Inheritance and Genetic Variation Review

Inheritance and Genetic Variation Review

Reproduction

Reproduction is a process by which an organism produces offspring, or young. During reproduction, organisms pass on their traits, or characteristics, to their offspring through their genetic material, or DNA. Parents can pass their traits to offspring through asexual reproduction (one parent) or sexual reproduction (two parents). Asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information, and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

​When each parent (through the sperm and the egg) donates half the genetic materials to the offspring. This results in uniquely different offspring who share some traits with their parents.

​​Sexual Reproduction

​When one parent makes an exact copy of itself. The parent passes its genetic material to its offspring. Therefore, the offspring have the same traits as their parent and each other. The offspring are uniform, or the same. Think of it as making a copy on a copy machine. The parent is like the piece of paper you put into the copy machine. The offspring are like the copies that come out. The offspring, like the copies, all look like their parent and like each other.

​Asexual Reproduction

Multiple Choice

Asexual reproduction has

• 1 parent

• 2 parents

Multiple Choice

Sexual reproduction has

• 1 parent

• 2 parents

Multiple Choice

Asexual reproduction creates offspring that are

• genetically identical to the parent

• different from the parent

• different from each other

• formed by 2 parents

Multiple Choice

In which type of reproduction do the sperm and egg cell join?

• asexual

• sexual

Multiple Choice

Which statement below is correct about asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction?

• Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction both involve one parent

• Sexual reproduction involves making clones and asexual reproduction creates diverse/different offspring

• Asexual reproduction creates clones and sexual reproduction creates diverse/different offspring

​Sexual Reproduction

The creation of an offspring by the fertilization of an egg by a single sperm. These sex cells, or gametes, are very unique. Instead of containing the parents’ entire set of DNA, like other cells in the parents’ bodies, the egg and sperm cells contain only half. The egg cell contains exactly half the mother’s DNA, or genetic material. Similarly, the sperm cell contains exactly half the father’s DNA, or genetic material. When the sperm fertilizes the egg, a zygote is formed. This zygote now has a complete set of chromosomes. As it splits and replicates, each future cell will contain that full set of genetic information. Even if you look more like one of your parents, you are genetically made up of exactly 50% of your mother’s alleles and 50% of your father’s alleles.

Gives us greater genetic variation, (a difference in inherited characteristics between parent and offspring).

Multiple Choice

Differences in DNA between individuals or populations

• Environmental Variation

• Genetic Variation

• Adaptive Feature

• Genetic Engineering

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a Sexual reproduction DISADVANTAGE

• High genetic variation

• Can be complicated

• smaller population

• requires courtship or mating

Multiple Choice

Sexual reproduction provides more diversity/variation in a species.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

How much of your DNA do you inherit from your mom?

• 10%
• 25%
• 50%
• it varies

Multiple Choice

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

• Allows genetic variation
• Only needs one parent
• Offspring are exact copies of parent

Multiple Choice

What is a gamete?

• sex cell

• human cells

• plant cells

• plant and animal cells

Multiple Choice

In which type of reproduction do the sperm and egg cell join?

• asexual

• sexual

Asexual Reproduction

The creation of a new individual formed from the cell of one parent. The parent organism makes an exact copy of itself and passes its genetic material to its offspring. Therefore, the offspring have the same traits as their parent and as each other. The offspring are uniform. There are different forms of asexual reproduction.

Multiple Choice

If an organism reproduces asexually, its offspring will most likely be:

• produced as a result of fertilization
• Genetically identical to the parent
• Genetically different from each other
• Produced from specialized cells known as gametes

Multiple Choice

Which type of asexual reproduction is pictured?

• Spore Formation

• Regeneration

• Budding

• Vegetative Propagation

Multiple Choice

What type of asexual reproduction is it?

• budding

• regeneration

• sporulation

• binary fission

Multiple Choice

What type of asexual reproduction is it?

• vegetative propagation

• sporulation

• budding

• binary fission

Multiple Choice

Which type of asexual reproduction is pictured?

• Spore Formation

• Regeneration

• Budding

• Vegetative Propagation

Multiple Choice

Which type of reproduction tends to produce more offspring?

• Sexual

• Asexual

• They occur at the same rate

Multiple Choice

Budding, vegetative propagation, regeneration, and binary fission are all types of

• sexual reproduction

• asexual reproduction

Multiple Choice

A mode of reproduction by which an organism arises from a single organism and inherit the identical genes of that parent

• Asexual Reproduction

• Sexual Reproduction

• Genetic Variation

• Alleles

Multiple Choice

Asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on the body of it's parent

• regeneration

• budding

• cloning

• binary fission

Multiple Choice

Cell division in prokaryotes that forms 2 genetically identical cells

• vegetative reproduction

• binary fission

• budding

• regeneration

Multiple Choice

Asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows from a piece of it's parent

• vegetative reproduction

• binary fission

• budding

• regeneration

Multiple Choice

Production of offspring by copying one set of DNA from one parent

• asexual reproduction

• sexual reproduction

Prokaryotic Organism

A prokaryote is an organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes.  Bacteria and archaea are the best-known prokaryotic organisms.

Multiple Choice

How do unicellular (single celled) protists reproduce?

• internal fertilization

• External fertilization

• Binary fission

• conjugation

Multiple Choice

Using the diagram, which type of asexual reproduction is being demonstrated by the bacterial cell?

• Binary Fission

• Budding

• Spore Formation

• Regeneration

A cell the ha a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; typical of plant and animal cells.

- Fungi, such as mushrooms, form spores. Fern plants also reproduce in this way. Spores are tiny reproductive structures that contain a copy of the parent DNA.

- Jellyfish, marine sponges, and the tiny freshwater organism the hydra reproduce by budding. a smaller version of the parent organism grows out of the parent. It then separates from the parent and begins to function on its own.

​

​Eukaryotic Organisms

Multiple Choice

Using the diagram, which type of asexual reproduction is being demonstrated by the bacterial cell?

• Binary Fission

• Budding

• Spore Formation

• Regeneration

Multiple Choice

Which type of asexual reproduction is pictured?

• Spore Formation

• Regeneration

• Budding

• Vegetative Propagation

Multiple Choice

What type of asexual reproduction is it?

• budding

• vegetative propagation

• sporulation

• binary fission

Multiple Choice

What type of asexual reproduction is it?

• vegetative propagation

• sporulation

• budding

• binary fission

Alleles, Genotypes, and Phenotypes

Each chromosome is present in two copies, each gene is present in two copies. However, the DNA sequences of the two copies may not be the same. These variations of a specific gene are called alleles. As an example, alleles for the same gene have been identified on two chromosomes. One allele codes for purple flower color. The other allele codes for white flower color. One allele came from the plant’s female parent. The other allele came from the plant’s male parent. The pair of alleles an organism inherits for each gene determines the genotype of that individual. In the example shown, suppose the purple color allele is given the abbreviation P and the white color allele is given the abbreviation p. This plant’s genotype for flower color is Pp.

​Some alleles are dominant and can cover or mask other alleles, which are recessive. To distinguish a dominant allele from a recessive allele, genetic scientists use a capital letter to represent the stronger allele and a lowercase letter to represent the weaker gene. The final outward appearance of the trait is called the phenotype.

Which trait Shows?

Even though you get two alleles, or genes, you may only display one allele for each trait. The trait that is physically shown is called your phenotype. For example, think about your hair color. Do you have the same hair color as both of your parents or just one parent? Look at the family pictured on the right. One child has brown hair, while the other has blond hair. Having either brown or blond hair is a phenotype. The genotype, on the other hand, is a way to represent both alleles a person has inherited for a certain trait. Some alleles are dominant and can mask the other allele. The allele that is masked is called recessive.

- The dominant allele shows up if present and is represented by a capital letter.
- The recessive allele might be covered up and is represented by a lowercase letter.

Multiple Choice

The physical appearance of an organism based on traits

• Genotype
• Phenotype
• Meiosis
• Genetics

Multiple Choice

The allele combinations

• genetics
• mitosis
• genotype
• phenotype

Multiple Choice

Hair colour is an example of

• genotype
• phenotype

Multiple Choice

Having the genes for baldness is an example of

• genotype
• phenotype

Multiple Choice

How tall you are is an example of

• genotype
• phenotype

Multiple Choice

Being a carrier of a genetic disorder is an example of

• genotype
• phenotype

Multiple Choice

Having blue eyes is an example of

• genotype
• phenotype

Multiple Choice

The genotype of:  bb   will have the PHENOTYPE of...

• black fur
• white fur
• course hair
• fine hair

Multiple Choice

If a trait is recessive, it needs to be inherited from ___ parents to be 'expressed'.

• one
• both

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is heterozygous

• FF
• tt
• Gg
• RR

Multiple Choice

This trait will always be expressed if present because it will mask the expression of others

• stem cells
• heterozygous
• dominant
• recessive

Multiple Choice

The genotype of:  Heterozygous Course Hair  will have the alleles of...

• Hh
• HH
• hh

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is heterozygous

• FF
• tt
• Gg
• RR

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is homozygous recessive?

• rr
• AA
• TT
• Ff

Multiple Choice

How many letters does a genotype contain?

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

Multiple Choice

Mark is heterozygous. If B is for brown hair, and b is for blonde hair, what is Mark's genotype?

• BB
• bb
• Bb
• bB