_____use light energy to make organic molecules

Heterotrophs consume organic molecules from other organisms for energy and carbon

Photosynthesis converts ______ energy to _______ energy of food

What are the sites of photosynthesis in plants?

Mesophyll are chloroplasts mainly found in leaf cells

What are pores in leaf cells where CO2 enter and O2 exits

The green pigment in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts are called

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

What is the Redox reaction of photosynthesis

What enabled researchers to track atoms through photosynthesis (van Niel)

Light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

Longer wavelength=higher energy

(blue-green) light reaction, converts solar

to chemical energy

(yellow-green): conveys E to chlorophyll a

(yellow, orange): photoprotection, broaden

color spectrum for photosynthesis

(red, purple, blue): photoprotection,

antioxidants

What determine the effectiveness of different wavelengths for photosynthesis?

Action Spectrum plots rate

of photosynthesis vs.

wavelength

Engelmann used bacteria to measure rate of photosynthesis in _____

What wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis?

Light energy splits H2O to O2 releasing _____

energy ______

The movement of e- is used to generate ATP

Electrons end up on ________, reducing it to

_______

Electrons in chlorophyll molecules are

excited by reflection of light

reaction center & light-harvesting

complexes (pigment + protein)

What are the two routes for electron flow?

When the chlorophyll is excited by light absorption, energy is passed to the reaction center of ____________ (protein + chlorophyll a)

During the linear electron flow, e- are captured by the _____

How are the e- replaced during linear electron flow?

After e- move through PSII, they are passed to ____________ via ETC

Energy transfer pumps H+ to the thylakoid space

ATP is produced by _______________ and e- moves from PSI's ________________________to 2nd ETC. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH as well.

What is the main idea of the light reactions?

The cyclic electron flow uses _______ only and produces ONLY _____ for Calvin cycle

Both respiration and photosynthesis use ___________to generate ATP

Proton motive force generated by:

What uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar

The Calvin cycle occurs in the _______, produces ATP, NADPH, _____, and 3-C sugar _____

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

In phase 1 of the Calvin Cycle, 3 CO2 are added to RuBP and catalzyed by the enzyme ________

Phase 2 of the Calvin Cycle uses 6 ATP and 6 NADPH to produce 1 net ___

Phase 3 of the Calvin Cycle uses 3 ATP to regenerate _____

Photorespiration is a metabolic pathway which uses O2 & produces CO2, uses ATP, and there's no sugar production (rubisco binds O2---> breakdown of RuBP

Photorespiration occurs on cold, dry dark days when stomata close (conserve H2O)

In C3 plants, CO2 is fixed to a ____ compound in the Calvin Cycle (Ex. Rice, wheat, soybeans)

In C4 plants, CO2 is fixed to a ___ compound (Ex. corn, sugarcane, grass)

What are the two cell types of C4 plants?

PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 (4-C), pump CO2 to bundle sheath

CO2 used in Calvin Cycle

Which type of plants open their stomata at night-->CO2 enters---> converts to organic acid, which is stored in mesophyll cells and in the day, their stomata is closed--> light reactions supply ATP, NADPH; CO2 released from organic acids for Calvin Cycle (Ex, cacti, pineapples)

Which type of plant perform C fixation & Calvin together?

Which type of plant performs C fixation & Calvin

in different cells?

Which type of plant performs C fixation & Calvin

at different TIMES?

What embedded protein complex found in the thylakoids membrane uses excited e- to reduce NADP+ into NADPH

What embedded protein complex found in the thylakoid membrane provides excited e- to the ETC

What embedded protein complex found the the thylakoid membrane converts ADP to ATP using free energy from a flow of H+?

What is the source of replacement electrons for those released from Photosystem II

What is the source of replacement electrons for those released from photosystem two

Carbon dioxide is involved in the light-dependent reaction

Where do the ATP and NADPH produced during the light dependent reactions go when the process is complete?

Each RuBP molecule contains 5 carbon atoms. How many RuBP molecules are used in one turn of the Calvin Cycle?

How many CO2 molecules are used in one turn of the Calvin cycle?

How many PGA molecules are made in one turn of the Calvin cycle?

What happened to the carbon Adams from the carbon dioxide molecules that entered the Calvin cycle?

PGA molecules are reduced into PGAL by losing and oxygen. What types and how many molecules provide the free energy necessary for the reduction of the PGA molecules?

How many Water molecules are produced of the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle

How many PGAL molecules continue onto the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle?

What molecule is regenerated during the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle?

What happens to the PGAL/G3P molecule that does not continue on in the Calvin cycle?

How many G3P molecules will it take to make one molecule of glucose?

How many turns of the Calvin cycle will it take to make one molecule of glucose

Order these words chronologically in the order in which the energy flow occurs:

electrons Glucose ATP Sunlight