WorksheetsContent Section Worksheet Questions Extraction
Total questions: 118
Worksheet time: 1hrs 29mins
Enzymes that break down proteins:
pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin
pepsin, gastrixin, lipase
amylase, trypsin, pepsin
trypsin, sucrase, enterokinase
chymotrypsin, lactase, lipase
Enzymes that break down carbohydrates:
amylase, maltase, lactase, sucrase
lipase, maltase, pepsin, trypsinogen
maltase, trypsin, galactase, enterokinase
amylase, ribonuclease, lipase, pepsin
chymotrypsin, lactase, sucrase, lipase
The fovea centralis of the retina is the site of best vision, where the following accumulate:
cones
rods
rods and cones
ganglion cells
bipolar cells
Accommodation of the eye is defined as:
the ability to clearly see objects at any distance
the absence of a clear image of a point on the retina
the different degrees of refraction of the central and peripheral rays by the lens
changes in the sensitivity of retinal elements under the influence of light
the ability to see in the dark
Peripheral vision is provided by:
rods
cones
maculota
ganglion cells
bipolar cells
The sensation of pain arises at the level of:
thalamus
striatum
globus pallidus
medulla oblongata nuclei
red nucleus
The indirect calorimetry method is based on determining the amounts of:
absorbed oxygen and released carbon dioxide
released carbon dioxide and nitrogen
released heat and absorbed oxygen
absorbed oxygen and released nitrogen
released water vapor and carbon dioxide
Heat production in homeothermic animals under cold conditions:
increases
decreases
does not change
decreases sharply
changes phasically
Chemical thermoregulation includes the process of:
changes in metabolic rate
thermal conduction
thermal radiation
convection
evaporation
Organ system that directly communicates with the external environment:
sensory organs
spinal cord
endocrine system
brain
cerebral cortex
Method for studying the functions of the cerebral cortex:
conditioned reflex method
Rine's experiment
Galvani's first experiment
oxyspiography
esthesiometry
The analyzer is a unified system comprising:
peripheral receptor apparatus, conduction region, and central cortex
peripheral receptor apparatus and conduction region
conduction region and central cortex
receptive field and central cortex
sensory organs
Unconditioned reflexes include:
food, sexual, defensive
summated, complex
generalized, differentiating
dynamic stereotype
first-, second-, and third-order reflexes
The enzyme that hydrolyzes starch is:
amylase
chymotrypsin
trypsin
gastrixin
pepsin
Performs functions of perceiving the body's position in space and maintaining balance:
vestibular apparatus
cutaneous reception
hearing organ
somatosensory system
visceral system
The field of view is:
the space visible to the human eye when fixating on a single point
the eye's ability to clearly see objects at different distances
the eye's ability to change the refractive power of the optical system by changing the curvature of the lens
the eye's ability to perceive color
the eye's ability to distinguish two points of light separately
Which proteins are deficient:
proteins deficient in one or more essential amino acids
proteins containing a complex of fat-soluble vitamins
proteins containing all essential amino acids
proteins that do not contain vitamins A, D, E, or K
uncooked proteins
What is the function of the peripheral part of the analyzer:
perception and encoding of information without distorting its essence
conducting and analyzing information
information processing and coding
information analysis and synthesis
all answers are correct
What is a positive nitrogen balance?
nitrogen intake is greater than output
nitrogen intake equals output
nitrogen intake is less than output
nitrogen intake is unrelated to output
What is the specific dynamic effect of food?
increased basal metabolic rate after eating
decreased basal metabolic rate after eating
dilation of intestinal vessels after eating
increased body temperature after eating
relaxation of the stomach immediately after eating
Which protein, fat, and carbohydrate transformations in the body are exothermic?
oxidation in tissues to end products
synthesis of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in tissues
reactions associated with the absorption of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
enzymatic breakdown in the digestive tract
reaction of formation of intermediate products
What is the basis of direct physiological calorimetry?
direct measurement of the amount of heat released by the body
accounting for the amount of CO2 released
accounting for the amount of CO2 released by the body and O2 absorbed
accounting for the amount of O2 absorbed
the nature of blood oxygenation
During the oxidation of which nutrient is the caloric coefficient of oxygen the highest?
during the oxidation of carbohydrates
during the oxidation of proteins
during the oxidation of fats
during the oxidation of a mixture of equal amounts of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
during the oxidation of a mixture of carbohydrates and proteins
Visual acuity for healthy young people:
0.95 – 1.0
0.7 – 0.8
1.5 – 2.0
0.2 – 0.4
3 – 4
Which protein element can be used to determine protein consumption in the body?
nitrogen
carbon
hydrogen
sulfur
phosphorus
Where is the image focused during myopia?
in front of the retina
in the macula
behind the retina
in the blind spot
in the fovea
The sound-conducting system of the auditory organ is represented by:
outer ear, eardrum, middle ear
vestibular region
organ of Corti
semicircular canals
vestibular staircase
What are the end products formed during protein breakdown?
urea, uric acid, creatine, indican
carbon dioxide, water
amino acids
amino acids, urea
carbon dioxide, creatine
Specify the formula for calculating total energy metabolism:
BMR + work gain + specific-dynamic effect of food
basal metabolic rate (BM) + work gain
BM + work gain – specific-dynamic effect of food
energy expenditure for thermoregulation + work gain
energy expenditure for physical activity + specific-dynamic effect of food
Indicate the receptor cells located in the retina:
rods, cones
rhodopsin and iodopsin
pigment cells
iodopsin
bipolar cells
Define incomplete proteins:
proteins deficient in one or more amino acids
proteins containing a complex of fat-soluble vitamins
proteins containing all essential amino acids
proteins lacking vitamins A, D, E, and K
uncooked proteins
What is the function of the peripheral part of the analyzer?
perception and encoding of information without distorting its essence
information transmission and analysis
information processing and encoding
information analysis and synthesis
all answers are correct
What characterizes a positive nitrogen balance?
nitrogen intake is greater than its output
synthesized protein is equal to the amount of protein broken down
nitrogen intake is less than its output
nitrogen intake is equal to its output
increased protein synthesis in the body
Body surface area affects the basal metabolic rate because it depends on:
weight, height, gender
height
age
nature of endocrine regulation
heat loss occurs primarily through the skin
Which specific skin receptors perceive pain stimuli?
free nerve endings
Ruffini corpuscles
Krause flasks
Meissner corpuscles
Merkel disks
What is called accommodation of the eye?
change in the refractive power of the lens, providing a clear image of objects at different distances on the retina
distance at which clear vision of an object is maintained
flattening of the lens due to contraction of the ciliary muscle
dilation of the pupil
spasm of the ciliary muscle
What is the primary physiological role of carbohydrates in metabolism:
energetic
antitoxic
protective
plastic
homeostatic
Where are the cones located on the retina:
in the fovea
in the blind spot
on the peripheral part of the retina
uniformly distributed across the retina
closer to the exit of the optic nerve
How does nitrogen balance change during fasting:
decrease
remain unchanged
increase
sometimes increase, sometimes decrease
no correct answer
Which protein, fat, and carbohydrate transformations in the body are exothermic:
oxidation in tissues to end products
synthesis of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in tissues
reactions associated with the absorption of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
enzymatic breakdown in the digestive tract
reaction of formation of intermediate products
What is the basis of direct physiological calorimetry:
direct measurement of the amount of heat released by the body
accounting for the amount of CO2 released
accounting for the amount of CO2 released by the body and O2 absorbed
accounting for the amount of O2 absorbed
the nature of blood oxygenation
During the oxidation of which nutrient is the caloric coefficient of oxygen the highest?
during the oxidation of carbohydrates
during the oxidation of proteins
during the oxidation of fats
during the oxidation of a mixture of equal amounts of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
during the oxidation of a mixture of carbohydrates and proteins
In what case will a person experience a negative nitrogen balance?
with a significant decrease in protein content in food
during pregnancy
during growth
with a significant increase in protein content in food
with a significant decrease in carbohydrate content
When is a positive nitrogen balance observed in the human body:
during growth
in old age
during fasting
during prolonged and intense physical activity
How do heat production and heat loss change as the ambient temperature decreases:
heat production increases, heat loss decreases
heat production decreases, heat loss increases
heat production decreases, heat loss decreases
heat production increases, heat loss increases
heat production and heat loss remain the same
How does heat production change in homeothermic animals in cold conditions:
increases
decreases
does not change
decreases sharply
changes in phases
What processes does chemical thermoregulation include:
changes in metabolic rate
thermal conduction
thermal radiation
convection
evaporation
The main sections of the analyzer according to I.P. Pavlov:
receptor, conductive, cortical
receptor, conductive, sensory
bulbar, thalamic, cortical
specific, nonspecific, associative
receptor, thalamic, central
The receptor section of the auditory analyzer is:
organ of Corti
otolith apparatus
tectorial membrane
spiral ganglion
tympanic membrane
The cortical visual center is localized in the region of:
occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal
hippocampus
The receptor section of the vestibular analyzer is:
otolith apparatus
organ of Corti
tectorial membrane
spiral ganglion
basal membrane
Olfactory receptors are characterized as:
primary, chemical, distant
secondary, contact, mechanical
mechanical, interoceptive, distant
contact, secondary, chemical
primary, physical, distant
Ocular accommodation is defined as:
the ability to clearly see objects at any distance
the absence of a clear image of a point on the retina
the different degrees of refraction of the central and peripheral rays by the lens
changes in the sensitivity of retinal elements under the influence of light
the ability to see in the dark
Peripheral vision is provided by:
rods
cones
maculota
ganglion cells
bipolar cells
Visual acuity is the eye's ability to see:
two adjacent points separately
at a close distance
at a distance
while staring fixedly
in the dark
In myopia, the rays are focused:
in front of the retina
in the macula
behind the retina
in the blind spot
in the fovea
The central part of the analyzer is represented by:
cortical centers
thalamic nuclei
midbrain
cerebellum
limbic structures
When exposed to light, photochemical processes occur in the retina, and rod rhodopsin is broken down into:
retinal and opsin
iodopsin and retinal
erythrolab and vitamin A
chlorolab and opsin
vitamin A and iodopsin
What is considered unconditional inhibition:
transcendental, external
external, delayed
differentiating, extinction
internal, protective
delayed, transcendental
What type of nervous system is this according to the Hippocratic classification: Strong, mobile, unbalanced:
choleric
sanguine
melancholic
phlegmatic
introvert
What is considered conditioned inhibition:
delayed, differentiating, extinction, conditioned inhibitor
delayed, transboundary, differentiating, synaptic
transboundary, external, differentiating, presynaptic
differentiating, transboundary, extinction, external
extinction, protective, delayed, internal
People with the following temperaments are more prone to neurotic breakdowns of higher nervous activity:
choleric, melancholic
melancholic, sanguine
phlegmatic, melancholic
sanguine, choleric
phlegmatic, sanguine
What are the characteristics of unconditioned reflexes:
heritability, constant reflex arc, stereotypy
signaling nature, heritability, temporary reflex arc
constant reflex arc, individuality, variability
individuality, signaling nature, heritability
variability, constant reflex arc, stereotypy
What type of nervous system is this according to the Hippocratic classification: strong, balanced, inert:
phlegmatic
choleric
sanguine
melancholic
extrovert
What type of nervous system is this according to the Hippocratic classification: strong, balanced, mobile:
sanguine
choleric
melancholic
phlegmatic
introvert
What are instincts:
complex unconditioned reflexes
simple unconditioned reflexes
first-order conditioned reflexes
well-established conditioned reflexes
trace conditioned reflexes
What types of higher nervous activity are unique to humans:
mental, artistic, mixed
unrestrained, calm, weak
artistic, weak, calm
calm, sanguine, choleric
mental, strong, mixed
What is the mechanism of long-term memory:
RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis
reverberation
feedback principle
irradiation principle
divergence principle
The processes that most fully characterize memory:
information fixation, storage, and reproduction
information storage
information storage in DNA and RNA
circulation of excitation
information storage in DNA, RNA, and circulation of excitation
What important functions does speech perform as a subjective form of reflection of the surrounding world:
communicative, conceptual, regulatory
communicative, signaling, trophic
conceptual, integrative, adaptive
regulatory, analytical, trophic
conceptual, analytical, trophic
To determine the types of higher nervous activity, I.P. Pavlov used the basic properties of excitatory and inhibitory processes:
strength, mobility, balance
strength, lability, occlusion
mobility, refractoriness, dominance
balance, chronaxie, accommodation
mobility, refractoriness, adaptation
What are the names of reflexes that arise, become established, and fade throughout life:
conditioned
unconditioned
orientational
respiratory
Which amino acids are considered essential:
amino acids that are not synthesized in the human body and must be obtained from food
amino acids that can be synthesized in the body
amino acids not involved in protein synthesis
amino acids of incomplete proteins
all 20 amino acids that make up proteins are essential
What is the minimum metabolic rate and energy expenditure for the body called:
basal metabolic rate
general metabolic rate
gross metabolic rate
energy metabolism during work and rest
thermal metabolism
When will a person have a negative nitrogen balance:
with a significant decrease in protein content in food
with a significant increase in protein content in food
during normal physical activity
during pregnancy
during growth child
What is the name for relative constancy of internal body temperature:
isothermia
hyperthermia
chemical thermoregulation
physical thermoregulation
hypothermia
In homeothermic animals, when the external temperature decreases:
heat production increases, heat loss decreases
heat production and heat loss decrease
heat production and heat loss increase
heat production and heat loss remain unchanged
heat production and heat loss cease
Where are the main thermoregulatory centers located:
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pons
medulla oblongata
cerebellum
What determines the biological value of dietary lipids:
the presence of essential fatty acids, their ability to be absorbed
the relative amount of fat in food
high caloric content
high taste qualities
high energy content
What is the biological value of food proteins:
the content of all amino acids in proteins, including essential ones
the importance of food proteins for life
the relative amount of protein in food
high caloric content
high energy intensity
When does heat loss prevail over heat production:
during hypothermia
during hyperthermia
during heatstroke
during heterothermia
during homeothermia
Which receptors are more numerous per unit of body surface area:
cold
thermal
olfactory
taste
photoreceptors
What parts does the sensory system consist of:
sensory receptors, sensory pathways transmitting information to the central nervous system, sensory conduction networks and neural networks of the central nervous system, the cortex
sensory organs
peripheral receptor apparatus and transmitting neural pathways
conduction area and sensory association areas of the cerebral cortex
receptive field and central cortex
Perceives changes in the body's internal environment and provides the central and autonomic nervous systems with the information necessary for reflexive regulation of internal organs:
visceral sensory system
somatosensory system
vestibular sensory system
cutaneous reception
temperature reception
Perceives irritation:
receptor
reflexogenic zone
receptive zone
sensory nerve
cortical zone of the analyzer
What is the name for the loss of sensitivity resulting from the cessation of impulse conduction along the centripetal nerves:
anesthesia
adaptation
accommodation
irradiation
parabiosis
What are the auditory ossicles for:
sound conduction and amplification
assessing the distance of a sound source
providing binaural hearing
sound perception
sound sensation
Indicate the sensory element of the cochlea:
organ of Corti
auditory ossicles
eustachian tube
semicircular canals
vestibule
Provides balance and orientation in space:
vestibular sensory system
auditory sensory system
temperature receptor structures
tactile receptor structures
cochlea of the inner ear
What do the neurons of the vestibular nuclei provide:
control and management of various motor reactions
cutaneous sensitivity
auditory sensations
tactile perception
taste and olfactory sensations
What is the name of the light-sensitive membrane of the eye:
retina
cornea
iris
choroid
vitreous body
What causes refractive errors in the eye – myopia and hyperopia:
change in the length of the eyeball
insufficiency of the refractive media of the eye
unequal refraction of rays in different directions
unequal pupil sizes (anisocoria)
impaired rod function
What is the name of the impairment of vision in dim light caused by a lack of vitamin A in the body:
night blindness
myopia
hyperopia
anisocoria
color blindness
What is the name of the main lens of the eye:
crystalline lens
pupil
retina
iris
vitreous body
What regulates the amount of light reaching the retina:
pupil
rod and cone layer
pigment layer
cornea
crystalline lens
What is not part of the visual analyzer:
cochlea
cornea
retina
crystalline lens
choroid
Through which parts of the eye does a light beam pass sequentially from an object to the optic nerve:
cornea-pupil-crystalline lens-vitreous body-receptor in the retina
pupil-receptor in the retina
iris-receptor in the retina
sclera-choroid-retina
sclera-choroid-iris-retina
Name the protective layers of the eye:
albuginea, cornea
vitreous body
retina
choroid
iris
A person getting up when the alarm clock rings is an example of which reflex:
conditioned reflex
unconditioned reflex
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
arousal
Which reflexes are characterized by properties such as variability and individuality:
conditioned
unconditioned
innate
species-specific
orientational
Which reflexes have the following qualities: constant, species-specific, and determining the existence of an organism early in life:
unconditioned
acquired
conditioned
somatic
rhythmic
What properties of the cerebral cortex underlie higher nervous activity:
analysis, synthesis
irradiation
occlusion
induction
irradiation, convergence
Indicate the optimal conditions for the formation of a conditioned reflex:
coincidence in time of two stimuli, preceded by the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus is weaker than the unconditioned stimulus
mismatch in time of two stimuli. The conditioned stimulus is stronger than the unconditioned stimulus
complete coincidence in time of two stimuli. The conditioned stimulus is stronger than the unconditioned stimulus
coincidence in time of two stimuli, preceded by the unconditioned stimulus
the conditioned stimulus is equal in strength to the unconditioned stimulus
What is the name for inhibition based on the discrimination of similar conditioned stimuli:
differentiative
extinction
transcending
conditioned inhibitor
delayed
What kind of inhibition results from lengthening the time between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli:
delayed
extinction
inductive
differentiative
conditioned inhibitor
What underlies the development of habits in humans, automatic actions in the work process, and a specific system of behavior related to an established daily routine:
dynamic stereotype
unconditioned reflex
system of unconditioned reflexes
first signaling system
second signaling system
What is the name of the type of higher nervous activity in which the first and second signal systems are balanced:
mixed
artistic
mental
melancholic
phlegmatic
Which temperament (according to the Hippocratic classification) corresponds to a strong, unbalanced type of nervous system:
choleric
phlegmatic
melancholic
sanguine
mental
What is the name of a strong, balanced, and mobile type of higher nervous activity:
sanguine
melancholic
phlegmatic
choleric
mental
What type of higher nervous activity is characterized by low cortical cell performance and weak neural processes:
weak
strong unbalanced
average
artistic
mental
What type of higher nervous activity is characterized by a predominance of excitation over inhibition:
strong unbalanced
strong balanced mobile
strong balanced inert
weak
mental
Complex forms of behavior and higher mental functions are associated primarily with the activity of:
frontal lobes
parietal lobe
temporal lobes
parieto-occipital
occipital lobe
Define the concept of "attention":
focus of mental activity on a specific object
the process of reflecting in the central nervous system the individual properties of objects and phenomena that directly affect the senses
the process of receiving and transforming information
the ability to store and reproduce information
motivation to act, associated with the satisfaction of specific needs
What is the name of the physiological state characterized by the loss of a subject's active mental connections with the world around them:
sleep
clinical death
consciousness
fainting
coma
Define the concept of "memory":
recording, storing, and reproducing information
replenishing and modifying knowledge
acquiring new skills
the system of perceiving the immediate signs of external stimuli
the brain's reflection of a need and the possibility of satisfying it
What are the names of individual reflexes that arise, become entrenched, and fade throughout life:
conditioned
orientational
respiratory
unconditioned
food
Increased basal metabolic rate is caused by:
thyroxine
oxytocin
acetylcholine
trypsin
melatonin
The auditory center of the cerebral cortex is located in:
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
occipital lobe
base of the brain
