Q3 exam review with slides

Urey-Miller
Experiment

•

In 1953, chemists Stanley Miller

and Harold Urey tried recreating
conditions on early Earth to see if
organic molecules could be
assembled from inorganic
molecules under these
conditions.

• Tried their own chemical soup.

•

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, SUCH

AS AMINO ACIDS WERE
PRODUCED! THIS COULD HAVE
ENABLED LIFE TO EMERGE.

Theory of
Biogenesis

RNA World Hypothesis

Endosymbiotic Theory

Multiple Choice

Which of these are the ingredients NEEDED for life to form?

• organic macromolecules
• atoms
• methane 
• inorganic molecules

Multiple Choice

Miller/Urey and other scientists studying the origin of life have shown that:

• Formation of life on early Earth required material from space

• Simple cells can be produced in a laboratory using spontaneous generation

• Oxygen and water were present in the atmosphere to support life

• Organic molecules like amino acids and nucleotides could be produced from abiotic/inorganic molecules

Multiple Choice

The theory of endosymbiosis explains

• how eukaryotic cells develop from prokaryotic cells

• how prokaryotic cells develop from eukaryotic cells

• how bacteria live

• why cells rely on one another

Multiple Choice

___________________ evolved after RNA

• amino acids
• atoms
• DNA
• molecules

Multiple Choice

The theory of endosymbiosis is about

• simple microorganism engulfing other simple microorganisms and learning to live together

• how prokaryotic cells develop prom eukaryotic cells

• simple microorganism engulfing other simple microorganisms and self-destructing

• life having to come from life

Evolution

•The process of
gradual
and accumulating
change in DNA
in living organisms
over time.

Darwin’s natural selection

• Natural selection is the

process by which organisms
in nature with variations most
suited to their local
environment survive and
reproduce thus leaving more
offspring.

• Survival of the fittest.

• One mechanism that leads

to evolution.

Four conditions for natural selection!

1.Variation = there are differences between individuals in a

population

2.Heritability = parents pass on their traits onto their kids
3.Overproduction (struggle to survive) = more are made than

survive. This is due to pressures in their surroundings.

4.Reproductive Advantage = those that have the

adaptations to survive the pressures of their environment,
will continue to live, reproduce and pass on their genes.

Evolution needs CHANGES!

• Specifically, changes in ALLELE frequency!

Mechanisms
that lead to

Evolution

Natural

Selection

Gene
flow

Genetic

drift

Mutations

MUTATIONS

❖Mutations are
random changes in a
DNA sequence.

In addition to mutations...

❖The events shown in the
visual also bring about
changes and variation!

Genetic drift

• Change due to a random event.

• It has a greater effect on smaller

populations.

• Can lead to a “bottleneck effect” – a

change in allele frequency following a
drastic reduction in the size of a
population.

• Can also lead to "founder's effect"

which occurs when a new colony is
started by a few members of the
original population. This small
population size means that the colony
may have reduced genetic variation
from the original population.

Gene flow

• Change in allele frequency due to migration of

organisms from one existing to another existing
population.

Multiple Choice

The gradual change in species over time is...

• Evolution
• Nucleotide 
• Adaptation
• Natural Selection

Multiple Choice

Darwin referred to this as survival of the fittest. Over time, it results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population because organisms with adaptations that make them fit for their environment will survive and reproduce better than those without favorable traits.

• Natural Selection
• Genetic Variation
• Survival of the Fittest

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements best describes what will most likely occur to the moth populations in the image?

• The light moths will be captured by predators more easily than the dark moths, and the population of dark moths will rise.
• The light moths will be captured by predators more easily than the dark moths, and the population of light moths will rise.
• The dark moths will be captured by predators more easily than the light moths, and the dark moths will probably go extinct.
• The light moths will change their wing color to match that of the dark moths.

Multiple Choice

Mutations are important because they bring about

• death of the organism in which they develop

• genetic variation needed for a population to evolve

• benefits for the individual, not for the population

• Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium within a population

Multiple Choice

This mechanism of evolution occurs when populations migrate.

• Extinction

• Gene flow

• Genetic drift

• Natural Selection

Multiple Choice

Mutations lead to evolution by

• bringing changes to the allele frequency due to changes in DNA sequences

• bringing changes to the allele frequency as a result of migration of certain individuals in or out of a population

• bringing changes to the allele frequency as a result of a chance (random) event that changes the population

• bringing changes to the allele frequency as a result of differences in survival of variations in a population

Multiple Choice

Genetic drift leads to evolution by

• bringing changes to the allele frequency due to changes in DNA sequences

• bringing changes to the allele frequency as a result of migration of certain individuals in or out of a population

• bringing changes to the allele frequency as a result of a chance (random) event that changes the population

• bringing changes to the allele frequency as a result of differences in survival of variations in a population

Multiple Choice

A sickness wipes out a large number of a colony of caterpillars. What is this an example of?

• Survival of the fittest

• Founder's effect (genetic drift)

• Gene flow

• Bottle-neck effect (genetic drift)

Multiple Choice

A small group of ants separated from the colony and made their own kingdom in a new area. What is this an example of?

• Survival of the fittest

• Founder's effect (genetic drift)

• Gene flow

• Bottle-neck effect (genetic drift)

C

EVIDENCE FOR

EVOLUTION

Intermediate (transitional species)

show intermediate stages/slow

transition in the evolution of

many different groups of modern

species.

"connecting links"

Biogeography

1.Similarities and differences

between organisms?

2.Similar = share a common

ancestor

3.Different = since they live in

different environment, they
must have evolved in
different ways to better
adapt to their habitats

Comparative Anatomy

•Comparing body parts to find relatedness.
•Ex. the front limbs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals contain the same basic bones.

Homologous Traits

• Similar structures that

are shared by
related species and
that have
been inherited from
a common ancestor
are
called homologous s
tructures.

• They point to

common ancestry.

Vestigial structures

• Leftover structures from

ancestors that no longer
serve a purpose in
modern species.

• Tell a story about

ancestry.

• Ex: tail bone in

humans, hip joint in
whales, etc.

Comparative embryology

• Similar patterns of

embryological develop
ment provide
further evidence
that organisms
have descended from
a common ancestor.

Molecular Biology

• MOST RELIABLE EVIDENCE

FOR EVOLUTION

• Using modern technology

to analyze DNA (a
molecule) samples and
make conclusions about
relatedness between
species.

Unknown
species
Dog

Fox

Wolf

Multiple Choice

A biologist is comparing two samples of DNA to find how related the two species are. He is relying on the field of

• comparative anatomy

• molecular biology

• fossil record

• biogeography

• comparative embryology

Multiple Choice

A biologist is comparing two samples of human sternum bones to find how related the two species are. He is relying on the field of

• comparative anatomy

• molecular biology

• fossil record

• biogeography

• comparative embryology

Multiple Choice

A marine biologist is analyzing the bone structure of a human arm and a whale. She is noticing that the are quite similar in structures, even though they serve different functions. These two structures must be

• analogous

• vestigial

• homologous

• heterologous

Multiple Choice

A whale has a hip joint. What is an explanation for this?

• It may be a vestigial structure leftover from an ancestors who actually had hips.

• It may be a homologous structure leftover from an ancestors who actually had hips.

• It may be a analogous structure leftover from an ancestors who actually had hips.

Multiple Choice

Which evidence show patterns of change in organisms from early life to modern life?

• homologous structures

• transitional fossils

• vestigial structures

• proteins

5 trends in human evolution!

Trends in Hominid

Evolution

• Brain and skull size

Trends in Hominid

Evolution

• Jaw size

Trends in Hominid

Evolution

• Tool use

Trends in Hominid

Evolution

• Tool use

Trends in Hominid

Evolution

• Language

Multiple Choice

The ability to walk upright on two legs is called:

• bipedalism

• quadropedalism

• bicyclepedalism

• tripedalism

Multiple Choice

What happened to skull size in humans over time?

• Skulls decreased in size

• Skulls increased in size

Taxonomy 101

Initial classification based on physical
similarities.

Modern classification schemes look
beyond overall similarities and differences
and group organisms based on
evolutionary relationships.

First steps of classifying the living world
was a two – word naming system called
binomial nomenclature invented by
Carolus Linnaeus.

DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM

CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

DEAR KING PHILIP
CAME OVER FOR
GREAT SPAGHETTI

BROADEST AND MOST INCLUSIVE GROUP

Changing Classification

Multiple Choice

The two-word naming system

• binomial naming

• binomial nomenclature

• monomial nomenclature

• dinomial nomenclature

Multiple Choice

How many domains are there?

• 3

• 6

• 1

• 2

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

• Members are unicellular

and prokaryotic bacteria.

• Ecologically diverse, ranging

from free-living soil organisms to
deadly parasites.

• Some photosynthesize, while

others do not.

• Some are aerobic (need oxygen

to survive), while others
are anaerobic and are killed
by oxygen.

• Contains one

kingdom: Eubacteria

• Members are unicellular

and prokaryotic.

• They are extremophiles (live in

some extreme environments)—
in volcanic hot springs, brine
pools, and black organic mud
totally devoid of oxygen. Many
of these bacteria can survive only
in the absence of oxygen.

• Contains one

kingdom: Archaebacteria

• Fake bacteria

o Members

are unicellular or multicellular o
rganisms made of
eukaryotic cells.

o Includes the kingdoms of Protista,

Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Animalia

◦

Members of the kingdom Animalia are

eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic (eat
other organisms to get energy).

◦

Animal cells do not have cell walls.

◦

Most animals can move about, at least for some

part of their life cycle.

◦

There is incredible diversity within the animal

kingdom, and many species of animals exist in
nearly every part of the planet.

Plantae

◦

Members of the kingdom Plantae are

eukaryotic, multicellular, have cell walls that
contain cellulose, and are autotrophic (make
their own food).

◦

Autotrophic plants are able to carry on

photosynthesis using chlorophyll.

◦

Plants cannot locomote (they are nonmotile)—

they cannot move from place to place.

◦

Some textbooks may consider algae plants,

however, they are plant-like protists.

Fungi

◦

Members of the kingdom Fungi are

eukaryotic, heterotrophs (eat other
organisms to survive) with cell walls
containing chitin.

◦

Most fungi feed on dead or decaying

organic matter (decomposers).

◦

Mushrooms and other recognizable fungi

are multicellular, like the ghost fungus shown.
Some fungi—yeasts, for example—are
unicellular. So fungi can be multicellular or
unicellular.

The “Protists”: Unicellular
Eukaryotes

◦

The kingdom Protista has long been viewed by

biologists as a “catchall” group of eukaryotes that could
not be classified as fungi, plants, or animals.

◦

Most “protists” are unicellular, but one group, the brown

algae, is multicellular.

◦

Some “protists” are photosynthetic, while others are

heterotrophic.

◦

Some display characters that resemble those of fungi,

plants, or animals.

◦

Single-celled organisms found in pond water are

examples of protists.

Multiple Choice

Which domain is capable of living in extreme environments like hot springs, geysers, or very salty waters?

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Eukarya

Multiple Choice

Almost all bacteria are...

• Unicellular

• Multicellular

Multiple Choice

What does "Philip" stand for in "Dear king Philip came over for great spaghetti"?

• phobium

• philic

• phamily

• phylum

Multiple Select

Eukaryotic cells are cells found in organisms in the domain(s)

• Eukarya

• Archaea

• Bacteria

Multiple Select

Which kingdoms have some organisms that can make their own food (autotrophic)?

• Animalia

• Plantae

• Protista

• Fungi

Multiple Choice

Mold, yeast, and mushrooms all belong to the Kingdom _______.

• Archaebacteria

• Fungi

• Eubacteria

• Protista

Multiple Choice

Which kingdom matches the following: multicellular, motile?

• Plantae

• Animalia

• Protista

• Fungi

Multiple Choice

Which kingdom matches the following: unicellular, multicellular, decomposers?

• Plantae

• Animalia

• Protista

• Fungi

Multiple Choice

Which kingdom matches the following: unicellular, heterotrophic, cell walls?

• Plantae

• Animalia

• Protista

• Fungi

Parts of a cladogram:

• Root
• Branches
• Nodes = splitting/speciation event
• Groups/clades
• Ancestral lineage
• Traits

• Ancestral = traits appearing in the

earliest common ancestor

• Derived = traits appearing in the

latest ancestor

T
I
M
E

Parts of a
cladogram:

• Traits

• Ancestral = traits

appearing in
the earliest
common ancestor

• Derived = traits

appearing in
the latest ancestor

T
I
M
E

Multiple Choice

What is the human most closely related to?

• Fish

• mouse

• Salamander

• Human

Multiple Choice

Where is the alligator and T. rex's common ancestor?

• Point A

• Point B

• Point C

• Point D

Multiple Choice

All the animals to the right of the hagfish would have the common characteristic of -

• Fur
• Claws or nails
• Lungs
• Jaws

Plant Tissues

Organs of a plant!

1. Roots = anchor and absorb nutrients from

ground

2. Stems = provide support, stability and allow

transportation of nutrients from roots to
everything else in a plant

3. Leaves = site of photosynthesis and

transpiration

4. Flowers = reproduction!

143431

Transportation & Transpiration

Roots absorb it from the soil.

Stems use their vascular tissues to move it
to the leaves, flowers, buds, etc.
◦ Xylem transports water
◦ Phloem transports food

Leaves are entry and exit points for the
gases and water (transpiration) needed by
plants.
◦ They have openings called stomata that are

surrounded by guard cells which control if the
stomata is open or closed.

Multiple Choice

The dermal tissue of plants is responsible for

• transporting water

• protection and preventing water loss

• storage

• transporting food

Multiple Choice

Stems contains vascular tissues such as xylem and phloem which allow _______________ of water and nutrients.

• absorbance

• transport

• storage

• use

Multiple Choice

A fruit is essentially the mature______________ of a pistil.

• pollen tube

• stigma

• ovule

• ovary

Multiple Choice

The cambium is a meristematic tissue, which means it is responsible for plant

• growth

• transpiration

• photosynthesis

• protection

Multiple Choice

Letter C is the

• Ovule

• Stamen

• Pistil

• Anther

Multiple Choice

The oxygen produced through photosynthesis will leave the leaves of plants through the openings called

• guard cells

• stomata

• xylem

• phloem

Multiple Choice

Transpiration refers to the ____ of water through a leaf’s pore called a _______

• gain; stomata

• gain; guard cell

• loss; stomata

• loss; guard cell

How does ATP really work?

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Goal

Make sugars
Convert sunlight (solar energy) into glucose
(chemical energy).

Break down sugars to obtain energy in the form of
ATP

Chemical formula

CO2 + H2O + solar energy

C6H12O6 + O2
C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O + ATP energy

Energy

absorbs

releases

Cellular location

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Cellular respiration can be:

1. Aerobic = happening in

the presence of oxygen

2. Anaerobic = happening

in the absence of
oxygen
◦

Make a much smaller
amount of ATP

◦

Also called
fermentation

1. Carbon cycles

between the
atmosphere, living
organisms,
oceans/seas,
ground.

2. Carbon cycles in

many forms
including CO2,
carbohydrates,
fossil fuels, etc.

3. Combustion (burning) of fossil fuels
such as coal, gas, petroleum, in
vehicle and factories greatly
contributes to release of CO2 in the
atmosphere.

4. Fossil fuels (full of carbon) originate
in the ground. They are made from
dead organisms that have been
buried and exposed to pressure for
millions of years.

5. In addition to combustion, cellular
respiration done by all organisms
releases some carbon in the
atmosphere in the form of CO2.

6. Photosynthesis is
the main way to
absorb excess
carbon from the
atmosphere.

▪Evaporation and

transpiration = turn liquid
water to gas (water vapor)
by gaining energy

▪Precipitation = water

falling down as rain,
snow, hail, etc.

▪Condensation = water

vapor turning to liquid
due to losing energy.