A&P Part B Final Review

Endocrine system:
Physiological portion

Lymphatic System

• Fluid balance

• Fat absorption

• Immunity

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Lymphatic Function

​

• Lymph nodes

• Lymphatic vessels

  • Valves​

• Capillaries

• Lymph Associated Organs/Tissues

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Structures

Lymph Node

Filter Lymph

• 600 scattered around the body

  • palpable nodes

    • found just under the skin in the neck, under the arms, and in the groin area

• High concentration of lymphocytes

Multiple Choice

The tiny oval shaped lymph structure located throughout the body are known as?

• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Lymph fluid

Lymphatic Vessels

Drain lymph from tissues and deposit into veins

• Thin tubes that transport lymph fluid and lymphocytes throughout the body

  • Valves

    • unidirectional flow towards the heart

• larger than blood capillaries and smaller than venule

Lymphatic Capillaries

Drain lymph from tissues and deposit into veins

• Small vessels that transport lymphatic fluid (lymph) directly from the body's cells and tissues.

  • interweaved with blood capillaries

Multiple Choice

The lymphatic capillaries are found:

• Amoung vascular capillary beds

• In the brain

• In the spinal cord

• In bone tissue

Lymph Fluid

Composition

• Mostly water

• Chyle from the intestines

  • lipids and proteins

• Lymphocytes

• Damaged cells, cancer cells, and foreign particles (such as bacteria and viruses) that may have entered the tissue fluids

• Spleen

  • largest secondary lymphatic organ

• Thymus

  • the hormone stimulates T-cell production

• MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

  • ​tonsils

• GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)

  • peyer's patches (intestines)

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Lymphatic Associated Organs/tissues​

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the lymphatic tissue found in the back of the throat?

• thymus

• spleen

• tonsils

• liver

• White Pulp (WP)

  • primary immunologic region

    • T zone and B zone

      • House and regulate the adaptive immune response

    • Waste removal into splenic vein (Blood)

• Red Pulp

  • Degradation and recycling of RBCs

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Spleen

Multiple Choice

The largest lymphatic structure is?

• Lymph
• tonsils
• Spleen

• Fluid leaks out of blood capillaries or tissues

  • approximately 4 liters per day is deposited into the lymph system

• enters lymphatic capillaries

  fluid is now called lymph

• Transported by skeletal muscle contractions to Lymphatic ducts.

Lymph Flow

Multiple Choice

How is lymph moved through lymphatic vessels?

• Contractions of the small intestine
• Blood cells carry lymph through the vessels
• Contractions of the heart
• Contractions of skeletal muscle around the vessels

lymph that drains​ from the following structures

• right arm

• right side of the head

• right side of thorax ​

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​Right Lymphatic Duct

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Lymph that drains from the following structures

• legs

• abdominopelvic area

• left arm

• left side of the head

• thorax ​

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​Thoracic Duct

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Labelling

Place the correct structure over the letter it represents.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

Spleen

Lymph Nodes

Thymus

Tonsil

Lymph Vessels

Blood Types

by Hannah Freeman

​Blood Types=Codominance

​•ABO Blood types

•What are the blood types that you know about?

•A

•B 

•AB

•O

​Codominance in Blood Types

• ​Blood type A, B, and O are all dominant

• ​Vocab to know:

  • ​Antigen: receptor found on the red blood cell surface

  • ​Antibodies: Part of your immune system that help your body defend against foreign material​

• ​Example: Blood type A expresses A antigens present on red blood cells and produce antibodies for B

Open Ended

Example #2: Blood type B will have antigen _____ and antibody _____

Multiple Choice

Which blood type has no antibodies?

• A

• B

• AB

• O

Open Ended

Two parents think their baby was switched at the hospital. Its 1968, so DNA fingerprinting technology does not exist yet. The mother has blood type “O,” the father has blood type “AB,” and the baby has blood type “B.”

Was the baby switched?

Multiple Choice

Which blood type is the universal giver?

• A

• B

• AB

• O

​Practice

​Pretend that Brad Pitt is homozygous for the type B allele, and Angelina Jolie is type “O.” What are all the possible blood types of their baby.

Open Ended

Two parents think their baby was switched at the hospital. Its 1968, so DNA fingerprinting technology does not exist yet. The mother has blood type “O,” the father has blood type “AB,” and the baby has blood type “B.”

Was the baby switched?

Cardiovascular System

• Arteries (carry oxygenated blood)

  • arterioles (small branches)

• veins (carry deoxygenated blood)

  • venules (small branches)

• Capillary bed

  • capillaries are the smallest vessels

  • direct gas exchange with cells and tissues

Blood vessels

• Tunica externa

  • outermost layer

    • elastic membrane​

• Tunica media

  • smooth muscle

• Tunica intima

  • epithelial cells

  • basement membrane

3 layers

Arteries

• Same layers as arteries

  • media tunica is much thinner

  • less elasticity

• Valves

  • prevent backflow of blood

3 layers

Veins

​Arteries

• ​thick elastic walls

• ​smaller expandable lumen (opening)

• ​higher pressure

​Veins

• thinner non-elastic walls

• large lumen

• lower pressure

• valves

​​Arteries vs Veins

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels

• single layer epithelial

  • diffusion of gases in and out of tissues

  • exchange of nutrients and waste

  • capillary sphincters

    • regulate the flow of blood

Blood pressure

The force that blood exerts on the walls of the vessel place with sub-header

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Sphygmomanometer

​A device used to measure blood pressure

​Blood Pressure Terms

Diseases of the veins

• Varicose veins

  • Damage to the valve altering blood flow

    • sedentary lifestyle or genetics

• Deep vein Thrombosis

  • blood clots forms in the vein

    • surgery, inflammation, and damage to the vein

Diseases of the Arteries

• Hypertension

  • blood pressure is consistently 140/90 mm Hg

    • unhealthy lifestyle choices

    • Pregnancy

• Atherosclerosis

  • buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery

    • unhealthy lifestyle choices (hypertension)

    • high cholesterol

• Aneurysm

  • A ballooning and weakened area in an artery

    • Hypertension and atherosclerosis

Disease of the Arteries

• Embolism

  • Blocked artery

    • stroke (brain)

    • pulmonary embolism (lung)

      • hypertension, cholesterol, and lifestyle choices

• Coronary Artery Disease

  • Plaque buildup

    • atherosclerosis and high cholesterol (heart attack/myocardial infarction)

Heart Wall Disorders

• Cardiomyopathy

  • Thinning of ventricular heart walls

    • Hypertension and heart disease

• Valvular dysfunction

  • valves do not function properly; blood leaks back into chambers

    • Murmur

    • Aortic Stenosis

      • Hypertension and atherosclerosis

      • Rheumatic disease (untreated strep throat)

Heart Failure

Reduced cardiac output

• Right side

  • the heart is too weak to pump enough blood to your lungs to get oxygen.

• Left Side

  • the heart can't pump enough oxygen-rich blood out to your body

Function of the respiratory system

To bring oxygen into your body and to rid the
body of carbon dioxide

Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.2

1.

Air enters mouth
and nose. The nose
(nasal cavity warms
the air)

2.

air moves through
the pharynx
(pathway for food
and air)

3.

air moves into the
larynx (voice box) .

nose or nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, throat (pharynx), and voice
box (larynx).

Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.3

trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, lungs with alveoli

Flow of Air

-Air enters the body through the mouth and nose.
-It moves through the pharynx. Both food and air go through
here.
-It passes through the larynx (voice box) to the trachea
(windpipe)
-The trachea is lined with cilia that sweep out foreign particles
like dust.
-The trachea branches into 2 bronchi. These then branch into
smaller tubes called bronchioles
-At the ends of the bronchioles are air sacs called alveoli
where gas exchange takes place.

​Little hairs called cilia line the trachea to sweep out unwated dirt and dust.

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

• to get rid of oxygen

• to get rid of carbon dioxide

• to take in oxygen

• to warm and filter the air you breath

Gas Exchange Between the Blood

and Alveoli

Figure 10.8A

Ioxygen oxygen
leaves the alveoli and
goes into the blood by
diffusion.

The blood travels to
the body cells and
drops off oxygen and
picks up carbon
dioxide.

Carbon dioxide leaves
the blood and goes into
the alveoli by diffusion.
It is the exhaled out

Multiple Choice

How does oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the alveoli and the blood?

• active transport

• diffusion

• osmosis

• absorption

Multiple Choice

Oxygen moves from

• the alveoli into the blood then to body cells

• the body cells to the blood the the alveoli

• the alveoli directly to the body cells

Respiratory Cycle

Figure 10.9

Regulation of Breathing

Figure 10.13

■ Reduced air flow:

■ asthma,

■ emphysema,

■ Infections: pneumonia, tuberculosis,

bronchitis

■ Lung cancer

■ Cystic fibrosis (genetic)

Disorders of Respiratory System

digestive system

By Aguado Angelica

Multiple Choice

Where does the absorption take place?

• Oesophagus

• Stomach

• Small intestine

• Large intestine

• Digestive tract

Parts of the Digestive System

• Mouth

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small Intestine

• Large Intestine

• Liver (A)

• Gallbladder (B)

• Pancreas (C)​

What is Digestion?

Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller particles and molecules that your body can absorb and use.

Breaking Food Down

Mechanical Digestion – Involves the tearing, crushing and mashing of food. Example: When you take a bite and chew it with your teeth or when your muscles of the stomach contract and relax.

Chemical Digestion – When chemicals called enzymes help break down larger molecules into smaller molecules.

What is the path food takes through your body?

1) Mouth – Food is shredded by the teeth and mixed with saliva. Saliva breaks down starches into simple sugars and softens and moistens the food. The tongue pushes the food, now called bolis, down the esophagus.

What is the path food takes to get through your body?

2) Esophagus – The muscles in the esophagus push the bolis down into the stomach while its walls, lined with mucus, makes it easier for the food to slide down.

What is the path food takes to get through your body?

3) Stomach – There is a strong acid called Hydrochloric acid  that dissolves the food.The digestive juices (enzymes and acid) that break protein causing it to now turn into a mush called the bolis. (chyme).  

What is the path food takes to get through your body?

4) Small Intestine – Most of digestion occurs here. Also reabsorption of the broken down macronutrients get reabsorbed in the blood. Nutrients passes into the bloodstream through the villi, which line the small intestine walls, and are transported throughout the body.

What is the path food takes to get through your body?

5) Large Intestine – Materials that cannot be absorbed pass into the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and stores waste until it can be eliminated from the body.

The liver makes a digestive juice called bile that helps digest fats and some vitamins. Bile ducts carry bile from your liver to your gallbladder for storage, or to the small intestine for use.

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​Liver

The gallbladder stores bile, a thick liquid that's produced by the liver to help us digest fat. When you eat, the gallbladder's thin, muscular lining squeezes bile into the small intestine through the main bile duct.

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​Gallbladder

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During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. Your pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones.

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​Pancreas

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