Memory

​Memory

Memory

The process by which we recollect prior experiences, information, and skills learned in the past.

​Can you remember this number by the end of class?

​Can you remember this number by the end of class?

​106

​Memory: Learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored and can be retrieved. In large part, you are what you remember.

Reorder

Put the following in order

• Storing

• Encoding

• Retrieving

1

2

3

• 1
• 2
• 3

1: MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY

Multiple Choice

Which celebrity was shown as a child in the previous slide?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Which celebrity's picture was shown in the slide you just saw?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Match

Match the following

• Effortful Processing

• Shallow Processing

• Deep Processing

requires attention and conscious effort

on a basic level based on the structure of appearance

attach meaning to information and create associations between the new memory and existing memories

• requires attention and conscious effort

• on a basic level based on the structure of appearance

• attach meaning to information and create associations between the new memory and existing memories

Match

Match the following examples

Effortful Processing

Shallow Processing

Deep Processing

• Effortful Processing

• Shallow Processing

• Deep Processing

Multiple Choice

What do we have to do to bring information from the sensory memory to the short-term memory?

• rehearsal

• practice

• transfer

• pay attention

Multiple Choice

What do we have to do to bring information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory?

• rehearsal

• practice

• transfer

• pay attention

Round 1

Subject | Subject

Some text here about the topic of discussion

• ice cream

• soccer

• watch

• water

• lunch

• picnic

Multiple Choice

What was the fourth one?

• soccer

• water

• lunch

• watch

Multiple Choice

What was the third one?

• lunch

• soccer

• watch

• picnic

Multiple Choice

What was the fifth one?

• lunch

• ice cream

• water

• watch

Multiple Choice

How many cats were in the last image?

• 1

• 5

• 3

• 7

Multiple Choice

What color was the couch?

• red

• blue

• yellow

• green

Multiple Choice

What animal was in the bottom left hand corner of the image?

• gorilla

• giraffe

• elephant

• lion

Multiple Choice

Which card was furthest to the right?

• 9 of diamonds

• 9 of clubs

• 9 of hearts

• 9 of spades

Multiple Choice

On the left of the last picture, there was a miniature model of _____________.

• a house

• a truck

• an airplane

• a boat

Ways to enhance memory

• There are many ways to combat the inevitable failures of our memory system.

• Some common strategies that can be used in everyday situations include mnemonic devices, rehearsal, self-referencing, and adequate sleep.

• These same strategies also can help you to study more effectively.

• https://youtu.be/6vsYCSmBcM0

What is a Mnemonic Device?

A mnemonic device is something that helps you remember something.To learn the planets, I often used :

My- Mercury

Very- Venus

Energetic- Earth

Mother- Mars

Just- Jupiter

Served- Saturn

Us- Uranus

Nachos- Neptune

Open Ended

Name one mnemonic that you use. Write the mmenomic AND what it stands for.

Continents - Eat An Apple As A Nice Snack

• Eat- Europe

• An- Asia

• Apple- Africa

• As- Australia/Oceania

• A- Antartica

• Nice- North America

• Snack- South America

Open Ended

type as many numbers in order as you can remember

Open Ended

type as many numbers in order as you can remember

Three Types of Memory

• Episodic Memory - our prior memory

• Generic Memory - information we hold in the brain. Another name for generic is semantic. We will be using both terms throughout this unit.

• Procedural Memory - our skills we have learned

Episodic Memory

• The event took place in the person's presence, or the person experienced the event. Or the test you took a few weeks ago.

• Some episodic memories are so detailed that it’s like we have photographs in our head of the event. These are called “flashbulb memories,” a clear memory of an emotionally significant event

   “someone special” – remember in detail what they wore, or the conversation, or the environment you were in when you met.

Episodic Memory - How it impacts us...

• 1. We pay more attention to events that have special meaning for us.  Such events usually arouse powerful feelings.

• Also, we tend to think about flashbulb memories often, especially if they are positive ones- first love, the birth of a child, or a special accomplishment.

   Another example is September 11th or the space shuttle challenger exploding.

Episodic Memory Experiment

Ask your parents what their day was like on January 6th, 2005. When they say I have no idea, ask them what their day was like on September 11, 2001.

Semantic Memory

• Unlike with episodic memory, we usually do not remember when we acquired the information in our generic memory.

Procedural Memory

• driving a car, riding a bike or swimming, typing. Once such a skill has been learned, it usually stays with you for many years. Even if you do not use the skill for a long time, you are unlikely to forget it.  

Multiple Select

Seven-year-old Ben is riding his bike to the park to meet some friends. He stops at a stop sign and signals his intention to turn left into the park. Ben’s memory of the laws of the road is an example of ___ memory.

• semantic/generic

• procedural

• episodic

• flashbulb

Multiple Select

Seven-year-old Ben’s ability to ride the bike shows ___memory.

• semantic/generic

• episodic

• procedural

• flashbulb

Multiple Choice

Remembering what the word summer means requires __ memory.

• semantic/generic

• episodic

• procedural

Multiple Choice

Remembering what you did on July 4th, 2017, requires __ memory.

• Episodic Memory

• Generic/Semantic Memory

• Procedural Memory

Multiple Select

Calvin can remember quite vividly the first time his dad took him out to learn how to ride a bike, because he didn’t use training wheels and took a nasty spill, scraping his knee badly. This would best be described as a(n) ___ memory.

• Semantic/generic

• Procedural

• Episodic

• Flashbulb

Multiple Select

Christian memorized a list of state capitals for his geography exam. Once he had done so they became ___memories.

• semantic/generic

• episodic

• flashbulb

• procedural

Multiple Choice

Flashbulb memories are clear memories of an emotionally significant event.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

We tend to think about flashbulb memories often, repeating them in our minds over and over again, solidifying the memory. (especially if they are positive ones- first love, the birth of a child, or a special accomplishment)

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Reading a book is an example of procedural memory.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Knowing the grass is green is an example of semantic memory

• True

• False

How Memory Functions

• Memory is a system or process that stores what we learn for future use.

• Our memory has three basic functions: encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Multiple Choice

A system or process that stores what we learn for future use.

• intelligence

• cognition

• learning

• memory

3 Basic Functions

• Encoding is the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing.

• Storage is retention of the information.

• Retrieval is the act of getting information out of storage and into conscious awareness through recall, recognition, and relearning.

Multiple Select

We retrieve information through which process?

• recall

• recognition

• relearning

• retention

Locating Memory

• Beginning with Karl Lashley, researchers and psychologists have been searching for the engram, which is the physical trace of memory.

• Lashley did not find the engram, but he did suggest that memories are distributed throughout the entire brain rather than stored in one specific area.

• Now we know that three brain areas do play significant roles in the processing and storage of different types of memories: cerebellum, hippocampus, and amygdala.

Multiple Choice

Memory is stored in 1 area of the brain.

• True

• False

Areas of the brain

• The cerebellum’s job is to process procedural memories.

• The hippocampus is where new memories are encoded.

• The amygdala helps determine what memories to store, and it plays a part in determining where the memories are stored based on whether we have a strong or weak emotional response to the event.

Multiple Choice

This part of the brain processes procedural memories

• hippocampus

• cerebellum

• amygdala

• brain stem

Emotions and memory

• Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters, as well as hormones, which strengthen memory, so that memory for an emotional event is usually stronger than memory for a non-emotional event.

• This is shown by what is known as the flashbulb memory phenomenon: our ability to remember significant life events.

• Our memory for life events (autobiographical memory) is not always accurate.

Poll

Emotions impact memories.

• Sure do.

• Not in the least.

Problems with memory

• Our memory is flexible and prone to many errors, which is why eyewitness testimony has been found to be largely unreliable.

• There are several reasons why forgetting occurs. In cases of brain trauma or disease, forgetting may be due to amnesia.

• Another reason we forget is due to encoding failure.

• We can’t remember something if we never stored it in our memory in the first place.

Problems with Memory

• Schacter presents seven memory errors that also contribute to forgetting.

• Information is actually stored in our memory, but we cannot access it due to interference.

• Proactive interference happens when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.

• Retroactive interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.

Multiple Select

Problems with memory can include

• trauma

• encoding failure

• interference

• disease

Ways to enhance memory

• There are many ways to combat the inevitable failures of our memory system.

• Some common strategies that can be used in everyday situations include mnemonic devices, rehearsal, self-referencing, and adequate sleep.

• These same strategies also can help you to study more effectively.

Multiple Select

Strategies that help your memory include

• sleep

• mnemonic devices

• rehearsal

• self-referencing

Models of Memory

• The idea that information is processed through three memory systems is called the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory.

• First, environmental stimuli enter our sensory memory for a period of less than a second to a few seconds.

• Those stimuli that we notice and pay attention to then move into short-term memory.

• According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, if we rehearse this information, then it moves into long-term memory for permanent storage.

Other Models

• Baddeley and Hitch suggest there is more of a feedback loop between short-term memory and long-term memory.

• Long-term memory has a practically limitless storage capacity and is divided into implicit and explicit memory.

Fill in the Blank

What is the number from the beginning of the lesson?