Cell Signaling Summary & Intro to Protein Synthesis

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It's okay to make errors or have forgotten things. You should do your best to brain-dump everything in your head without resources to improve what you learn from the next slides.

The 'IDENTIFY and LIST' means you can give vocabulary words to help you think. You should be able to reach DESCRIBE, but if you are stuck, start with a vocabulary dump. Or, try writing without the vocabulary if you don't remember it- just describe general processes and use ?? where you've forgotten a word.

IDENTIFY, LIST, DESCRIBE, PROVIDE EXAMPLES, and/or EXPLAIN everything you remember about cell signaling.

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Review from Earlier in Semester & Connections:

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ratio is too low, as occurs with larger cells, environmental signals could be 'drowned out'. Cell signalling occurs via the same structures that govern this ratio.



Receptors for polar molecules are found in the ​

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, because polar molecules cannot cross the phospholipid tails easily. Receptors for non-polar molecules are found in the ​

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, as these molecules are not opposed by the phospholipid tails.



​However,

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can afford to be larger than other cells because they have a nucleus and organelles that provide compartmentalization. Compartmentalization in conjunction with complex signalling and feedback mehcanisms allow these larger types of cells to maintain homeostasis.

Categorize

Options (16)

receptor

transduction

ligand

secondary messengers

requires blood vessels and lymphatic system

long distance

closest distance

adjacent, near distances

neurons at the synapse

multicellular organisms only

response

complementary binding

phosphorylation

conformational changes in proteins

stimulation

inhibition

This is a framework for the first brain-dump question we did.

Sort the terms for signaling into whether they specifically describe endocrine, autocrine, juxta/paracrine signaling, or are generally true or present in all signaling methods. Do not submit when done immediately; instead discuss/recall in more depth what each item means where you can.

See the answer explanation for details about how much you should know for each.

Generally, All Signaling Types

Endocrine

Autocrine

Juxtacrine and Paracrine

Hotspot

Mark the location of cellular response.

Match

Match the following terms.

The image might help. Once you've matched them and before submitting, find examples of them in the image and talk about how they are interacting with your partner.

• DNA

• RNA

• ribosome

• protein

• nucleus

instructions, double helix

messenger, single helix

produces protein

can be a receptor, enzyme, etc.

only found in eukaryotes

• instructions, double helix

• messenger, single helix

• produces protein

• can be a receptor, enzyme, etc.

• only found in eukaryotes

Drag and Drop

One form of cellular response is for the cell to begin or stop the production of a protein.



Protein synthesis is also known as the central dogma.



In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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carries the instructions for protein production.

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.



This is a temporary messenger, which in eukaryotes, will leave the ​

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where it was formed. This nucleic acid is capable of leaving and going into the cytoplasm. In prokaryotes, this entire process will happen in the cytoplasm.



In the cytoplasm, a ​

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can convert the message in the RNA to a sequence of amino acids, otherwise known as a ​

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. After folding, this will form a protein.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

DNA

RNA

nucleus

ribosome

cytoplasm

membrane

polypeptide

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Describe what appears to be happening in the GIF. You may make inferences based on what you already know, or just use the image and its labels.

We'll then learn a little more and come back to this image.

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In multicellular organisms, cells interact and respond to one another to maintain homeostasis for the whole organism. When cell density is high, the growth of other cells is

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to prevent crowding. In contrast, when there is an injury, cell growth is ​

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so that the body can replace the dead cells.





As part of some signaling pathway responses, transcription factors called ​

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factors stimulate the production of more cell structures to prepare for division. These factors should be produced and used by healthy cells, and cells have ways of knowing whether they are healthy or not.



Cells check the quality of their ​

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before beginning the cell cycle to make new cells, because if this molecule has been damaged significantly, the daughter cells won't have the necessary instructions to make functional proteins.



A cell determined to be unhealthy should receive a signal to die. This process is called​ ​

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. Cells that ignore the death signal are cancerous.

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Paste your writing from earlier, and add some details based on what we just learned to describe the cell cycle.