WorksheetsBIO 412 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Total questions: 117
Worksheet time: 1hrs 2mins
The scientific study of marine plants in their natural habitat
marine botany
chloroplasts
competition
species
Some temporal escapes are:
Rapid growth
Rapid recruitment
Annual life history
Refuge habitats (intertidal, crevices)
Association with toxic, carnivorous, stinging, territorial animals
Some Spatial escapes are:
Rapid growth
Rapid recruitment
Annual life history
Refuge habitats (intertidal, crevices)
Association with toxic, carnivorous, stinging, territorial animals
Some Structural escapes are:
Large tough branches
Small dense tufts
Minimize access
Mimicry
Development of toxins
Some Chemical escapes are:
Non-palatable
Higher phenol content
Brominated sesquiterpenes
Mimicry
Development of toxins
What are 4 defenses that plants have evolved to avoid predation
Temporal
Spatial
Structural
Chemical
Manual
individual directly alters the resource-attaining behavior of other individuals
Interference competition
Exploitative competition
Competition
species competition
individuals interact indirectly as they compete for common resources
Interference competition
Exploitative competition
Competition
species competition
two species live in a physically close, obligatory association in which the parasite depends metabolically on the host
Parasitism
Mutualism
Epiphyte
Competition
two species live in close association with one another to the benefit of both
Parasitism
Mutualism
Epiphyte
Competition
a plant that grows upon another plant (such as a seagrass blade) non-parasitically or sometimes upon some other object (such as a dock piling)
Parasitism
Mutualism
Epiphyte
Competition
Which of the following could be results from epiphytes?
Reduce light
Reduce nutrient uptake
Increase thickness of boundary layer
Increase productivity
Productivity increases in which of the following orders?
Crustose: Flexible, Calcareous: Thick or Leathery: Coarsely Branched: Filaments: Blades
Coarsely Branched: Filaments: Blades: Crustose: Flexible, Calcareous: Thick or Leathery:
Crustose: Coarsely Branched: Filaments: Blades: Flexible, Calcareous: Thick or Leathery:
Blades: Filaments: Coarsely Branched: Thick or Leathery: Flexible, Calcareous: Crustose
Thin bladed morphology results in:
Poor grazer protection
Good grazer protection
Higher photosynthetic rate
Lower photosynthetic rate
More efficient nutrient uptake
Tough and Thick morphology results in:
Poor grazer protection
Good grazer protection
Higher photosynthetic rate
Lower photosynthetic rate
Less efficient nutrient uptake
Which of the following does plant structure influence:
Photosynthetic efficiency
Ability to take up nutrients
Resistance to predation
Biomass
Fishery decreases
The full range of abiotic and biotic conditions where a species could survive and reproduce.
• Represents the species’ potential “ecological space” without considering other organisms
Fundamental Niche
Realized Niche
True Niche
Actual Niche
Actual portion of the fundamental niche that a species occupies in nature.
• Limited by species interactions.
• Always narrower than the fundamental niche
– species interactions restrict where the species can persist
Fundamental Niche
Realized Niche
True Niche
Actual Niche
set of biotic and abiotic conditions in which a species can persist, use resources, and influence its environment
Niche
biomass
productivity
species
mass of a species or community in a given area; standing stock
• Expressed in terms of weight (fresh or dry) per unit area (g m -2)
Niche
biomass
productivity
species
rate of production
Expressed in terms of g of carbon fixed per unit time (g C m -2 y -1)
Niche
biomass
productivity
species
Some species have more than one growth pattern
True
False
The life span that is <1 yr
Annual
Pseudo-perennial
Biannual
Perennial
The life span that is dormant part of the year
Annual
Pseudo-perennial
Biannual
Perennial
The life span that is 2 years
Annual
Pseudo-perennial
Biannual
Perennial
The life span that is >2 years
Annual
Pseudo-perennial
Biannual
Perennial
The scientific discipline that is concerned with the relationships between organisms and their past, present, and future environments
marine botany
Ecology
Population
Community
a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time
– Key traits: size, age structure, survival, dispersal
marine botany
Ecology
Population
Community
populations of species that coexist and interact with one another and live in a particular area
marine botany
Ecology
Population
Community
How much less oxygen is in water than in air
25X
50X
35X
71X
How do marine plants deal with changes in salinity?
Active exclusion of salt
salt-secreting glands (mangroves)
Osmoregulation through epidermal cells (seagrass/macroalgae)
Accumulation of organic solutes within cells (long term salinity stress)
Plants that are adapted to saline soils or salt spray are called
Halophytes
Euryhaline
Osmotic
Spartina alterniflora
Organisms that survive across wide salinity ranges are called
Halophytes
Euryhaline
Osmotic
Spartina alterniflora
What percent of seawater is not water? (includes salts, gases, (N2, O2, CO2), particles)
96.5%
3.5%
8%
71%
Adding salt to water increases density, boiling point, and conductivity, while decreasing vapor pressure and freezing point
True
False
At what temperature do Antarctic ice algae photosynthesize?
-2 C
-4 C
-20 C
0 C
Every process (growth, photosynthesis, reproduction) is ________ dependent.
Temperature
Salinity
Light
Species
What is the amount of light required for photosynthetic production to just balance respiratory losses
Compensation light intensity
Compensation depth/point
Compensation limit
Compensation saturation point
What is the depth at which the photosynthesis and respiration rates are balanced
Compensation light intensity
Compensation depth/point
Compensation limit
Compensation saturation point
What are 3 major physical factors?
Light
Temperature
Water Movement
Ersion
Silt and clay levels above what percent seem to be limiting to seagrass distribution
35%
45%
25%
15%
Which tidal range has a range of <2 meters?
Microtidal
Mesotidal
Macrotidal
Hypertidal
Which tidal range has a range of 2-4 meters?
Microtidal
Mesotidal
Macrotidal
Hypertidal
Which tidal range has a range of 4-6 meters?
Microtidal
Mesotidal
Macrotidal
Hypertidal
Which tidal range has a range of >6 meters?
Microtidal
Mesotidal
Macrotidal
Hypertidal
What type of estuary is formed by flooding of pre-existing valleys; very shallow and filled with sediments; mudflats and salt marshes common
Coastal Plain
Bar Built
Fjord
Tectonic
What type of estuaries are drowned river valleys, sedimentation kept pace with flooding which results in characteristic bar across mouths
Coastal Plain
Bar Built
Fjord
Tectonic
What type of estuaries are drowned glacial troughs; occur in areas where valleys have been deeply eroded by glaciations; when glaciers retreated sea water flooded the U shape valleys
Coastal Plain
Bar Built
Fjord
Tectonic
What type of estuaries are created when the sea fills in a basin formed by sinking land created as a result of folding and faulting associated with tectonic activity
Coastal Plain
Bar Built
Fjord
Tectonic
What is the existence of closely related taxa or biota in separate, disjunct areas, which have been separated by the formation of a natural barrier
The Vicariance Hypothesis
The Dispersal Hypothesis
The central population Hypothesis
The Biogeography Hypothesis
What is the hypothesis that states species have evolved through dispersal from a primary or central population and because of isolation differentiated into new species
The Vicariance Hypothesis
The Dispersal Hypothesis
The central population Hypothesis
The Biogeography Hypothesis
Oceans cover 71% of earths surface, but what percent of the ocean is suitable for marine plants?
8%
10%
6%
12%
What is the rocky coast zone above high tide, has halophytic plants(tolerant of salt and lack of water), and salt pruning in shrubs/trees
maritime zone
spray zone
Intertidal zone
Subtidal zone
What is the rocky coast zone beyond highest tide mark, gets wet by waves/spray, tolerates long desiccation and climate extremes and includes plants like lichens
maritime zone
spray zone
Intertidal zone
Subtidal zone
What is the rocky coast zone is also called the littoral zone, is regularly covered and uncovered by tides, tidal range varies upon location(microtidal, mesotidal, macrotide, hypertidal)
maritime zone
spray zone
Intertidal zone
Subtidal zone
What is the rocky coast zone is always submerged, has high wave tolerance, depth limit = light availability, and examples are kelp, seagrass, macroalgae
maritime zone
spray zone
Intertidal zone
Subtidal zone
Which coasts are dominated by erosion - not deposition, are highly variable, dominated by bedrock, modest to high relief, and have high wave conditions
Rocky Coasts
Estuaries
Oceans
Fjords
What is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with saltwater from the ocean
Rocky Coasts
Estuary
Oceans
What is beyond the continental shelf, has low nutrients, low plant biomass, phytoplankton, productivity peaks during upwelling, limiting nutrients are Nitrogen, phosphorus and Iron
Rocky Coasts
Estuary
Oceans
Phytoplankton is limited to the upper _________ meters
200
100
300
50
What is it called at the depth were photosynthesis = respiration
Compensation point
Max Photosynthesis
Photoinhibition
Euphotic Zone
What are the 3 major angiosperm communities in coastal waters?
Seagrasses
Mangroves
Coral Reefs
Salt Marshes
Deep sea communities
What is the only true submerged angiosperm in the marine environment
Seagrasses
Mangroves
Coral Reefs
Salt Marshes
Deep sea communities
What are the 3 Macroalgal Divisions of Protists
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Rhodophyta (red algae)
Chrysophyta (golden algae)
Pyrrophyta (fire algae)
What are the 4 Microalgal Divisions of Protists
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Cryptophyta
Euglenophyta
Chrysophyta (golden algae)
Pyrrophyta (fire algae)
What are 3 features which distinguish the algae from other plants?
Body plan: There is no specialization of the algal body into root, stem, leaves with vascular tissue.
No Embryo: For most algae, sperm and eggs fuse in the open water and the zygote develops into a new plant without any protection.
Reproductive structures: The gametes are produced within a single cell. There is no jacket of sterile cells protecting the gametes.
organisms which are not capable of manufacturing food by inorganic sources and must consume organic substrates for sustenance.
The process of putting similar things into groups
marine botany
Classification
competition
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms
marine botany
Classification
competition
Taxonomy
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs in photosynthetic eukaryotes
marine botany
chloroplasts
competition
species
Two species use the same limited resource, or seek that resource, to the detriment of both
marine botany
chloroplasts
competition
species
Individuals that share morphological, ecological, geographic and other characteristics and are separate evolutionary lineages
marine botany
chloroplasts
competition
species
Species of flowering plants having roots, stems, leaves, and well-developed conductive tissues (xylem and phloem)
Angiosperms
Rocky
coastal plain, bar built, tectonic, fjord
Fe
Up to 75% of global coastline is this type of marine plant environment.
Angiosperms
Rocky
coastal plain, bar built, tectonic, fjord
Fe
4 geologic origins of estuaries
Angiosperms
Rocky
coastal plain, bar built, tectonic, fjord
Fe
Major limiting nutrient in the oceans other than N or P
Angiosperms
Rocky
coastal plain, bar built, tectonic, fjord
Fe
Salinity between 5 and 18
Mesohaline
Oligohaline
Polyhaline
Euhaline
Salinity between 0.5 and 5
Mesohaline
Oligohaline
Polyhaline
Euhaline
Salinity between 18 and 30
Mesohaline
Oligohaline
Polyhaline
Euhaline
Salinity greater than 30
Mesohaline
Oligohaline
Polyhaline
Euhaline
Salinity less than 0.5
Mesohaline
Oligohaline
Polyhaline
Tidal Fresh
Warmer than normal water temperatures in the equatorial Pacific are associated with this weather phenomenon.
El Nino
vicariance, dispersal
substrate, age
grain size, organic content, redox potential
Name the 2 hypotheses used to describe the biogeographic distribution of marine plants.
El Nino
vicariance, dispersal
substrate, age
grain size, organic content, redox potential
Shorelines are defined based on what 2 characteristics?
El Nino
vicariance, dispersal
substrate, age
grain size, organic content, redox potential
3 sediment characteristics that affect marine plant growth and survival
El Nino
vicariance, dispersal
substrate, age
grain size, organic content, redox potential
Soils that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions
Hydric soils
passive margins (the trailing edges of tectonic plates that are characterized by a gently rising shelf); Wide continental shelves; High offshore sediment influence; Wave-dominated, depositional settings
mechanical and chemical
flattened leaves, thick rhizome
Sandy coastlines develop along areas with these 4 characteristics
Hydric soils
passive margins (the trailing edges of tectonic plates that are characterized by a gently rising shelf); Wide continental shelves; High offshore sediment influence; Wave-dominated, depositional settings
mechanical and chemical
flattened leaves, thick rhizome
Types of stress caused in marine plants caused by water movement
Hydric soils
passive margins (the trailing edges of tectonic plates that are characterized by a gently rising shelf); Wide continental shelves; High offshore sediment influence; Wave-dominated, depositional settings
mechanical and chemical
flattened leaves, thick rhizome
Example of an adaptation that seagrasses have developed to live in high energy wave environments.
Hydric soils
passive margins (the trailing edges of tectonic plates that are characterized by a gently rising shelf); Wide continental shelves; High offshore sediment influence; Wave-dominated, depositional settings
mechanical and chemical
flattened leaves, thick rhizome
Unlike with seagrasses, when the mean tide range increases for salt marshes, this also increases.
growth range
growth and survival, morphology, colonization depth
sargassum
Light (gross photo); Temp (net photo)
Heavy wave action affects these 3 characteristics of marine plant communities
growth range
growth and survival, morphology, colonization depth
sargassum
Light (gross photo); Temp (net photo)
genus of brown (class Phaeophyceae) macroalga in the order Fucales found in this sea without any shores
growth range
growth and survival, morphology, colonization depth
sargassum
Light (gross photo); Temp (net photo)
https://factile dynamic.s3.amazonaws.com/6320af631e212f0018fdfd70/ The interaction of what two abiotic factors resulted in low net photosynthesis during a period of maximum gross photosynthesis.
growth range
growth and survival, morphology, colonization depth
sargassum
Light (gross photo); Temp (net photo)
Area of slowly moving seawater that surrounds marine plants
Boundary Layer
Niche
Photosynthetically active Radiation (PAR)
Biomass
The ecological space occupied by a species, and the occupation of the species in a community
Boundary Layer
Niche
Photosynthetically active Radiation (PAR)
Biomass
Designates the spectral range of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nm that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis
Boundary Layer
Niche
Photosynthetically active Radiation (PAR)
Biomass
Mass of a species or community in a given area; standing stock
Boundary Layer
Niche
Photosynthetically active Radiation (PAR)
Biomass
Organisms able to live in waters in a wide range of salinity
Euryhaline
polar, temperate, tropical
tropical, temperate
light
3 major temperature regions on Earth
Euryhaline
polar, temperate, tropical
tropical, temperate
light
Mangroves dominate in _________ environments and salt marshes dominate in _________ environments
Euryhaline
polar, temperate, tropical
tropical, temperate
light
Strong link between changes in temperature and this other abiotic factor.
Euryhaline
polar, temperate, tropical
tropical, temperate
light
Example of impacts of high temperature stress on marine plants
High temps = denaturing proteins, damage to enzymes and membranes
Increasing temperatures = increased photosynthesis within species tolerances; Temperatures above tolerance = lower photosynthetic rates
angle of the sun, length of day, weather conditions
compensation light
https://factile dynamic.s3.amazonaws.com/6320af631e212f0018fdfd70/ Explain why the crate of photosynthesis goes down above a certain temperature.
High temps = denaturing proteins, damage to enzymes and membranes
Increasing temperatures = increased photosynthesis within species tolerances; Temperatures above tolerance = lower photosynthetic rates
angle of the sun, length of day, weather conditions
compensation light
Amount of light reaching ocean surface depends on what 3 things?
High temps = denaturing proteins, damage to enzymes and membranes
Increasing temperatures = increased photosynthesis within species tolerances; Temperatures above tolerance = lower photosynthetic rates
angle of the sun, length of day, weather conditions
compensation light
amount of light required for photosynthetic production to just balance respiratory losses
High temps = denaturing proteins, damage to enzymes and membranes
Increasing temperatures = increased photosynthesis within species tolerances; Temperatures above tolerance = lower photosynthetic rates
angle of the sun, length of day, weather conditions
compensation light
In the oceans, light ______ exponentially with depth
attenuates
CDOM, phytoplankton, suspended soilds, epiphtes
Photosynthetic efficiency, saturating irradiance, compensation point, photo-inhibtion
oxygen
List 4 factors that reduce light in the water column
attenuates
CDOM, phytoplankton, suspended soilds, epiphtes
Photosynthetic efficiency, saturating irradiance, compensation point, photo-inhibtion
oxygen
https://factile dynamic.s3.amazonaws.com/6320af631e212f0018fdfd70/ List 2 pieces of important information about a plants’ physiological tolerance that can determined from a P-I curve.
attenuates
CDOM, phytoplankton, suspended soilds, epiphtes
Photosynthetic efficiency, saturating irradiance, compensation point, photo-inhibtion
oxygen
Marine plants require an external supply of __________ at night when there is no light for photosynthesis.
attenuates
CDOM, phytoplankton, suspended soilds, epiphtes
Photosynthetic efficiency, saturating irradiance, compensation point, photo-inhibtion
oxygen
Sea water is 96.5% pure water and 3.5% other material including these 3 things
salts, dissolved gases, organic substances, undissolved particles
coastal/estuarine
salt bladders
Active exclusion of salt, Salt-secreting glands (mangroves); Osmoregulation through epidermal cells ; Accumulation of organic solutes within cells (long term salinity stress) (seagrass/macroalgae)
Marine plants living in these habitats have a broader salinity tolerance than open ocean species
salts, dissolved gases, organic substances, undissolved particles
coastal/estuarine
salt bladders
Active exclusion of salt, Salt-secreting glands (mangroves); Osmoregulation through epidermal cells ; Accumulation of organic solutes within cells (long term salinity stress) (seagrass/macroalgae)
Some salt marsh species have developed these cells which are modified epidermal hairs as a mechanism to remove excess NaCl.
salts, dissolved gases, organic substances, undissolved particles
coastal/estuarine
salt bladders
Active exclusion of salt, Salt-secreting glands (mangroves); Osmoregulation through epidermal cells ; Accumulation of organic solutes within cells (long term salinity stress) (seagrass/macroalgae)
4 strategies of marine plants to living in high salinity environments
salts, dissolved gases, organic substances, undissolved particles
coastal/estuarine
salt bladders
Active exclusion of salt, Salt-secreting glands (mangroves); Osmoregulation through epidermal cells ; Accumulation of organic solutes within cells (long term salinity stress) (seagrass/macroalgae)
A _____ always gives you two choices at each step.
Dichotomous key
ocular magnification
light microscope
Qualitative descriptions concern the physical attributes, or qualities, of the item being classified.Quantitative descriptions concern values that correspond with the item being classified.
Multiply the objective magnification by this to calculate the total magnification.
Dichotomous key
ocular magnification
light microscope
Qualitative descriptions concern the physical attributes, or qualities, of the item being classified.Quantitative descriptions concern values that correspond with the item being classified.
model of microscope found in most schools, use compound lenses and light to magnify objects
Dichotomous key
ocular magnification
light microscope
Qualitative descriptions concern the physical attributes, or qualities, of the item being classified.Quantitative descriptions concern values that correspond with the item being classified.
Difference between qualitative and quantitative descriptions.
Dichotomous key
ocular magnification
light microscope
Qualitative descriptions concern the physical attributes, or qualities, of the item being classified.Quantitative descriptions concern values that correspond with the item being classified.
https://factile dynamic.s3.amazonaws.com/6320af631e212f0018fdfd70/ What two abiotic factors cause max net photosynthesis to peak before max gross photosynthesis?
Light (gross photo); Temp (net photo)
ocular magnification
light microscope
Qualitative descriptions concern the physical attributes, or qualities, of the item being classified.Quantitative descriptions concern values that correspond with the item being classified.
