Bacteria, Virus, and Protist Review

Bacteria, Virus, and Protist Review

Binomial Nomenclature

2-name system, using genus and species

Uses Latin names

• ​Rules for naming:

  • ​Always italicized or underlined

  • First name is genus, and capitalized

  • Second name is species, and lower-case

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Examples​ (scientific names):

• Homo sapiens

• Tyrannosaurus rex

Multiple Choice

What language does binomial nomenclature use?

• English

• Latin

• German

• Arabic

Multiple Choice

The scientific name for the Eastern Kangaroo is Macropus giganteus. Which of these is the genus name?

• Macropus

• giganteus

Multiple Choice

What is the correct way to write the scientific name for strep throat? (Genus: streptococcus; species: pyogenes)

• pyogenes Streptococcus

• streptococcus pyogenes

• Streptococcus pyogenes

• Strep Throat

Multiple Choice

The scientific name given to the white oak is Quercus alba. What species does this tree belong to?

• alba

• Quercus

Multiple Choice

The scientific name for the common house cat is Felis domesticus. What is its genus name?

• Felis

• domesticus

Bacteria

• No peptidoglycan in cell walls

• ​Lives in harsh environments

• Ancient; first arrived in the early formations of Earth

Archaebacteria

• Contains peptidoglycan in cell walls

• ​Found everywhere

• ​Can be helpful or cause sickness

Eubacteria

The 2 Kingdoms of Bacteria

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Multiple Choice

Where would you expect to find archaebacteria?

• In a pond that is normal temperature

• Volcanic vents on the ocean floor

• Dust

• On a desk

Multiple Choice

What do the cell walls of Eubacteria contain that archaebacteria do not?

• Carbon

• Protein

• Peptidoglycan

• Carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

Which type of bacteria can be found everywhere?

• Archaebactera

• Eubacteria

Multiple Choice

Which of these bacteria kingdoms helps in the production of food such as yogurt?

• Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria

Open Ended

What are some ways that bacteria can be harmful?

Open Ended

What are some ways that bacteria can be helpful?

Shape of Bacteria

​Different capsule shapes

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Multiple Choice

What bacterial shape looks like rods?

• Coccus

• Spirilla

• Bacillus

• Diplococcus

Multiple Choice

What bacterial shape is round?

• Coccus

• Spirilla

• Bacillus

Multiple Choice

What does the prefix diplo- mean?

• Pair of two

• Cluster of cells

• Long chain

Multiple Choice

What shape would streptobacillus look like?

• Two rods

• A cluster of rods

• A long chain of rods

Multiple Choice

What shape does a spirilla bacteria have?

• Round

• Rod

• Spiral

Metabolism and Oxygen

Bacteria can be classified based on whether they are autotrophic or heterotrophic, and on whether they need oxygen or not.

• Photoautotrophs: Use light to convert ​carbon dioxide and water to food and oxygen

• Chemoautotrophs: ​Use chemicals to make food

Autotrophic

• Must eat other organic material

• Most decompose dead organic matter​

​Heterotrophic

Metabolism

Multiple Choice

A certain bacteria uses ammonia in the soil to create its own food. What type of bacteria is this?

• Heterotroph

• Photoautotroph

• Chemoautotroph

Multiple Choice

How does a heterotroph obtain energy?

• Creates it

• Uses light

• Eats other things

• Uses chemicals

Multiple Choice

What is the name of bacteria that can use light to create energy?

• Photoautotroph

• Chemoautotroph

• Heterotroph

Oxygen Usage

• Obligate aerobes: ​Requires oxygen to survive

• ​Obligate anaerobes: Cannot live with oxygen

• ​Facultative anaerobes: Can survive with or without oxygen

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Multiple Choice

Certain bacteria require oxygen to survive. Which type of bacteria would they be?

• Obligate aerobe

• Obligate anaerobe

• Facilitative anaerobe

Multiple Choice

Where would an obligate anaerobe be able to live?

• Area with lots of oxygen

• Area with no oxygen

• Area that sometimes has oxygen

Multiple Choice

Some bacteria use oxygen to survive, but can still survive in areas that have no oxygen. What type of bacteria is this?

• Obligate aerobe

• Obligate anaerobe

• Facultative anaerobe

• Sexual (Exchanging DNA)

• ​Two bacteria exchange DNA through a bridge called pili.

Conjugation

• Asexual​ (no exchange of DNA)

• ​Carries out mitosis- splits into two identical cells

​Binary Fission

Bacteria Reproduction

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Multiple Choice

Which method of bacterial reproduction is asexual?

• Conjugation

• Binary Fission

Multiple Choice

Which method of reproduction allows bacteria to exchange DNA?

• Conjugation

• Binary Fission

Multiple Choice

Which method of reproduction uses a pili (hollow bridge) to exchange DNA?

• Conjugation

• Binary Fission

Viruses

​Virus Characteristics

Multiple Choice

Are viruses considered non-living?

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

What material do viruses use to infect other cells?

• Proteins

• DNA or RNA

• Sugar

• Amino Acids

Multiple Choice

What do bacteriophages infect?

• Fungus

• Plants

• Bacteria

• A prophage (virus DNA) is inserted into host cell

• Cell divides and ​all new cells have prophage

• Prophage enters lytic cycle​

Lysogenic Cycle

• ​Virus uses host cell to make copies of itself

• Cell lyses ​(bursts) open, releasing all the new viruses

​Lytic Cycle

Virus Reproduction

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Multiple Choice

What does a virus need to reproduce?

• Host cell

• Other virus

• Can reproduce by itself

Multiple Choice

Which virus reproductive cycle kills the cell?

• Lytic Cycle

• Lysogenic Cycle

Multiple Choice

Which virus reproductive cycle happens over a longer amount of time?

• Lytic Cycle

• Lysogenic Cycle

Multiple Choice

During the lysogenic cycle, does the cell live or die?

• Lives

• Dies

​Virus Goods and Bads

Multiple Choice

Which of the following diseases is not caused by viruses?

• Influenza

• Warts

• Strep Throat

• AIDS

Multiple Select

Which of the following is a benefit of viruses? (More than one answer)

• Gene Therapy

• Warts

• Bacteria defense

• Lytic Cycle

​Koch's Postulates

1. The microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease 

2. The pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal

4. The pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen 

Subject | Subject

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Multiple Choice

What was Robert Koch Trying to prove with his postulates?

• That disease happens randomly

• That certain bacteria cause certain diseases

• That one bacteria causes all diseases

• That bacteria do not cause disease