Electricity from Hydroelectric Power

Hydro means (a)   and hydro energy is energy from falling water. Hydro energy is (b)   and (c)   . Hydro energy is an indirect form of solar energy. Solar radiation (d)   water from the ocean, which forms into clouds. When the moisture in the clouds condenses, it falls as rain or snow. The water, pulled by (e)   , makes its way back to the oceans in streams and rivers. The water cycle is continuous and as long as the water cycle continues, there will be hydro energy.

• water
• clean
• renewable
• evaporates
• gravity

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Humans have used (a)   for centuries. The ancient Egyptians and Romans used (b)   to grind grain and to raise water to higher levels for (c)   of crops and domestic purposes. During the (d)   , factories were constructed beside rivers to use hydro energy.

• hydro energy
• water wheels
• irrigation
• Industrial Age

The amount of hydro energy available is determined by the volume of water and vertical distance through which it falls ( (a)   ). The simplest way of increasing the head or potential of hydro energy is to construct a (b)   across a river and store vast amounts of water behind it in a (c)   . The water is then released in a controlled way down a tube called a (d)   to spin modern water wheels called (e)   . The turbines are connected to machines called electrical generators.

• head
• dam
• reservoir
• penstock
• turbines

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Inside the generators are (a)   and coils pass through a (b)   that produces electricity. The electricity is then carried away on big wires called (c)   . The electricity on a transmission line is very powerful, too powerful to be used right away in your home. This powerful electricity goes to a place called a (d)   (switchyard) where power is reduced. From the substation, the electricity travels along the wire on power poles to your neighborhood. Wires from a power pole on the street carry the electricity into your home. Wires in the wall of you home carry the electricity to wall outlets and lights.

• magnets
• magnetic field
• transmission lines
• substation

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Label the Parts of the Hydro-Electric Dam

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

Power Plant

Dam

Penstock

Trasformer

Switch Yard

Generator

Gate

Turbine

Winch for the intake gate

Resevoir

The water turbine drives the generator which converts  ................

• The mechanical energy to electrical energy
• The electrical energy to electrical energy
• None

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The advantage of hydroelectric power station.

• It has the lowest running cost
• Simple in design and construction
• Very small running operation cost

The disadvantage of hydroelectric power station.

• The highest initial cost compared to other types of plant.
• It involve high capital cost due to construction of dam. 
• There is a problem in starting the unit.
• The overall efficiency is low (20%).

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