WorksheetsOsteology and Skeletal Divisions
Total questions: 87
Worksheet time: 44mins
How many primary bones compose the adult human skeleton?
196 primary bones total
200 primary bones total
210 primary bones total
206 primary bones total
Which division includes bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body?
Axial skeleton division
Upper limb division
Appendicular skeleton division
Pelvic girdle division
Which statement best describes the appendicular skeleton?
Upper and lower limbs with shoulder and pelvic girdles
Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum only
Only lower limbs without shoulder girdle
Only upper limbs attached to the axial skeleton
What is the total number of bones in the adult axial skeleton?
80 bones in axial skeleton
126 bones in axial skeleton
64 bones in axial skeleton
88 bones in axial skeleton
Which function is NOT listed as a function of bones?
Conduction of nerve impulses directly
Attachment for muscles
Protection of internal organs
Storage for calcium, phosphorus, and salts
Which set correctly pairs a region of the axial skeleton with its bone count?
Ribs—20 bones; sternum—1 bone
Ribs—24 bones; sternum—1 bone
Ribs—12 bones; sternum—2 bones
Ribs—28 bones; sternum—3 bones
Ligaments primarily serve which role in the skeletal system?
Generate red blood cells directly
Articulate synovial fluid production
Attach muscles to bones
Unite the bones of the skeleton
Which list correctly matches appendicular regions with their typical paired counts?
Clavicles—2; scapulae—2; femora—2
Clavicles—2; scapulae—2; femora—1
Clavicles—1; scapulae—2; femora—2
Clavicles—2; scapulae—1; femora—2
Which term refers to the centermost portion of the x‑ray beam that has the least divergence?
Central ray
Image receptor
Projection path
Anatomic position
Which statement best defines radiography?
The view of a body part as seen by the IR
The centermost portion of the x‑ray beam
The process and procedures of producing a radiograph
The material that stores a latent image
What does x‑ray film specifically refer to?
General discussion of finished images
Digital acquisition device for imaging
Physical piece of material storing a latent image
Recording medium and image together
Which device captures the radiographic image that exits the patient?
X‑ray tube
Image receptor
Central ray
Projection cassette
In radiographic positioning, what does projection describe?
Direction or path of the central ray
View as seen by the image receptor
Overall posture of the patient
Specific placement of body part to IR
Which term identifies the overall posture of the patient or general body position?
View
Position
Projection
Method
Which term is used to describe the body part as seen by the image receptor and is restricted to general discussion of a finished image?
Method
View
Position
Projection
Which description fits the anatomic position?
Upright with arms abducted slightly and palms forward
Seated with hands on knees and gaze downward
Prone with arms at sides and palms down
Supine with head turned and feet together
What does caudad indicate in directional terminology?
Away from the head of the body
Toward the median plane
Toward the head of the body
Nearer the surface or above
Which term means toward the head of the body?
Cephalad
Contralateral
Peripheral
Inferior
Which term refers to nearer the feet or situated below?
Medial
Inferior
Superior
Deep
Ipsilateral is best defined as referring to parts on which side of the body?
Near the skin or surface
Same side of the body
Away from the median plane
Opposite side of the body
Which term means toward the median plane of the body?
Medial
Peripheral
Central
Lateral
Which term is correctly paired with its definition: lateral?
Toward the median plane
Away from the median plane or from the middle
At or near the surface or outside
Near the skin or surface
Which plane divides the body into right and left portions and runs vertically through the body from front to back?
Coronal plane dividing anterior and posterior
Horizontal plane separating upper and lower
Sagittal plane splitting right and left
Oblique plane transecting at varied angles
What is unique about the midsagittal plane (MSP)?
It intersects perpendicular to the longitudinal axis
It divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
It forms the base plane of the skull
It divides the body into equal right and left halves
Which plane separates the anterior and posterior segments of the body?
Oblique plane at three described angles
Coronal plane separating front and back
Sagittal plane separating left and right
Horizontal plane creating upper and lower
The horizontal (axial) plane primarily does which of the following?
Divides a body into equal right and left halves
Intersects a body part perpendicular to the longitudinal axis
Centers the body part on the image receptor
Runs vertically from one side to the other
In radiographic positioning, why are planes used?
To align body elements with transverse processes
To orient and align the body part with the IR or central ray
To measure cranial topography with orthodontic devices
To classify organs into thoracic or abdominal cavities
Which statement best describes an oblique plane in positioning?
Can transect a body element at various angles
Is synonymous with the midcoronal plane
Creates equal anterior and posterior halves
Perpendicular to sagittal and coronal planes
Which anatomical structures are contained in the thoracic cavity?
Peritoneum, liver, gallbladder
Lumbar spine, sacrum, coccyx
Pleural membranes, lungs, heart and great vessels
External auditory meatus, infraorbital margins
The interiliac plane is used to position which level for correct alignment?
Central ray through the midcoronal plane
Superior margin of the external auditory meatus
Top of the iliac crests at the fourth lumbar spinous process
Biting surfaces of upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Which statement best defines the abdomen for radiographic positioning?
Area below diaphragm to pubic symphysis
Area from xiphoid to umbilicus only
Area between rib margin and iliac crest
Area between diaphragm and pelvic inlet
At the umbilicus, which planes intersect to create abdominal quadrants?
Transverse and coronal plane
Midsagittal and a horizontal plane
Midcoronal and oblique plane
Parasagittal and axial plane
Which organ is most commonly associated with the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?
Liver and gallbladder primarily
Spleen and stomach primarily
Left kidney primarily
Sigmoid colon primarily
Which abdominal region lies directly around the navel?
Umbilical region centrally
Epigastric region centrally
Hypogastric region centrally
Right lumbar region centrally
Which list correctly names two lateral (lumbar) regions?
Right epigastric and left epigastric
Right lateral and left lateral
Right inguinal and left inguinal
Right hypochondriac and left hypochondriac
Which surface landmark helps locate the level of the sternal angle (T4–T5)?
Manubriosternal junction
Thyroid cartilage
Jugular notch
Xiphoid process
For pelvis imaging, which external landmark approximates the level of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)?
ASIS prominence laterally
Pubic symphysis midline
Iliac crest superior margin
Greater trochanter lateral
Which statement about asthenic versus hypersthenic body habitus is most accurate for positioning?
Both have identical organ positions; only size varies
Asthenic organs are higher and lateral; hypersthenic lower and narrow
Asthenic has larger lungs; hypersthenic has smaller lungs
Asthenic organs are lower and more midline; hypersthenic higher and wider
Why must radiographers rely on surface landmarks like tuberosities and prominences?
They allow imaging without patient consent
They eliminate the need for collimation
They replace all exposure settings
Internal structures are not directly visible
A patient presents with left lateral abdominal pain. Which region does this most likely correspond to?
Left epigastric region laterally
Left inguinal region laterally
Left hypochondriac region laterally
Left lumbar region laterally
Which term describes movement of a limb away from the central axis of the body?
Flexion bending the joint
Abduction away from midline
Extension straightening a joint
Adduction toward the midline
In anatomic position, which part is closest to the median plane?
Distal aspect far from origin
Lateral aspect of the limb
Medial aspect of the limb
Proximal aspect near origin
Which pair correctly matches direction: cephalad means?
Toward the feet end
Toward the outside
Away from the center
Toward the head end
Caudad angle in radiography refers to an angle directed:
Toward the head end
Toward the outside surface
Toward the feet or away from head
Toward the median plane
Which term indicates nearer the skin surface?
External on or near outside
Internal near the center
Deep far from surface
Superficial near the surface
Proximal versus distal: proximal is defined as:
Opposite the palm of hand
Nearer the beginning or origin
Upper surface of the foot
Away from the beginning
Which movement turns the foot outward at the ankle?
Pronation palm down
Inversion inward turning
Eversion outward turning
Supination palm up
Rotation of the forearm so the palm is down is called:
Extension straightening joint
Supination palm up
Pronation palm down
Flexion bending joint
Which term refers to the palm of the hand in anatomic position?
Dorsum manus posterior hand
Foot dorsal top of foot
Plantar sole of foot
Palmar anterior hand surface
Dorsum pedis specifically refers to:
Palm of the hand
Back surface of hand
Upper or anterior surface of foot
Sole of the foot
Medial versus lateral: lateral part is located:
Closest to the median plane
Away from the center or median plane
Toward the head end of body
Nearer the beginning of a limb
Which term means situated on or near the outside?
Deep farther from surface
Interior inside or near center
Superficial nearer surface
Exterior situated on outside
Hyperextension is best defined as:
Rotation around an axis
Forced overflexion of joints
Forced or excessive extension
Normal straightening of a joint
Hyperflexion describes:
Inward turning of the foot
Outward turning of the foot
Forced overflexion of a joint
Excessive extension movement
Which term means within or inside, as in intravenous?
Inter situated between things
Exo outside or outward
Intra within or inside
Contra opposite side
Ipsilateral indicates a structure located:
On the opposite side
Between adjacent ribs
On the same side
Toward the feet
Contralateral is defined as:
On the same side
On the opposite side
Farther from the origin
Nearer the surface
Flexion refers to which action at a joint?
Straightening to normal position
Turning the forearm palm up
Rotating the limb outward
Bending the joint, opposite of extension
Adduction is movement:
Toward the central axis or midline
Away from the beginning of limb
Toward the head end
Away from the central axis
Which term correctly matches the hand surface opposite the palm?
Palmar anterior surface
Plantar posterior foot surface
Dorsum manus back surface
Cephalad toward head
Which statement best defines a radiographic projection in diagnostic imaging?
Method describing movement of anatomy during exposure
Term describing direction or path of the central ray through patient
Technique referring to image receptor type used in exam
Positioning term describing patient orientation on table
In a posteroanterior (PA) projection, how does the central ray travel relative to the patient?
Transversely along the coronal plane
Parallel to the sagittal plane across the patient
From posterior to anterior through the patient
From anterior to posterior through the patient
Which feature characterizes a true PA projection without intentional rotation?
CR parallel to transverse plane only
CR angled obliquely to both coronal and sagittal
CR perpendicular to coronal plane and parallel to sagittal
CR parallel to coronal plane and perpendicular to sagittal
In an anteroposterior (AP) projection, where does the central ray enter and exit?
Enters lateral surface and exits medial surface
Enters superior surface and exits inferior surface
Enters posterior surface and exits anterior surface
Enters anterior surface and exits posterior surface
Which description matches a lateral projection of the body?
CR passes obliquely through an angled plane
CR travels posterior to anterior parallel to sagittal
CR passes transversely along coronal plane, entering one side and exiting the opposite
CR travels anterior to posterior through midline
When specifying a left lateral chest projection, what does “left” indicate?
Side closest to the image receptor and where CR exits
Side with denser lung field
Side of patient marked by lead marker only
Side where CR enters and patient faces
Which scenario represents an AP oblique projection?
CR enters posterior surface and exits anterior surface
CR enters anterior surface and exits posterior surface along an oblique plane
CR enters superior aspect and exits inferior aspect vertically
CR enters left side and exits right side across coronal plane
For limb projections described as mediolateral or lateromedial, what do these terms clarify?
Degree of rotation required for positioning
The sides entered and exited by the central ray
Amount of flexion at involved joint
Type of grid or IR used for extremity
Which statement about horizontally directed X-ray beams is accurate for supine abdominal imaging?
Horizontal CR reduces motion blur in chest exams
Horizontal CR means beam is oblique relative to patient
Horizontal CR indicates beam parallel to floor during AP supine positioning
Horizontal CR is only used for erect lateral skull studies
Which option correctly contrasts PA and AP projections?
PA exits posterior, AP exits anterior surfaces
PA enters posterior, AP enters anterior surfaces
PA and AP both exit lateral body surfaces
PA and AP both enter anterior surfaces
During a lateral projection of the abdomen, what is the path of the central ray?
From anterior to posterior along sagittal plane
From posterior to anterior along sagittal plane
From one side of the body to the opposite side across coronal plane
From superior to inferior parallel to long axis
Which positioning adjustment ensures a true PA without rotation for chest radiography?
Place IR oblique to sagittal and transverse planes
Angle CR 15 degrees cephalad to coronal plane
Align CR perpendicular to coronal plane and parallel to sagittal
Rotate patient 30 degrees to create obliquity
Which statement best defines an axial projection in radiography?
Central ray parallel to transverse body plane
Central ray perpendicular to image receptor
Central ray centered to anatomical midline
Central ray angled along body’s long axis
In an inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder, the path of the central ray is described as entering and exiting how?
Entering anteriorly, exiting posteriorly
Entering inferiorly, exiting superiorly
Entering medially, exiting laterally
Entering superiorly, exiting inferiorly
Which projection is used to demonstrate the apices of the lungs by angling the central ray rather than the patient’s body?
AP erect chest without angle
Lateral decubitus chest view
PA chest with caudal tilt
AP axial chest lordotic position
The transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder requires what qualifying positioning term to specify the side closest to the image receptor?
Right or left lateral position
Anteroposterior or posteroanterior
Erect or supine orientation
Trendelenburg or Fowler tilt
A tangential projection is designed to do which of the following?
Strike the detector at ninety degrees to surface
Skim outer surface to profile free of superimposition
Pass centrally through the body’s midline
Traverse the long axis from head to feet
Which term describes a dorsoplantar projection of the foot?
Central ray from dorsal surface to plantar surface
Central ray from plantar surface to dorsal surface
Central ray from posterior heel to anterior toes
Central ray from medial border to lateral border
An axial plantodorsal projection of the calcaneus is characterized by the central ray entering and exiting where?
Entering plantar surface, exiting dorsal surface
Entering dorsal surface, exiting plantar surface
Entering lateral border, exiting medial border
Entering anterior surface, exiting posterior surface
In the parietoacanthial projection (PA Waters), the central ray enters and exits at which anatomical landmarks?
Enters mentum, exits vertex of skull
Enters temporal bone, exits zygomatic arch
Enters acanthion, exits cranial parietal bone
Enters cranial parietal bone, exits at acanthion
For the acanthioparietal projection (AP Waters), the direction of the central ray is described as entering and exiting where?
Enters at cranial parietal bone, exits at acanthion
Enters at acanthion, exits at cranial parietal bone
Enters dorsal surface, exits plantar surface
Enters below chin, exits at skull vertex
Which statement correctly describes the submentovertical (SMV) projection for skull and mandible?
Central ray enters above vertex and exits at chin
Central ray enters at acanthion and exits parietal
Central ray enters lateral mandible and exits orbit
Central ray enters below chin and exits at vertex
Verticosubmental (VSM) projection is defined by the central ray entering and exiting which regions?
Entering anterior thorax, exiting posterior back
Entering dorsal foot, exiting plantar foot
Entering below chin, exiting at skull vertex
Entering top of skull, exiting below mandible
Which general body position is described as an upright posture to stand or sit?
Erect position
Supine position
Prone position
Recumbent position
A patient lying on the back is in which general body position?
Supine position
Prone position
Lateral recumbent
Ventral decubitus
Trendelenburg position is best characterized by which orientation?
Prone with head lower than the feet
Erect with knees slightly flexed
Supine with head lower than the feet
Supine with head higher than the feet
Fowler position differs from Trendelenburg by which feature?
Erect with head lower than the feet
Prone with head higher than the feet
Supine with head level with the feet
Supine with head higher than the feet
