Physical Science 2-2: Physical Properties of Matter

Lesson 2-2: States of Matter & Physical Properties of Matter

Multiple Choice

Benjamin is conducting an experiment to find out the amount of matter in different objects. What is he measuring ?

• volume

• inertia

• mass

• weight

Multiple Choice

Aiden is filling a balloon with air. What is he measuring as the balloon expands?

• matter

• mass

• volume

• element

Lesson Objectives

• Describe what it means when a property is a physical property

• Describe density

  • calculate the density of an object

• use density to describe if an object will float or sink

What are the three states of Matter

• All matter is made up of particles

• Adding or subtracting energy can help move the particles into different rearrangements

• State: The physical form of matter

  • The arrangement of these particles determines the state of matter

Solids and Their Properties

• Solid: The State of Matter in which the volume and shape of a substance are fixed

  • Particles are held close together with little movement

  • Particles have very little energy

Liquids and Their Properties

• Liquid: The State of Matter that has a definite volume but indefinite shape

  • Particles are close together, but can move and slide past each other, allowing them to change their shape to fit the container

  • Particles have more energy than a solid, but are still low-energy

Gases and Their Properties

• Gas: A form of Matter that does not have a definite shape or volume

  • Particles have a high level of movement and can spread out or compact to fill an entire container

  • Particles have lots of energy that allows them to move far apart

Multiple Choice

What state of matter does the picture represent?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Choice

What is a Solid?

• Matter that has a fixed shape and size.

• Matter that has no fixed shape or size

• Matter that has a fixed size and no fixed shape

• Matter that has no fixed shape and size

Multiple Choice

In which state of matter will there be the LARGEST space between molecules?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Choice

This state of matter has a constant volume, but fits the space of the container holding it.

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

What are Physical Properties of Matter?

• Physical Property: A characteristic of a substance that can be detected and measured without making a new substance.

  • does not involve a chemical change

  • Can be used to identify an object

• There are many different physical properties that can be measured both with and without tools

• Some Simple Physical Properties:

  • Color

  • Texture

  • Odor

Conductivity

• Thermal Conductivity: How Heat moves through an object

• Electrical Conductivity: How Electricity moves through an object

• Metals tend to have both higher thermal and electrical conductivity due to how they are structured

Ductility, Malleability, Compressibility

• Ductility: The ability of a substance to be pulled into a wire

• Malleability: The ability of a substance to be rolled into a shape

• Compressibility: The ability to be squeezed or pressed together

Solubility

• Solubility: The ability of a substance to dissolve

  • Some substances are easier to dissolve than others

• Solubility is a physical change because it is possible to reverse the change and go back to the original state

  • Example: Dissolving salt in to water and then evaporating the water allows you to collect the salt

Magnetism

• Magnetism: The ability of a substance to attract and repel other magnetic objects

  • It is based on the arrangement of electrons in an object

• Objects can be made more or less magnetic through several different means, but still remain the same object

Multiple Choice

The rate at which a substance transfers heat is called....

• Electrical conductivity

• Thermal conductivity

• Malleability

• Boiling point

Multiple Choice

The ability of one substance to dissolve when put into another substance is called...

• Magnetism

• Compressibility

• Solubility

• Malleability

Multiple Choice

A characteristic of matter that can be observed and/or measured without changing the identity of the substance is a...

• Physical Property

• Chemical Property

Density

• Density: A physical property of matter that describes the amount of mass in a given volume

  • How much Matter exists in a given space

• Density can be used to tell the difference between similar-looking objects

  • Example: A golf ball and a ping pong ball are the same size, but the ping pong ball has less mass

• Density is a property that never changes, regardless of how much of an object you have

Calculating Density

• Density can be calculated using the base equation of mass divided by volume

• If you are given any two variables in the density equation, you can solve for the third.

Density Sample Problem 1

• What is the density of mercury if 270 grams of mercury has a volume of 20 ml?

  • Step 1: Identify the information that you know

    • Mass= 270 grams

    • Volume= 20 ml

  • Step 2: Substitute your known information into the density equation and solve

Density Sample Problem 2

• What is the density of gold if 28 grams of gold has a volume of 1.45 cm³?

  • Step 1: Identify the information that you know

    • Mass= 28 grams

    • Volume= 1.45 cm³

  • Step 2: Substitute your known information into the density equation and solve

Density of Solids

• Density is a ratio of both mass and volume, so objects with the same mass can have different densities

  • Example: 1 kg of lead is the same shape as a stick of butter, while 1 kg of feathers is the size of a pillow

• If a solid object has a lower density than water, it will float on the water

  • Water has a density = 1.0

Density of Liquids

• Different liquids have different densities.

• When liquids of different densities are added to each other, they will arrange themselves into layers with the lowest density on the top and the highest density on the bottom

Multiple Choice

What is the formula for density?

• density = mass x volume
• density = mass / volume
• density = mass + volume
• density = mass - volume

Multiple Choice

Why do some substances float on water?

• they are warmer than water
• they are cooler than water
• they are more dense than water
• they are less dense than water

Reorder

Put the liquids in order from least dense to most dense?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

1

2

3

4

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

What is a Physical Change?

• Physical Change: a change in matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties

  • An object might change its state and appearance, but it is still the same substance

  • Physical changes can be undone/reversed

• Examples

  • Cutting

  • Melting

  • Evaporating

  • Dissolving

Energy and Changes of State

• Changes in state are related to the amount of energy an object has

  • Kinetic Energy=Temperature=heat

• As an object absorbs heat, it gains energy, and particles move faster/farther apart

• As an object releases heat, it loses energy, and particles move more slowly/closer together

• The particles in the object may rearrange themselves, but do not break apart.

Melting

• Melting: The change from solid to liquid caused by the addition of energy to a substance

• Melting Point: The temperature at which a substance begins to melt

Freezing

• Freezing: The change from liquid to solid as a substance decreases the amount of energy

• Freezing Point: The temperature at which a substance begins to freeze

Vaporization

• Vaporization: The change from a liquid to a gas

  • Boiling point: The Temperature at which a liquid begins to boil and change from liquid to gas

    • Happens quickly

  • Vaporization Point: The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas

• Vaporization that occurs gradually over time without adding a significant amount of energy is called Evaporation

​Condensation

• Condensation: The process of a gas turning into a liquid

  • Cooling the temperature reduces the energy of particles, which allows particles to return to a liquid state​

• Condensation point: The temperature at which a gas becomes a liquid

​Sublimation

• Solids generally melt into a liquid at a gradual temperature change

• In some cases, solids change to the vapor state without passing through the liquid phase

• Sublimation: The change from a solid to a gas state

How are Changes of State & Temperature Related

• Adding/removing energy to a substance does one of two things to the substance

  • It changes the temperature of the substance

  • It changes the state of the substance

• These two things can not happen at the same time because energy is needed to separate the particles

Multiple Choice

The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid is the

• freezing point.

• saturation point.

• boiling point.

• condensation point.

Multiple Choice

A substance changes from a liquid to a gas during evaporation because

• energy is lost.

• energy is released.

• energy is created.

• energy is absorbed.

Multiple Choice

When the temperature of matter increases the particles...

• speed up and move closer
• speed up and move farther apart
• slow down and move closer together
• slow down and move farther apart