What other element is most commonly bonded to carbon in organic compounds?

Based on the results of testing an unknown sample (refer to the last column of the table below), what conclusion can be drawn?

Match biomolecules to their monomers: Which of the following pairings are correct? Select all that apply.

Which biomolecule primarily provides long‑term energy storage (approximately 9 Cal/g) and contributes to biological membranes and insulation?

Which biomolecule includes enzymes that control the rate of chemical reactions and contributes to structure and transport in and out of cells?

Which biomolecule stores and transmits genetic information, with ATP storing energy in its bonds?

We can assume that the function of certain biomolecules—such as an enzyme’s substrate specificity or a receptor’s signal specificity—is dependent on their what?

If a protein molecule is synthesized from 9 amino acids, how many peptide bonds are formed?

If a protein molecule is synthesized from 9 amino acids, how many molecules of water are formed?

If glycogen is broken down into 1248 glucose molecules, how many molecules of water were required?

If glycogen is broken down into 1248 glucose molecules, how many covalent bonds were broken?

A nucleic acid is broken down into the nucleotides that compose it, producing 5931 molecules of water. How many nucleotides were produced?

Identify the polymer and its monomer type shown in the top‑left image of connected hexagonal rings (polysaccharide chain).

Identify the monomer and polymer represented by the top‑right structural diagram featuring an R group attached to the central carbon.

Identify the polymer shown in the bottom‑left image and name the three parts of its monomer.

Identify the monomer parts depicted in the bottom‑right nucleotide structure diagram.

Explain how the shape of a molecule relates to an enzyme’s function. Choose the statement that best reflects the worksheet explanation.

Explain what it means to say an enzyme is denatured.

Select all true statements about how enzymes affect reaction rate.

Based on the pH activity graph, what is the optimal pH for gastric protease?

Based on the pH activity graph, what is the optimal pH for intestinal protease?

Based on the pH activity graph, at what pH do both proteases have some activity?

Identify the reactants in the cellular respiration equation $$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 36\,\text{ATP}$$ .

Identify the reactants in the photosynthesis equation $$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{E}_{\text{sun}} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$ .

How do the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration compare?

What organelle is involved in photosynthesis?

What organelle is involved with part of the cellular respiration pathway?

If there are 18 atoms of oxygen on the reactant side of a balanced equation, how many atoms of oxygen will be on the product side?

The equal number of atoms on each side of a balanced equation models which law?

Explain how energy is transferred through photosynthesis starting with the sun and ending with carbohydrate. Choose the statement that best matches the worksheet description.

Which sequence correctly shows the order of molecules from glucose to ATP as chemical energy is transferred?

Which diagram shows a plant cell?

Which diagram shows a prokaryotic cell? Select all that apply.

Which diagram shows an animal cell?

Which diagrams show eukaryotic cells? Select all that apply.

Which diagram shows bacteria?

Which diagram does not have a nucleus?

Which diagrams have a nucleus? Select all that apply.

Which diagrams have ribosomes? Select all that apply.

What are two features to look for in a eukaryotic cell that help you determine it is eukaryotic and not prokaryotic?

Which organelles are thought to be evidence supporting the theory of endosymbiosis? Select all that apply.

Which structures are common to all cells? Select all that apply.

Based on the labeled cell diagram, what is structure #5 and what is its main function?

In the labeled cell diagram, what is structure #1 and what does it do?

In the labeled cell diagram, what is structure #7 and what is its purpose?

What is structure #7 made of?

Looking at the labeled cell diagram, what does the structure labeled #2 do and why is it important?

What is structure #6 in the labeled cell diagram?

Structure #6 can form which structure(s) that help transport nutrients and wastes around and out of the cell via endocytosis and exocytosis?

Structure #3 synthesizes proteins for the cell. What is this structure called?

Which protein transmits information from the extracellular fluid to the inside of the cell?

Which protein shown in the membrane illustration would be used to move molecules across the cell membrane?

Which membrane protein is important in identifying cells as self to the immune system?

Fill out the table using the word bank diffusion, facilitated diffusion, vesicles, osmosis, pumps. Name the process that matches: movement of water down a concentration gradient.

For movement of water down a concentration gradient, identify whether the process is active or passive.

For movement of water down a concentration gradient, does the process require ATP?

Fill out the table using the word bank diffusion, facilitated diffusion, vesicles, osmosis, pumps. Name the process that matches: a “bubble” of membrane that transports materials into or out of the cell.

For a “bubble” of membrane that transports materials into or out of the cell, identify whether the process is active or passive.

For a “bubble” of membrane that transports materials into or out of the cell, does the process require ATP?

Fill out the table using the word bank diffusion, facilitated diffusion, vesicles, osmosis, pumps. Name the process that matches: movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration through a protein.

For movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration through a protein, identify whether the process is active or passive.

For movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration through a protein, does the process require ATP?

Fill out the table using the word bank diffusion, facilitated diffusion, vesicles, osmosis, pumps. Name the process that matches: movement of small molecules through the cell membrane from a high concentration to low concentration.

For movement of small molecules through the cell membrane from a high concentration to low concentration, identify whether the process is active or passive.

For movement of small molecules through the cell membrane from a high concentration to low concentration, does the process require ATP?

Fill out the table using the word bank diffusion, facilitated diffusion, vesicles, osmosis, pumps. Name the process that matches: proteins embedded in the membrane that move large, polar or charged molecules against the concentration gradient, generally requiring energy.

For proteins embedded in the membrane that move large, polar or charged molecules against the concentration gradient, identify whether the process is active or passive.

For proteins embedded in the membrane that move large, polar or charged molecules against the concentration gradient, does the process require ATP?

Looking at the picture labeled to the left, which one displays endocytosis? Choose the letter of the diagram.

Which one displays exocytosis? Choose the letter of the diagram.

A cell does not contain mitochondria. Which of these transport processes does not occur? Select all that apply.

Explain why the mitochondria is important for the processes you selected above. Choose the best statement.

Label the diagrams as isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic based on the environment outside of the cell. For the left diagram, which label applies?

For the left diagram, which way will water move relative to the cell?

Label the diagrams as isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic based on the environment outside of the cell. For the middle diagram, which label applies?

For the middle diagram, which way will water move relative to the cell?

Label the diagrams as isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic based on the environment outside of the cell. For the right diagram, which label applies?

For the right diagram, which way will water move relative to the cell?

Draw a picture of what a cell (model: grape) would look like in each of these types of solutions. For hypotonic (tap water), what happens to the grape cell?

Draw a picture of what a cell (model: grape) would look like in each of these types of solutions. For hypertonic (glucose solution), what happens to the grape cell?

Draw a picture of what a cell (model: grape) would look like in each of these types of solutions. For isotonic (grape juice), what happens to the grape cell?

Describe the mass change in each and water movement.

Transport across membranes ultimately helps a cell maintain homeostasis. The movement of molecules continues until a dynamic equilibrium is reached. What term describes the state that is reached when molecular movement continues until balance is achieved?

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: cannot maintain homeostasis

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: do not metabolize or perform cellular respiration to make ATP

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: can only replicate inside of a living host cell

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: composed of protein capsid and nucleic acid

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: nucleic acid is DNA or RNA

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: nucleic acid single ring of DNA

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: nucleic acid is multiple linear chromosomes

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: use 20 amino acids in their proteins

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: marker proteins on surface

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: change over time (evolve) due to mutation of their nucleic acid

Categorize the characteristic by selecting one category: change over time due to accumulating plasmids from other cells

Eukaryotes protect their genome (DNA) inside a nucleus which is inside the cell. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane. How many layers of lipids are between the DNA and the environment outside the cell?

Prokaryotes protect their DNA inside the plasma membrane which is in turn covered with a cell wall of peptidoglycan (a sugar/protein complex). How is this similar to the location of nucleic acid in a virus?

Prokaryotes protect their DNA inside the plasma membrane which is in turn covered with a cell wall of peptidoglycan (a sugar/protein complex). How is it different from viruses?

Viruses are spread through 3 common vectors. Select all that apply.

Viruses cause disease by which mechanisms? Select all that apply.

DNA stands for what full name?

RNA stands for what full name?

Complete the statement: All somatic cells in all ______ contain DNA.

Complete the statement: The sequence of DNA determines the ______, or characteristics, in living organisms.

Complete the statement: The sequence of DNA is the template for making ______.

Based on the chart of differences, which sugar is found in DNA?

Based on the chart of differences, which sugar is found in RNA?

Which description matches the overall shape of DNA according to the chart of differences?

Which description matches the overall shape of RNA according to the chart of differences?

Which set lists the nucleotides present in DNA according to the chart of differences?

Which set lists the nucleotides present in RNA according to the chart of differences?

DNA and RNA are made of smaller subunits called nucleotides which are made up of three parts. Which list correctly identifies these three parts?

Use the DNA strand shown to determine the sequence of nucleotides for the complementary strand. The original strand is labeled 3’ ACG-TCG-AAG-CCA 5’. Which complementary sequence is correct?

In DNA, purines bond with pyrimidines. Which base does adenine bond with?

In DNA, purines bond with pyrimidines. Which base does guanine bond with?

Which type of bonds hold the nitrogen bases together in DNA?

What process is shown in the diagram to the right, and why is it important?

Where does DNA replication occur?

During which part of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Which enzyme unwinds and unzips the DNA molecule at the start of replication?

Which enzyme lays down the RNA primers during DNA replication?

Which enzyme begins laying down DNA nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction, adding to the 3’ end?

On the lagging strand, the Okazaki fragments created will be joined by which enzyme?

What is the overall direction of DNA replication relative to the replication fork?

Which term describes the process in which each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly constructed strand?

Which term describes the orientation of the two DNA strands relative to each other?

In a basic drawing of a duplicated chromosome, which description correctly identifies its main parts?

Select the correct labels you would apply to a duplicated chromosome.

What is chromatin?

Where would you find chromosomes inside of the cell?

What is a genome?

According to the cell cycle diagram, which stages belong to interphase?

What happens in the G1, S, and G2 stages within interphase?

Which phase does DNA replication take place, and what happens to the amount of DNA during this process?

What are the four stages of mitosis?

What phase starts in late telophase, but is not part of mitosis?

Where do our cells spend 90% of the time?

Using the stages shown, which labels are stages of mitosis?

Why is mitosis important in your body? Select all that apply.

After mitosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell in humans?

What type of cells does mitosis produce?

Uncontrolled cell division is more commonly known as what, when the cells repeat the cell cycle faster than normal?

How many chromosomes TOTAL do humans have, and how many pairs?

Which description best fits the cells that result from mitosis?

If a mutation alters the production of cyclin or cyclin dependent kinase, interfering with normal cell cycle controls, the result is usually what?

Which stage of the cell cycle involves the separation of the sister chromatids by the spindle?

Which stage of the cell cycle involves the condensing of the chromosomes and breakdown of the nuclear envelope?

Which stage of the cell cycle involves the chromosomes lining up across the equatorial plane?

Which stage of the cell cycle involves the uncoiling of the chromosomes into diffuse chromatin and reformation of the nuclear envelope?

Fill in the chart regarding RNA types: Which statement correctly describes messenger RNA (mRNA)?