the high degree of order within an organism's internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world

the smallest unit that can perform all life's processes

structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system

organisms that are made up of one cell

organisms made up of multiple cells

groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow the organ to function

tiny structures that carry out function necessary for the cell to stay alive

the chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about movement , energy use, and other cellular functions

the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing

the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment

the formation of two new cells from an existing cell

the process by which an organisms becomes a mature adult

the process in which all organisms produce new organisms like themselves

a short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait of an orgaism

the branch of biology that studies organisms interacting with each other

communities of living species and their physical environments

disease causing strain that is highly infectious

transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism

viruses that affect bacteria

rod shaped structures made of DNA and protein (found in the nucleus)

the protein in eukaryotic cells that DNA wraps tightly around

the name for each half of a chromosome

the point where two chromatids of a chromosome are attached

the less tightly coiled DNA-protein complex

chromosomes that determine the sex of an organisms and may also carry genes for other characteristics

all chromosomes in an organism besides the sex chromosomes

chromosomes that are the same size and shape and carry genes for the same triat

a photomicrograph of the chromosomes in a normal dividing cell (typically of a human)

cells having 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

cells containing only one set of chromosomes like egg and sperm (1n)

the division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells

results in new cells with genetic material that is identical to the genetic material of the original cell

the production of offspring from one parent

reduces chromosome number by half in new cells

haploid reproductive cells (sperm and egg)

the time between cell division

the division of the cells cytoplasm

first step of mitosis

made of microtubules and radiate from the centrosomes to help with division of the chromosomes

second phase of mitosis

third phase of mitosis

last phase of mitosis

The pairing of homologous chromosomes (only in meiosis)

each pair of homologous chromosomes

portions of chromatids may break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome

a new mixture of genetic material is created

the random separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis and resulting in genetic variation

the production of sperm cells

the production of mature egg cells or ova

the three cells produceds during oogenesis that will not become eggs and eventually degenerate

the production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg

two short cylinders of microtubules in animal cells that organize the cytoskeleton during cell division

consists of three parts; a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

the 5-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide

contains nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms and is a base (opposite of an acid)

nitrogenous bases with a double ring of carbon, ie. adenine and guanine

nitrogenous bases with a single ring of carbon, ie. cytosine, thymine, and uracil

in DNA, cytosine on one strand pairs with guanine on the the opposite strand and adenine on one strand pairs with thymine on the opposite strand

one purine with one pyrimidine (according to the base pairing rule)

the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA

the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission.

enzyme that separates complementary DNA strands

The Y-shaped region that results when the two DNA strands separate

enzyme that adds complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands of DNA

Each of the new DNA molecules made has kept one of the two original DNA strands

A change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule

a copy of DNA that is allowed to leave the nucleus (and no, this is not your book definition)

DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA

RNA directs the assembly of proteins

forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA, also called gene expression

the sugar contained in RNA

a single stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein

part of the structure of the organelle where protein synthesis occurs

transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein (please don't get this wrong)

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA on a DNA template

a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription

a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene

the term for the rules that relate how a sequence of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides corresponds to a particular amino acid

each three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or stop signal

three-nucleotide sequence on the tRNA that is complementary to the sequence of a codon in mRNA

the entire gene sequence of all the DNA found in a cell

The development of cells that have specialized functions

regulatory genes that determine where certain anatomical structures, such as appendages, will develop in an organism during morphogenesis

genes that regulate cell growth

a gene that can cause uncontrolled cell proliferation

an abnormal proliferation of cells that results from uncontrolled, abnormal cell division.

Uncontrolled growth of cells that can invade other parts of the body

code for proteins that prevent cell division from occurring too often

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

Any substance that can induce or promote cancer.

tumors that grow in the skin and the tissues that line the organs of the body

tumors that grow in the skin and the tissues that line the organs of the body

Tumors that grow in bone and muscle tissue

Solid tumors that grow in the tissues of the lymphatic system

The field of Biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring

The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

a genetically determined variant of a characteristic

occurs when pollen grains produced in the male reproductive parts of a flower called the anthers, are transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower

occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower the the stigma of either that flower or another flower on the same plant

Occurs between flowers of two plants

Plants that are pure for a trait and always produce offspring with that trait when they self pollinate

Parent generation

The offspring of the P generation

The offspring of the F₁ generation

Factor that masks the factor for the other trait in the pair

factor that has no observable effect on an organism's appearance when that trait is paired with a trait controlled by a dominant factor

a pair of factors is segregated or separated during the formation of gametes

factors separate independently of one another during the formation of gametes

the study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes

each of two or more alternative forms of a gene

An organism's genetic makeup

An organism's appearance

When both alleles of a pair are alike

When the two alleles in the pair are different

the likelihood that a specific event will occur

a cross in which one characteristic is tracked

a diagram to aid in predicting the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring

an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual

The ratio of the genotypes that appears in the offspring

The ratio of the phenotype that appears in the offspring

One allele is completely dominant over another

when the phenotype of a heterozygous is intermediate between the phenotypes determined by the dominant and recessive traits

Occurs when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring

A cross in which two characteristics are tracked