WorksheetsRenal anatomy, urinary tract infections, and diuretics
Total questions: 44
Worksheet time: 22hrs 0mins
Which statement of the following best describes the relations of kidneys?
Diaphragm is directly related to the superior part of both kidneys.
The left kidney is related to the duodenum.
The kidneys are related anteriorly to quadratus lumborum.
The pancreas is related to the right kidney.
In the renal hilum, which of the following structures is characterized as the most posterior?
Ureter
Most constricted structure
Most superior structure
Most lateral
Which of the following statements best describes the left renal vein?
Left gonadal vein is one of its tributaries.
Shorter than the right renal vein.
Receives the right suprarenal vein.
Passes behind the aorta.
Which of the following best describes the capsules of the kidney?
Fibrous capsule loosely applied to its outer surface of the kidney.
Pararenal fat covers the fibrous capsule.
Perirenal fat encloses the kidney and suprarenal gland.
Perirenal fat, renal fascia, and pararenal fat support the kidney.
Which of the following best describes the right kidney?
Anteriorly, related to the spleen.
Posteriorly, related to the right colic flexure.
Fibrous capsule encloses the kidney and suprarenal gland.
Renal artery arises from the abdominal aorta.
Which of the following is important for identification of the ureter?
The ureter is located posterior to the internal iliac artery.
The ureter is located posterior to the suprarenal artery.
The ureter is located posterior to the renal vein.
The ureter is located posterior to the gonadal artery.
Which of the following is the most common route of transmission of urinary tract infection?
Ascending
Descending
Direct extension
Hematogenous
Which of the following is the most common organism causing cystitis?
E. coli
Proteus
Staphylococcus aureus
Candida
What structures allow uropathogens to attach to receptors on uroepithelial cells?
Pilli
Flagella
Endospores
Cell wall
Which of the following organisms is known to be urease positive?
Proteus
E. coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Candida
Which of the following diuretics act through inhibiting electrogenic Na+ reabsorption in the distal and collecting ducts resulting in decreasing K+ excretion?
Xipamide
Isosorbide
Triamterene
Spironolactone
A 48-year-old male presents to the emergency department with severe flank pain and hematuria. After imaging, a 4 mm stone in the left ureter is confirmed. He has a history of three episodes of intense, colicky flank pain radiating to the groin over the past five years. Which of the following diuretic agent is most useful in treating recurrent calcium stones?
Chlorthalidone
Diazoxide
Ethacrynic acid
Mannitol
Furosemide is known to exert its inhibitory effect through which renal tubular cell mechanism?
Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter
Na+-Cl- symporter
Na+-H+ antiporter
Na+-K+ ATPase
A 26-years old female was presented to the clinic with dysuria and frequency of micturition. Her urine analysis revealed pus cells. Which of the following explains why urinary tract infection is more common in females?
Hormonal imbalance
Short urethra
Poor hygiene
Pregnancy
A graduate student is planning to make a high-altitude climb in the Andes while on vacation. He will not have time to acclimate slowly to altitude. Which of the following is a drug that is useful in preventing high-altitude sickness?
Acetazolamide
Amiloride
Demeclocycline
Desmopressin
Which of the following is a common side effect associated with Loop Diuretics?
Hypercalcemia
Metabolic acidosis
Ototoxicity
Decreased plasma triglycerides
Which of the following is a feature of minimal change disease of the glomeruli?
Light microscopy shows crescent formation in glomeruli
The incidence is greatest between the ages of 20 and 40 years
A non-selective proteinuria is usual
Loss of the foot processes of the podocytes is seen on electron microscope
Which of the following is the classic presentation in acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Oliguria and hematuria
Severe proteinuria
Hypercoagulability
Lipiduria
Which of the following is a feature of membranous glomerulonephritis?
There is basement membrane thickening with hair comb spikes by light microscope
The kidneys are decreased in size grossly
There is often no change
Many glomeruli are hyalinized by electron microscope
In patients with gout, which type of stones is suspected?
Calcium phosphate
Calcium oxalate
Triple phosphate
Uric acid
Which of the following features can be observed under a light microscope in cases of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
Loss of podocytes
Crescent formation
Thick basement membrane
Double contour basement membrane
Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
Glomerulus
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
When examined under an electron microscope, which of the following microscopic features can be observed in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
Thick basement membrane
Double contour basement membrane
Increase mesangial deposits and loss of processes of podocyte
Crescent formation and deposition of fibrin
What is the prognosis of membranoproliferative glomerulonephrosis?
Good prognosis
Bad prognosis
Precancerous
Immediately fatal
Severe efferent arteriolar constriction causes which of the following?
Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
No effect on the kidney
Renal failure
In a 60-year-old male with a history of benign prostatic hyperplasia, imaging shows urinary tract obstruction. He presents with difficulty in urination and bladder distension. The decrease in GFR in this patient is mainly due to which of the following?
Decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Increased hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
Constriction of efferent arteriole
Which capillaries are involved in urine concentration?
Peritubular
Glomerular
Vasa recta
Sinusoids
A patient with damage to the proximal convoluted tubule is found to have glucose in their urine, despite having normal blood glucose levels. Which function is most likely impaired?
Passive diffusion of water
Active reabsorption of glucose
Urea secretion
ADH-dependent water reabsorption
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure equals which of the following?
18 mmHg
32 mmHg
45 mmHg
60 mmHg
In a clinical scenario, a 30-year-old woman presents with excessive urination and dilute urine due to a deficiency of ADH. Which nephron segment is primarily responsive to ADH?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Thin ascending limb
Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Glomerulus
Which of the following substances is the thick ascending limb impermeable to?
Na+
Cl−
Water
K+
Which of the following is maintained by glomerulotubular balance?
Constant GFR
Constant urine volume
Constant percentage reabsorption
Constant blood pressure
Which of the following secretes Renin?
Podocytes
Lacis cells only
Macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
Autoregulation of GFR occurs between which range of arterial blood pressure (ABP)?
50–100 mmHg
70–150 mmHg
90–200 mmHg
120–250 mmHg
Which substance is almost completely reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Urea
Glucose
Creatinine
Inulin
Which of the following stones is radiolucent?
Calcium phosphate
Calcium oxalate
Uric acid
Triple phosphate
Which of the following stones is radiolucent?
Calcium phosphate
Calcium oxalate
Uric acid
Triple phosphate
What is the range of urinary pH?
4.5 to 8
7.35 to 7.45
5 to 6
7 to 8
What is the shape of cysteine crystals?
Barrel
Hexagonal
Star like
Needle like
In which of the following locations is the filtration slit membrane found?
The pedicles of podocytes
The parietal and visceral layers of renal capsule
The afferent arterioles and distal convoluted tubules
The renal cortex
Which of the following describes podocytes?
Glomerular endothelial cells.
Parietal epithelial cells of Bowman.
Mesangial cells.
Visceral epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule
Which of the following are the components of the renal corpuscle?
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule and Bowman's capsule
Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Bowman's capsule and macula densa
Which of the following describes the projection of the renal cortex into the medulla?
Medulla
Medullary ray
Lobe
Renal columns
Which of the following describes the structure formed by the renal pyramid and its associated cortex?
Medulla
Lobe
Renal columns
Nephron
