Which description best defines autotrophs?

Autotrophs use energy from the sun to produce food in the form of which molecule?

Which organisms are examples of autotrophs? Select all that apply.

Which statement best defines heterotrophs?

Which groups are primarily heterotrophs? Select all that apply.

How do heterotrophs obtain energy?

In ecosystems, energy enters primarily in the form of what?

In plants, the sun’s energy is stored in which molecule?

Photosynthesis primarily converts which type of energy into which form stored in glucose?

During photosynthesis, plants use the sun’s energy to convert which reactants into high‑energy sugar molecules?

Which gas is released as a waste product of photosynthesis?

Life on Earth is dependent on photosynthesis primarily for which two essentials?

Which balanced equation best represents photosynthesis?

Where is carbon dioxide for photosynthesis primarily obtained?

Where is the water used in photosynthesis primarily found and how is it taken up?

In addition to $$H_2O$$ and $$CO_2$$ , photosynthesis requires which two inputs?

Which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum drives photosynthesis after passing through Earth’s atmosphere?

Plants absorb the sun’s energy using what?

Which statement correctly defines a pigment?

The colors we see from a pigment correspond to which wavelengths of light?

What is the principal photosynthetic pigment in plant cells?

Chlorophyll is the green pigment contained in which organelles?

Which color does chlorophyll reflect, making plants appear that color?

Which pairing correctly matches the two main kinds of chlorophyll with their colors?

When chlorophyll absorbs light, what happens to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule?

Which plant organ is the major site of photosynthesis?

In the leaf cross‑section diagram, which layer is identified as the main photosynthetic layer of the leaf?

What is the function of the cuticle on the upper and lower leaf surfaces?

Which statements about mesophyll are accurate? Select all that apply.

Through which structures do carbon dioxide enter and oxygen exit the leaf?

What do guard cells do in relation to the stoma?

What typically happens to water when stomata are open to let carbon dioxide into the leaf?

Where on a leaf are stomata most commonly found, and why is this advantageous?

Vascular bundles (veins): identify the tissues they contain.

Vascular bundles (veins): what does xylem carry in plants?

Vascular bundles (veins): what does phloem transport in plants?

The structure of the chloroplast: it has a double ______ separated by a space between the two membranes.

The structure of the chloroplast: the ______ in the interior of the chloroplasts make a third membrane system.

The structure of the chloroplast: big stacks of thylakoids are called ______.

The structure of the chloroplast: thylakoids contain ______.

The structure of the chloroplast: surrounding the thylakoids is a dense solution called the ______.

The thylakoids: what is the structural unit of photosynthesis?

The thylakoids: thylakoids take the form of ______.

The thylakoids: which molecules are built into the thylakoid membrane to capture light energy from the sun?

Inside the chloroplast: ______ takes place inside the chloroplasts.

Inside the chloroplast: chlorophylls and other pigments are clustered together and embedded in which structure?

Inside the chloroplast: clusters of pigments are called ______.

Inside the chloroplast: these clusters of pigments are the ______ of the chloroplast.

Electron carriers: when sunlight hits molecules of chlorophyll, the ______ in the chlorophyll molecules become very ______.

Electron carriers: excited electrons are electrons that have ______.

Electron carriers: these high-energy electrons need a ______; cells use electron carriers to transport ______ from chlorophyll to other molecules.

Electron carriers: this process is called ______ and the electron carriers are known as the ______.

Electron carriers: one of these electron carriers is known as ______.

Electron carriers: NADP+ accepts and holds ______.

This converts NADP+ into ______.

NADPH will carry these high-energy electrons to chemical reactions elsewhere in the chloroplast. What does NADPH primarily carry?

These high-energy electrons will be used to build ______.

The stages of photosynthesis: the light-dependent reactions take place within the ______.

The stages of photosynthesis: the light-independent reactions are also called the ______.

The stages of photosynthesis: the light-independent reactions take place in the ______.

Overview: based on the diagram of the chloroplast showing the light-dependent reaction on stacked thylakoids and the Calvin cycle in the stroma, which gas is released from the light-dependent reactions?

Overview: according to the diagram, which molecule enters the Calvin cycle in the stroma to form sugars?

Overview: according to the diagram, which energy carrier is produced by the light-dependent reactions and then used in the Calvin cycle?

Overview: in the diagram, which molecule is made by the Calvin cycle?

Overview: what is the location within the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle occurs, as shown in the diagram?

Label each photosystem. There are two photosystems: ______.

Which statement best defines a photosystem?

Pigments in photosystem II absorb ______.

The light energy in photosystem II is absorbed by chlorophyll’s ______, increasing their energy level.

The high-energy electrons from photosystem II are passed to the ______.

In photosystem II, the electrons that were ______ must now be ______.

Enzymes in the thylakoid membrane break apart water molecules into which set of products?

Which substance is considered a waste product of water splitting and is released into the atmosphere?

This splitting apart of ______ molecules is responsible for nearly all of the ______ in our atmosphere.

The hydrogen ions from the water are released inside the ______.

High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain from ______.

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, protein molecules use the energy from these electrons to create ______.

The ______ molecules in ______ absorb energy from the sun and use it to re-energize the electrons.

Which electron carrier picks up high-energy electrons to help form an energy-rich molecule?

What molecule is formed when NADP+ picks up high-energy electrons along with a H+?

The purpose of the light dependent reactions is to ______.

Water molecules are continuously ______ during the light dependent reactions.

During the light dependent reactions, the ______ will accumulate inside the thylakoid.

During the light dependent reactions, the ______ is released to the atmosphere.

The light dependent reactions take place along the ______ membrane.

The light dependent reactions pass electrons continuously from ______ to ______.

The two photosystems work together using ______ from the sun to produce ______.

Identify the membranes that compose the thylakoid in the chloroplast diagram; choose the correct term.

Thylakoids are found inside which plant cell organelle shown in the diagram?

Big stacks of thylakoids in the chloroplast are called what?

What is the middle region of the thylakoid called in the diagram?

In Photosystem II, a photosystem is a collection of which macromolecules in which hundreds of pigment molecules are embedded?

The pigment molecules embedded in a photosystem are primarily a collection of which types of pigments?

This collection of chlorophyll molecules absorbs which energy to begin the light reactions?

Which form of energy strikes the surface of the leaf and is absorbed by chlorophyll?

This light energy increases the energy level of which particles in chlorophyll molecules?

When energized by light, what do the electrons in chlorophyll become?

These high-energy electrons are passed to which pathway shown along the thylakoid membrane?

As electrons move down the electron transport chain from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, what happens?

This released energy is used to transport which ions from the stroma into the thylakoid?

The electrons that were lost from chlorophyll must be replaced. Enzymes in the thylakoid membrane break apart which molecule to supply replacements?

When water is split to replace lost electrons, which set of products is formed?

These electrons from water serve what role in the light reactions?

Hydrogen ions produced from water are released into which compartment in the diagram?

The oxygen formed when water is split is treated how during the light reactions?

Which photosystem receives electrons from Photosystem II?

In Photosystem I, chlorophyll molecules absorb energy from the sun to do what to the electrons?

After Photosystem I, electrons travel down a second electron transport chain to the electron acceptor known as what?

NADP+ ultimately joins with which particles during the light reactions?

NADPH is formed when NADP+ combines with which set of particles?

What is the area outside a thylakoid called, described in the diagram text?

The stroma surrounding the thylakoids is best described as what?

Hydrogen ions flow from an area of high concentration inside the thylakoid to an area of low concentration in which location?

Through which protein enzyme do hydrogen ions flow as shown in the thylakoid diagram?

As hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase, what happens to the protein?

As ATP synthase rotates, it binds a phosphate to ADP to form which molecule?

Hydrogen ions are actively pumped back into which compartment to keep their concentration very high inside the thylakoid?

NADPH formed in the light reactions is used in which subsequent process depicted on the second page?

ATP produced during the light reactions is used in which subsequent process shown with the cycle diagram?