.

Changing direction.

When velocity increases in the positive reference direction.

Whenever speed decreases.

When velocity decreases in the positive reference direction (or increases in the negative direction).

Only when the object moves in a circle.

The graph is a smooth curve whose slope increases at a steady rate (parabolic shape).

The graph is a straight line with constant slope.

The graph is a straight line with constant, nonzero slope.

The graph is a horizontal line at any value.

The graph is a horizontal line at a constant value.

The graph is a line with changing slope.

Position.

Distance.

Displacement.

Speed.

Velocity.

Friction

Gravity

Magnetism

Electric force

Friction

Normal force

Gravity

Applied push

It increases the gravitational force.

It decreases the gravitational force.

It does not change the gravitational force.

It makes the gravitational force become zero.

It increases the gravitational force.

It decreases the gravitational force.

It does not change the gravitational force.

Only the direction changes, not the strength.

Static friction

Sliding friction

Rolling friction

Gravitational friction

Magnetic friction

Add oil or another lubricant.

Increase the roughness of the surfaces.

Increase the weight on the surfaces.

Press the surfaces tighter together.

Mass is the amount of matter; weight is the gravitational force that can change with location.

Mass is the gravitational force; weight is the amount of matter and never changes.

Mass and weight are the same and always stay constant.

Weight measures volume; mass measures inertia only.

The amount of matter in an object.

How much an object resists changes in motion.

The gravitational force acting on an object.

The volume of an object.

Zero

Positive

Negative

Equal to the object’s weight

Yes, it increases.

Yes, it decreases.

No, it remains constant.

It instantly becomes zero.

Positive

Negative

Zero

Cannot be determined

Positive

Negative

Zero

Cannot be determined

Yes, more mass means more inertia.

No, inertia is unrelated to mass.

Only if the object is accelerating.

Only in space.

It remains at rest.

It starts moving.

It speeds up.

It moves in a circle.

It continues at constant velocity in a straight line.

It stops immediately.

It accelerates.

It changes direction randomly.

Outward from the center

Tangential to the motion

Toward the center of the circle

Parallel to the object’s velocity

Kilogram (kg)

Newton (N)

Meter per second squared (m/s^2)

Joule (J)

Meter per second squared (m/s^2)

Newton (N)

Kilogram (kg)

Meter (m)

Newton (N)

Kilogram (kg)

Meter per second squared (m/s^2)

Pascal (Pa)

$$F=ma$$

$$v=\dfrac{d}{t}$$

$$W=mg$$

$$p=mv$$

Yes, sometimes a single force acts alone.

No, every force has an equal and opposite partner.

Only in outer space.

Only for gravitational forces.

Directions

Masses

Times

Accelerations

No, because total momentum is conserved in a closed system without external forces.

Yes, because objects can come to rest on their own.

Yes, because energy can change forms and vanish.

No, because mass cannot change during motion.

A force and a displacement in the direction of that force

Mass and distance traveled

Energy and speed

Time and acceleration

Joule

Watt

Newton

Kilogram

One newton-meter

One watt-second

One kilogram-meter

One newton per second

The component of the force parallel to the displacement

The component of the force perpendicular to the displacement

The total applied force regardless of direction

Only the frictional force

The object’s weight

Frictional force

Normal force

Air resistance

The energy an object has due to motion; it occurs when the object is moving

The energy stored by position; it occurs when the object is at rest

Thermal energy from temperature; it occurs when the object heats up

Chemical energy from food; it occurs during digestion

Energy stored due to position or shape; it occurs when an object is raised or stretched/compressed

Energy of motion; it occurs when an object moves

Energy from heat; it occurs when temperature increases

Energy from sound; it occurs when something vibrates

Raise the object higher in a gravitational field

Lower the object to the ground

Reduce the object’s mass

Move the object perpendicular to gravity

Increase the object’s speed

Decrease the object’s speed

Lower the object’s height

Reduce the gravitational field strength

The rate at which work is done

The amount of force applied

The total energy an object has

The product of mass and acceleration

Watt

Joule

Newton

Pascal

Power depends on how quickly work is done; doing more work in less time means greater power

Power is the same as work and does not depend on time

Power depends only on force, not on work

Power decreases when more work is done in less time

Both describe energy transfer caused by forces acting on objects

Both are measured in watts

Both are independent of time

Both measure force directly

They change the size or direction of a force to make work easier

They create energy from nothing

They eliminate all friction

They reduce the total work required by a task to zero

They do not reduce the total amount of work that must be done

They do not change the direction of a force

They do not allow forces to act over longer distances

They do not help with lifting objects

Input work equals $$W_{in}=F_{in}\times d_{in}$$ and output work equals $$W_{out}=F_{out}\times d_{out}$$

Input work equals $$W_{in}=F_{out}\times d_{in}$$ and output work equals $$W_{out}=F_{in}\times d_{out}$$

Input work equals $$W_{in}=m\times v$$ and output work equals $$W_{out}=m\times a$$

Input work equals $$W_{in}=P\times t$$ and output work equals $$W_{out}=P\div t$$

By changing the size of the force

By changing the distance over which the force is applied

By changing the direction of the force

By increasing the object’s mass

The ratio of output force to input force

The ratio of input work to output work

The product of mass and acceleration

The rate at which work is done

Output force

Input force

They are equal

Neither can be compared

The ratio of output work to input work, often expressed as a percentage

The ratio of input force to output force

The total work done by a machine

The amount of friction produced by a machine

Greater efficiency means less energy lost to friction

Greater efficiency increases friction

Efficiency and friction are unrelated

Friction determines the direction of efficiency

Light from the Sun

Heat from a stovetop

A parked car

A rolling ball

A flashlight battery powering a circuit

A stone sitting on a hill

A ball at the top of a hill

A moving skateboard

Fuel in a car’s tank

A falling raindrop

Wind

Hydroelectric

Biomass

It is produced only by wind and sunlight

It is widely available with high energy density and existing infrastructure

It never creates any pollution

It cannot be stored or transported

It is unlimited and cannot run out

It often produces pollution and is a limited resource

It requires only simple technology and zero cost

It depends on daily weather for every use

It relies on fossil fuels to operate

It can be replenished naturally and usually has low emissions

It always works at night and on calm days

It is the only energy that can power cars

It is always available at a constant rate

It can be intermittent and may need storage or backup

It always increases air pollution

It cannot generate electricity

Heat is the movement of thermal energy, while temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles

Heat and temperature both measure how fast Earth orbits the Sun

Temperature is energy transfer between objects, while heat is the average speed of particles

Heat is stored energy only, while temperature is mechanical energy

Thermal energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in a material, while mechanical energy is the kinetic and potential energy of a whole object

Thermal energy and mechanical energy are identical and always equal

Mechanical energy is the average kinetic energy of particles, while thermal energy is energy of motion of planets

Mechanical energy is only potential energy, while thermal energy is only kinetic energy

Particles move slowly and stay close together

Particles move quickly with more energetic motion

Particles stop moving completely

Particles move only in straight lines

Particles move slowly with less energetic motion

Particles move faster than at high temperature

Particles always form gases

Particles gain energy and speed up

Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit

Kelvin, Joule, Watt

Celsius, Meter, Second

Fahrenheit, Newton, Pascal

Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin

All of them have reached zero

28 miles

33 miles

25 miles

20 miles

5 miles south

23 miles north

13 miles north

28 miles north

15 mph

20 mph

25 mph

8 mph

10.0 mph

13.2 mph

15.0 mph

18.9 mph

A, it has a steady slope

C, it is horizontal

D, it is straight with constant slope

E, its slope changes (curved)

0–2 s

6–8 s

8–12 s

12–14 s

0 m/s

1 m/s

2 m/s

4 m/s

1.3 m/s

2.0 m/s

2.7 m/s

3.5 m/s

Constant speed

Acceleration (changing velocity)

Rest (zero speed)

Uniform motion with fixed slope

Distance vs. time graph

Velocity vs. time graph

Acceleration vs. time graph

Position vs. time graph

Acceleration upward

Constant velocity

Object at rest

Negative acceleration

A

B

C

D

E

A horizontal line at $$3\text{ m/s}^2$$

A horizontal line at $$-3\text{ m/s}^2$$

A line that increases upward with time

A line at $$0\text{ m/s}^2$$

$$0.4\text{ m/s}^2$$

$$2.5\text{ m/s}^2$$

$$18\text{ m/s}^2$$

$$-2.5\text{ m/s}^2$$

$$0.81\text{ m/s}^2$$

$$-0.81\text{ m/s}^2$$

$$-0.12\text{ m/s}^2$$

$$-3.1\text{ m/s}^2$$

23.4 m/s

25.4 m/s

28.4 m/s

30.4 m/s

Thing 1

Thing 2

They accelerate equally

Not enough information

87 N to the left

43 N to the left

43 N to the right

22 N to the left

98 N to the right

196 N to the right

196 N to the left

0 N (balanced)

30 N to the right

52 N to the right

8 N to the right

0 N (balanced)

27 N to the right; unbalanced

27 N to the left; unbalanced

63 N to the right; unbalanced

0 N; balanced

24 N to the right; unbalanced

24 N to the left; unbalanced

48 N to the right; balanced

0 N; balanced

20 N

80 N

160 N

200 N

2.7 m/s^2

13.6 m/s^2

27.2 m/s^2

34.0 m/s^2

6.5 kg

7.9 kg

9.2 kg

12.2 kg

352 N

432 N

520 N

640 N

72 N less

160 N less

288 N less

360 N less

15 kg·m/s

30 kg·m/s

60 kg·m/s

80 kg·m/s

12.2 m/s

15.6 m/s

18.0 m/s

28.0 m/s

96.25 J

31.40 J

55.00 J

97.50 J

68.8 N

69.8 N

43.0 N

172.0 N

2.86 m

0.35 m

1.98 m

3.57 m

46 W

7.5 W

345 W

52 W

4661 J

3110 J

295 J

15.8 J

748 W

615 W

4661 W

189 W

0.28

3.56

1.26

0.75

3.66

0.28

2.91

1.00

262%

38%

100%

Cannot be determined from the given information

Solar energy

Wind energy

Hydroelectric energy

Biomass energy

Geothermal energy

Moving water in rivers or reservoirs

Sunlight heating solar panels

Heat from Earth’s interior

Wind turning turbines

Nuclear fission of uranium fuel

Burning coal

Sunlight

Flowing water

Coal

Uranium

Natural gas

Oil

Biomass

Renewable, because they are replaced each year by new plants

Nonrenewable, because they take millions of years to form

Renewable, because they can be recycled easily

Nonrenewable, because they cannot store energy

Coal is a solid fuel, while natural gas is a gaseous fuel

Coal forms from recent plants, while natural gas forms from sunlight

Coal produces no air pollution, while natural gas does

Coal is renewable, while natural gas is nonrenewable

It decreases greenhouse gases and improves air quality

It increases air pollution and adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere

It has no effect on the environment

It creates only water vapor with no other emissions

Electricity

Radioactive waste

Large amounts of carbon dioxide from combustion

Wind energy

Geothermal heat

Solar

Wind

Hydroelectric

Geothermal

Biomass

Using LED bulbs and energy-efficient appliances

Carpooling or using public transportation

Leaving lights on when not needed

Running the air conditioner with windows open

Wasting water during long showers

Petroleum

Solar

Nuclear

Wind

High energy density and an established, reliable supply

It produces no pollution

It cannot be stored for later use

It depends on weather conditions

It is unlimited and never runs out

It emits greenhouse gases and is finite

It is only available in windy places

It cannot generate electricity

Lower pollution and a sustainable supply

Always available at night

Produces more carbon dioxide than coal

Requires uranium fuel

It is always constant and easy to store

It can be intermittent and may require large areas or specific locations

It emits more greenhouse gases than fossil fuels

It is nonrenewable

Particles move faster and have greater average kinetic energy at higher temperature

Particles move slower at higher temperature

Particle motion does not change with temperature

Particles stop moving at higher temperature

Only its color

Its mass and specific heat capacity

Its shape alone

Its latitude on Earth

$$0\text{ K}$$

$$0^{\circ}\text{C}$$

$$32^{\circ}\text{F}$$

$$100^{\circ}\text{C}$$

Heat flows from the warmer hand to the colder ice; the ice gains thermal energy and your hand’s temperature decreases

Heat flows from the ice to your hand; the ice gains thermal energy and your hand warms

No heat flows because both objects have the same temperature

Heat and thermal energy are the same, so nothing changes

Temperature is the average kinetic energy of particles, while thermal energy is the total energy of all particles and depends on mass and temperature

Temperature is the total energy of all particles, while thermal energy is the average kinetic energy

Both measure the same thing

Thermal energy depends only on temperature and not on the amount of matter