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AP Bio Unit 4 (Cell Communication and Cell Cycle)

Total questions: 100

Worksheet time: 2hrs 31mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a
a)
ligand
b)
second messenger
c)
protein kinase
d)
receptor protein
2.
Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?
a)
cAMP
b)
G Protein
c)
protein kinase
d)
protein phosphatase
3.
What do second messengers do?
a)
transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
b)
relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
c)
relay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasm
d)
dampen the message
4.
Signal amplification is most often achieved by
a)
an enzyme cascade
b)
binding of multiple signals
c)
branching pathways
d)
action of adenylyl cyclase
5.
What does a protein kinase do?
a)
removes phosphates
b)
transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins
c)
activates an enzyme
6.
What does a protein phosphatase do?
a)
removes phosphates
b)
transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins
c)
activates an enzyme with a signal molecule
7.
What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?
a)
phosphorylation cascade
b)
cAMP
c)
signal receptors
d)
phosphatase
8.
What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?
a)
size
b)
polarity
c)
ability to cross the membrane
d)
all of these are correct
9.
Which of the following is a chemical message that usually travels through the bloodstream to target cells?
a)
hormone
b)
local regulator
c)
endocrine cell
10.

Cells can communicate with one another via:

a)

chemical messengers

b)

hormones

c)

gap junctions

d)

all of these

11.
What is a G protein?
a)
specific type of membrane-receptor protein
b)
protein on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane
c)
membrane-bound enzyme
d)
relay protein
12.
The three stages of cell signalling are
a)
paracrine, local, and synaptic
b)
reception, transduction, and response
c)
transcription, translation, and folding
d)
alpha, beta, and gamma
13.
1.  Each of the following numbered processes are involved in signal transduction pathways:  
 I.  Response  
II.  Amplification  
 III.  Reception  
IV.  Transduction
 Which of the following represents the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?
a)
I, II, III, IV
b)
III, I, IV, II
c)
II, IV, I, III
d)
III, IV, II, I
14.
What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?
a)
G-protein receptor
b)
tyrosine kinase receptor
c)
gated ion channel
15.
Protein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a(n) ____ to them.
a)
phosphate
b)
ATP molecule
c)
cAMP
d)
GTP
16.
What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?
a)
gated ion channel
b)
G-protein receptor
c)
tyrosine kinase receptor
17.
G proteins are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals originating from outside a cell into the inside of the cell. G proteins function as molecular switches.
Which of the following best describes the role in which the G protein is most intimately involved in the process shown above?
a)
Production of the ligand molecule.
b)
Reception of the signal.
c)
Transduction of the signal.
d)
Production of response to signal.
18.

Type of cell signaling where the ligand is released and will affect cells in its "neighborhood"

a)

autocrine signaling

b)

juxtracrine signaling

c)

paracrine signaling

d)

endocrine signaling

19.

Type of cell signaling where the ligand is produced at a location distant from its target cell(s)

a)

autocrine signaling

b)

juxtracrine signaling

c)

paracrine signaling

d)

endocrine signaling

20.

What is being depicted in the image?

a)

Amplification of the signal molecule

b)

Enzymatic proteins inhibiting process of the signal transduction pathway

c)

Kinase groups adding dimer groups to other enzymes

d)

Diffusion of molecules within the cell due to the signaling molecule

21.

Testosterone does not affect all cells of the body because __________.

a)

testosterone cannot cross the plasma membrane

b)

not all cells have cytoplasmic receptors for testosterone

c)

not all cells in the body have membrane receptors for testosterone

d)

it is a local regulator

e)

it affects only cells that have ion-channel receptors

22.

The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is __________.

a)

protein dehydrogenase

b)

protein kinase

c)

protein phosphatase

d)

peptidase

e)

protein cyclase

23.

The source of phosphate for a phosphorylation cascade is __________.

a)

cAMP

b)

protein kinase

c)

GTP

d)

ATP

e)

protein phosphatase

24.

Receptors for signal molecules __________.

a)

all work via protein kinases

b)

are never found in the nucleus of a cell

c)

may be found embedded in the plasma membrane, or found within the cytoplasm or nucleus

d)

all work by opening ion channels

e)

are only found associated with the plasma membrane

25.
Which of the following statement is correct?
a)
Cell communicate with one another in multicellular organisms using extracellular signaling molecules or hormones
b)
Cell communicate with one another in unicellular organisms using extracellular signaling antigen and antibody
c)
Cell communicate with one another in multicellular organisms using intracellular signaling molecules only
d)
Cell communicate with one another in unicellular organisms using intracellular signaling antigen and antibody
26.
A cell is known to respond to a particular signaling molecule. Which of the following must be true of this cell?
a)
It is in the heart muscle
b)
it is also the site of production for the signaling molecule
c)
It contains the receptor for the signaling molecule
d)
It is incapable of signal transduction
27.

What is Apoptosis?

a)

Cell programmed Death

b)

Inflammation of cell

c)

Phagocytosis

d)

Plasmolysis

28.

Why is apoptosis required?

a)

Glycolysis

b)

Cell division: Meiosis and mitosis

c)

Growth and elimination of threats such as viruses and DNA damage

29.

Which of these is a pro of an enzymatic cascade?

a)

It leads to regulation

b)

It amplifies the response of a single binding molecule

c)

It decreases the response of a single binding molecule

d)

Because it is unregulated, it provides a variety of responses

30.

Growth factors are a family of proteins that bind to receptors with the main purpose of proliferating and/or differentiating?

a)

True

b)

False

31.

Membrane receptors can be classified into different families based on their structures, their kinase activity, and the ligand they bind to.

a)

True

b)

False

32.

Which item listed below is not involved in some way in signal transduction for the cell?

a)

Protein kinase

b)

Small cyclic nucleotide

c)

Membrane receptor protein

d)

phosphorylated protein

e)

None of the above

33.

Which chemical molecule below would be a common theme amongst the signaling pathways to turn on or off a protein?

a)

PO4

b)

SO4

c)

CLO4

d)

AMP

e)

None of the above

34.

Signal amplification is most often achieved by

a)

an enzyme or phosphorylation cascade

b)

binding of multiple signals

c)

branching pathways

d)

action of adenylyl cyclase

35.

What does a protein kinase do?

a)

removes phosphates

b)

transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins

c)

activates an enzyme

36.

What does a protein phosphatase do?

a)

removes phosphates

b)

transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins

c)

activates an enzyme

37.

Hormones, both protein and steroids, are typically synthesized and sent out through the blood stream to reach far-off parts of the body. Therefore these are being used in ____ signaling.

a)

endocrine

b)

juxtacrine

c)

autocrine

d)

paracrine

38.

How do bacteria sense local population density?

a)

quorum sensing

b)

bacteria sensing

c)

signal sensing

d)

population sensing

39.

Local signaling in animals is called what?

a)

paracrine

b)

endocrine

c)

hormone

40.

Long distance signaling in animals is called what?

a)

paracrine

b)

endocrine

c)

hormone

d)

gap junctions

41.

An example of DIRECT cell communication is:

a)

White blood cells bumping into each other sharing antigen info

b)

Neurons communicating across a synapse/synaptic space

c)

Hormones traveling through the blood stream to target tissues

42.

An example of LOCAL cell communication is:

a)

White blood cells bumping into each other sharing antigen info

b)

Neurons communicating across a synapse

c)

Hormones traveling through the blood stream to target tissues

43.

A cell converting a chemical signal into a cellular response is known as __.

a)

energetics

b)

transduction

c)

ligand response

d)

transformation

44.

Describe what occurs when a protein ligand binds to a membrane receptor.

a)

conformation change of the shape of the receptor

b)

ligand passes through the membrane

c)

phosphorylation of ligand

d)

receptor binds additional ligands

45.

cAMP is considered a "secondary messenger" which takes the original message (from the ligand) and _____________.

a)

amplifies it (spreads/grows it)

b)

shuts it off

c)

simply transfers the message to one kinase molecule

46.
What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?
a)
size
b)
polarity
c)
ability to cross the membrane
d)
all of these are correct
47.

Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine stimulates a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Which of the following describes the initial steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?

a)

Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; the activated receptor stimulates production of the second messenger, cAMP

.

b)

Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; the activated receptor catalyzes the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

c)

Epinephrine diffuses through the plasma membrane; the hormone dimerizes in the cytosol.

d)

Epinephrine is taken into the cell by endocytosis; glycogen is converted to glucose in the endocytotic vesicle.

48.

Cell communication is critical for the function of both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, and is largely dependent on specific protein molecules for signal reception and transduction. Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling?

a)

Cell signaling uses the highest molecular weight molecules found in living cells.

b)

Cell signaling has largely been replaced by other cell functions in higher mammals.

c)

Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.

d)

Cell signaling functions mainly during early developmental stages.

49.
The two types of feedback systems that help organisms maintain homeostasis are:
a)
positive and negative 
b)
receptor and effector
c)
static and dynamic
d)
minor and major
50.
Maintaining body temperature is an example of a:
a)
negative feedback loop
b)
positive feedback loop
51.

When glucose levels in the blood rise, your brain sends a signal to your pancreas. The pancreas releases insulin, which opens channels in cell membranes to allow glucose to enter the cell, lowering blood sugar levels. This is an example of a:

a)

Positive Feedback Loop

b)

Negative Feedback Loop

52.
Homeostasis
a)
allows for a wildly fluctuating internal environment
b)
is impossible in vertebrates
c)
is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment and often incorporates a form of feedback regulation
d)
is the maintenance of a relatively stable external environment and often incorporates a form of feedback regulation
53.
What type of feedback loop is shown?
a)
negative
b)
neutral 
c)
positive
54.
What type of feedback loop is shown?
a)
Positive
b)
Neutral
c)
Negative
55.

When you get cut, your skin cells release hormones that signal platelets to come and stop the bleeding. Platelets then release more hormones that signal even more platelets to help stop bleeding. The hormone signals continue until the cut is closed. This is an example of what type of feedback?

a)

Positive Feedback Response

b)

Negative Feedback Loop

56.

If the calcium in your blood decreases below homeostasis levels, a gland in the brain will sense the decrease and send a chemical message to your bones. Your bones will release calcium into the blood, bringing blood calcium levels back up. This is an example of what type of feedback?

a)

Positive Feedback Response

b)

Negative Feedback Loop

57.

As you get dehydrated, your blood becomes thicker and harder to pump. Your kidneys will respond by stopping urine production, sending the water from urine into your bloodstream to thin your blood back to normal level. This is an example of what type of feedback?

a)

Positive Feedback Response

b)

Negative Feedback Loop

58.

reverses the direction of change

a)

positive feedback

b)

effector

c)

hypothalamus

d)

negative feedback

59.

increases or speeds up original change

a)

negative feedback

b)

positive feedback

c)

endotherm

d)

ectotherm

60.
Which of the following is the correct acronym for the stages of the cell cycle?
a)
IPMATC
b)
MPIATC
c)
CAPMIT
d)
IMATCP
61.
Cells spend 90% of their time in this stage of the cell cycle. This is the reason you would see most cells in this stage if viewed under a microscope.
a)
Prophase
b)
Metaphase
c)
Anaphase
d)
Interphase
62.
Cell division occurs to allow for 
a)
Growth
b)
Reproduction
c)
Repair
d)
All of the above
63.
The sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated (come apart) and move to opposite ends of the cell. Name that Stage!
a)
Prophase
b)
Metaphase
c)
Anaphase
d)
Telophase
64.
The cytoplasm is divided between the cells splitting the cell into two. Name that Stage!
a)
Cytokinesis
b)
Interphase
c)
Prophase
d)
Metaphase
65.
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane start to disappear, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and spindle fibers start to form. Name that Stage!
a)
Interphase
b)
Prophase
c)
Metaphase
d)
Anaphase
66.
The chromosomes start to line up in the middle of the cell.
a)
Prophase
b)
Metaphase
c)
Anaphase
d)
Telophase
67.
How many chromosomes do human body cells have?
a)
23
b)
46
c)
92
d)
None of these
68.
What type(s) of cells undergo mitosis?
a)
sex cells
b)
gametes
c)
body cells
d)
sperm and egg cells
69.
What do the cells look like at the end of mitosis?
a)
different from original cell
b)
similar to the original cell
c)
identical to the original cell
d)
none of these
70.
Identify the stage of the cell cycle while looking at the picture.
a)
Prophase
b)
Metaphase
c)
Anaphase
d)
Telophase
71.
Identify the stage of the cell cycle while looking at the picture.
a)
Interphase
b)
Telophase
c)
Metaphase
d)
Cytokinesis
72.
Identify the stage of the cell cycle while looking at the picture.
a)
Prophase
b)
Metaphase
c)
Anaphase
d)
Telophase
73.
*Identify the stage of the cell cycle while looking at the picture.
a)
Prophaese
b)
Metaphase
c)
Anaphase
d)
Telophase
74.

Identify the stage of the cell cycle while looking at the picture.

a)

Early Prophase

b)

Metaphase

c)

Anaphase

d)

Interphase

75.

The arrow is pointing to the:

a)

Spindle fibers

b)

Equator

c)

Cleavage Furrow

d)

Chromosomes

76.

The arrow is labeling:

a)

Nuclear membrane

b)

Chromatin

c)

Chromosomes

d)

Centrioles

77.

The circle is labeling:

a)

Nuclear membrane

b)

Chromatin

c)

Chromosomes

d)

Centrioles

78.
Which of the following is not a part of interphase?
a)
G2
b)
M
c)
G1
d)
S
79.
DNA is replicated during ______ of the cell cycle.
a)
G1
b)
S
c)
G2
d)
G0
80.
The uncontrolled division of cells can lead to:
a)
cancer
b)
mitosis
c)
meiosis
d)
cellular recombination
81.

Apoptosis is

a)

programmed cell death

b)

mysterious cell death

c)

programmed cellular mutation

d)

mysterious cellular mutation

82.

The cell mutated in the previous cycle, which is prohibiting the daughter cells to enter the S phase. Since they cannot go further, the cells will go through apoptosis and die.

a)

True

b)

False

83.

Which of the following is FALSE in regards to cyclin and CDK?

a)

Cyclins bind to Cdk's

b)

Cyclins and Cdk's are negative regulators (stop the next phase from beginnning)

c)

Different types of cyclins increase during specific phases in order to encourage that phase to begin.

d)

CDK stands for cyclin dependent kinase

84.
Structure (b) is a ____.
a)
chromosome
b)
chromatid
c)
centromere
85.
DNA is replicated during ______ of the cell cycle.
a)
G1
b)
S
c)
G2
d)
G0
86.

G1 is associated with what event?

a)

doubling of cell content

b)

DNA replication

c)

The beginning of mitosis

d)

breakdown of the nuclear membrane

87.

The amount of DNA in a cell is measured right after mitosis and found to be 8 picograms. How many picograms of DNA would be found in a nucleus in the G2 phase?

a)

4

b)

8

c)

16

d)

24

88.
In mitosis, the two resulting cells are
a)
different from the starting cell and identical to each other.
b)
different from the starting cell and different from each other.
c)
identical to the starting cell and different from each other.
d)
identical to the starting cell and identical to each other.
89.
Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the cell cycle?
a)
Mitosis-> G1->S->G2->cytokinesis
b)
S->G1-> G2-> mitosis-> cytokinesis
c)
cytokinesis->mitosis->G1->S->G2
d)
 G1->S->G2->mitosis->cytokinesis
90.
A pair of identical chromosomes shown in a karyotype, one inherited from mom, and one inherited from dad are called
a)
sister chromotids
b)
centromeres
c)
homologous chromosomes
d)
autosomes
91.
How does mitosis in plant cells differ from mitosis in animal cells?
a)
animal cells form a cell plate
b)
plant cells form a cell plate
c)
plant cells go through the process in reverse
d)
plant cells go through two rounds of mitosis while animal cells just do one
92.

Why do cells such as neurons divide very rarely?

a)

They no longer have active nuclei

b)

They have entered G0

c)

they can no longer break down cyclins

d)

They no longer produce MPF

93.

Cells from cancerous tumors usually have an unusual number of chromosomes, and unusual looking chromosomes. What could explain this?

a)

cancer cells are in G0

b)

cancer cells are arrested in the S phase

c)

cell cycle check points are not in place

d)

transformation introduces new chromosomes to cells

94.

What two components make an active MPF (mitosis promoting factor, a protein complex that makes mitosis start)?

a)

a growth factor and a mitotic factor

b)

ATP synthetase and a protease

c)

cyclin and tubulin

d)

cyclin and a cyclin-dependent kinase

95.

A diploid cell has ____ the number chromosomes as a haploid cell.

a)

half

b)

twice

c)

one-fourth

d)

four times

96.

C (each of these is called)

a)

Kinetochore

b)

Chromosome

c)

Sister Chromatids

d)

Centromere

e)

Cleavage Furrow

97.

D (located ON this structure, one side)

a)

Kinetochore

b)

Chromosome

c)

Sister Chromatids

d)

Centromere

e)

Cleavage Furrow

98.

E (whole structure)

a)

Kinetochore

b)

Chromosome

c)

Sister Chromatids

d)

Centromere

e)

Cleavage Furrow

99.

Which of these may be assessed by various proteins during a "checkpoint"? CHECK ALL THAT APPLY

a)

Ensure that all chromosomes have lined up in the center of the cell before sister chromatids separate

b)

Ensure that spindle fibers have attached to all centromeres before cell division

c)

Ensure that DNA has been replicated properly

100.
When it occurs at the proper time, programmed cell death (apoptosis)
a)
will disrupt homeostasis
b)
may cause defective genetic info to be passed to the next generation of cells
c)
is an important regulatory process that maintains the health of a multicellular organism
d)
can contribute to the development of cancer

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