Students are observing particles moving with the concentration gradient in a lab investigation. Which type of transport are they observing?

In recent years "SuperBugs" (bacteria that aren't effected by antibiotics) are becoming more and more common. How could natural selection explain this?

Which of these is an example of natural selection?

A grizzly bear survives because he is well-adapted to his environment. When he reproduces he passes on those traits to his offspring. this process is called

This is a term for physical characteristics

Humans selecting which traits are preferred in an organism, and then intentionally breeding organisms for those particular sets of characteristics is known as

Which of the following is NOT an example of artificial selection?

. 

Which of the following, found ONLY in plant cells, provides structure?

What is number 2?

Which organelle is #3?

Chloroplast in cells do this

Plant and animal cells are examples of

PROKARYOTIC cells do NOT have

What is nutrition?

What is transport?

What is Synthesis?

What is cellular respiration?

What is regulation?

What is reproduction?

What is excretion?

Which is not a form of excretion?

What type of organism produces its own food?

What type of organism has to acquire and ingest food from its environment?

What is metabolism?

What is homeostasis?

In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is ____.

This type of mutation in DNA alters just one base in a DNA sequence

In this type of point mutation, one extra base pair is inserted into a sequence of DNA

The bottom DNA sequence in the image has been altered by this type of mutation

chromosomal mutations cause a segment of the chromosome to repeat itself during replication.

Genes are

Who is considered the "father" of modern genetics?

What is the probability that the offspring will express the dominant trait?

What terms should replace X and Y in the table?

Your body is too hot. What senses your body temperature?

When your bladder is full, a signal is sent to your brain to let you know to go to the bathroom.

What is the stimulus?

What body system takes nutrients and oxygen to and carbon dioxide and waste from the cells?

What body system breaks down food?

What body system controls movement of the human body?

The nervous system is made up of which of the following organs?

The human body receives sensory information from its surroundings. The body knows when food is warm or cold and whether an object is smooth or fuzzy. The body sends signals to other parts of the body, which then respond to the information. Which organ processes the sensory information the body receives?

Which is NOT a process of the water cycle?

What is the largest reservoir for water?

What is the largest reservoir for nitrogen?

Where is the largest reservoir for the phosphorus cycle?

Photosynthesis is an important part of the ______ cycle

Decomposition is part of all cycles except _______

The only organisms that can fix atmospheric nitrogen into chemical compounds are what?

Which biogeochemical cycle is occurring above?

What biogeochemical cycle is occuring?

Which type of Epidemiological Study does NOT have a hypothesis?

What are viruses, bacteria, and organisms in the environment that causes human health classified as?

Infectious diseases are diseases caused by an organism such as a virus or a bacterium, which is called a:

The process of measuring the chance that an environmental hazard will cause harm is called what?

What is a vector?

The mitochondria is responsible for ...

Aerobic cellular respiration produces about ____ ATP per glucose, but anaerobic cellular respiration only supplies about _____ ATP per glucose molecule.

Which of the following depicts the central dogma of molecular biology?

Which of the following organelles is found in plant cells, but not in animal cells?

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is correct?

Which of the following statements about bacteria is correct?

A food chain is a group or organisms related to each other in their feeding habits. One organism is eaten by a second one, which in turn is fed upon by a third one. The food chain starts with energy from the Sun. As each organism grows and is eaten, only about 10 percent of the Sun's energy is transferred at each step. People who live in areas of the world where food is scarce eat very little meat and depend on grains and other plants. Based on the ideas presented, which of the following statements best supports such eating habits?

Scientist hypothesized that increased human activities in an area results to increased nutrient loading causing an increased frequency and severity of algal blooms in that area. Which hypothesis would be better for the researcher to use?

A physician discovers that he has cancer. His family urges him to begin drug therapy. The physician knows that cancer drugs act by killing cells that are dividing. He is reluctant to undergo treatment. His family does not understand why. Which one of the following statements indicates that his family may not fully understand how cancer drugs work?

Read the following list of organisms in the Alaskan marine food web:

I. rats

II. puffins

III. cephalopods

IV. sand lance

Based on the graphic, which of these organisms preys on the fox?

A food chain is simply "who eats what." A food web weaves together many food chains to form a complicated network of feeding relationships among different plants and animals. Many animals eat more than one thing, and each link in each chain is important and integral to the entire system.

Pictured here is an example of a marine food web in Alaska. Notice that this food web illustrates the relationships between producers (plants that make their own food using chlorophyll and the sun's energy) and consumers (animals that eat producers and other animals). It also shows the relationship between predators (animals that hunt and eat other animals) and prey (the animals which are hunted).

How many lionfish were observed in the East Flower Garden Bank region of the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS) in 2013?

Invasive Lionfish

The common name “lionfish” refers to two closely related and nearly indistinguishable species that are invasive in US waters. Lionfish, which are native to the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, were first detected along Florida coasts in the mid-1980s, but their populations have swelled dramatically in the past 15 years. Lionfish are popular aquarium fish, so it is plausible that repeated escapes into the wild via aquarium releases are the cause for the invasion. Lionfish now inhabit reefs, wrecks, and other habitat types in the warm marine waters of the greater Atlantic.

As lionfish populations grow, they put additional stress on coral reefs already struggling from the effects of climate change, pollution, disease, overfishing, sedimentation, and other stressors. For example, lionfish eat herbivores and herbivores eat algae from coral reefs. Without herbivores, algal growth goes unchecked, which can be detrimental to the health of coral reefs.

Adult lionfish are primarily fish-eaters and have very few predators outside of their home range. Because lionfish feed on prey normally consumed by snappers, groupers, and other commercially important native species, their presence could negatively affect the well-being of valuable commercial and recreational fisheries.

Lionfish continue to expand at astonishing speeds and are harming native coral reef ecosystems in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean. The first lionfish recorded in the Western Atlantic (east coast of the United States, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico) was a specimen captured near Dania, Florida in 1985. No other lionfish sightings were reported until 1992. The most likely source of these fish was the home aquarium trade.

At first, the spread of the lionfish population was rather gradual, but in 2000 the number of sightings began to increase exponentially. By 2009, lionfish were pretty well established along the Atlantic coast and throughout the Caribbea

In 2010, sightings were also recorded in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, along the coasts of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. In July 2011, the first lionfish was observed in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS). By the end of 2015, over 2,600lionfish were observed within the sanctuary. About 1,500 of those were successfully removed and analyzed for important data.

Experts say it is unlikely that we will ever be able to completely eliminate lionfish from the Western Atlantic. So, the objective now is to minimize their impact on sanctuary resources. At this time, sanctuary policy is to remove any lionfish encountered. Research has shown that targeted removals in localized areas can be an effective control mechanism.

The average germination rate of these five students, expressed as a percentage, is 67.2%. Is using the average appropriate in this scenario?

Growing Pea Plants

Mrs. Smith’s science class is growing pea plants. Each of her 25 students initially plants 30 pea seeds.

Once the plants start growing, Mrs. Smith asks her students to count the number of seeds that have germinated. She then selects five students to report their results to the class. They report their results as number of germinated seeds (out of 30) and as a percentage

According to the passage, which of the following best describes how a bottom-up cascade would reduce population size throughout the community?

Trophic Cascade

Trophic cascades occur when predators in a food web alter the behavior of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation. For example, if the abundance of large piscivorous fish is increased in a lake, the abundance of their prey, smaller fish that eat zooplankton, should decrease. The resulting increase in zooplankton should, in turn, cause the biomass of its prey, phytoplankton, to decrease.

The trophic cascade is an ecological concept which has stimulated new research in many areas of ecology. For example, it can be important for understanding the knock-on effects of removing top predators from food webs, as humans have done in many places through hunting and fishing.

A top-down cascade is a trophic cascade where the food chain or food web is disrupted by the removal of a top predator, or a third or fourth level consumer. On the other hand, a bottom-up cascade occurs when a primary producer, or primary consumer is removed

Choose the phrase that best completes the following sentence:

There are two types of bone marrow, red and yellow. Yellow marrow functions in _____.

The Human Skeletal System

Humans are vertebrates, animals having a vertebral column or backbone. They rely on a sturdy internal frame that is centered on a prominent spine. The human skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons and accounts for about 20 percent of the body weight.

The living bones in our bodies use oxygen and give off waste products in metabolism. They contain active tissues that consume nutrients, require a blood supply and change shape or remodel in response to variations in mechanical stress.

Bones provide a rigid framework, known as the skeleton, that support and protect the soft organs of the body. The skeleton supports the body against the pull of gravity. The large bones of the lower limbs support the trunk when standing. The skeleton also protects the soft body parts. The fused bones of the cranium surround the brain to make it less vulnerable to injury. Vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord and bones of the rib cage help protect the heart and lungs of the thorax. Bones work together with muscles as simple mechanical lever systems to produce body movement.

Bones contain more calcium than any other organ. The intercellular matrix of bone contains large amounts of calcium salts, the most important being calcium phosphate. When blood calcium levels decrease below normal, calcium is released from the bones so that there will be an adequate supply for metabolic needs. When blood calcium levels are increased, the excess calcium is stored in the bone matrix. The dynamic process of releasing and storing calcium goes on almost continuously.

Hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells, mostly takes place in the red marrow of the bones. In infants, red marrow is found in the bone cavities. With age, it is largely replaced by yellow marrow for fat storage. In adults, red marrow is limited to the spongy bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae and pelvis. Red marrow functions in the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells and blood platelets.

Which of the following examples best represents speciation?

Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which biological populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term speciation in 1906, but Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of speciation in his 1859 book The Origin of Species.

There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Allopatric and peripatric are the two most observed modes of speciation.

During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations. The isolated populations then undergo genotypic or phenotypic divergence as they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures and as different mutations arise. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes.

The Galápagos Islands are particularly famous for their confirmation of allopatric speciation. During Charles Darwin’s five weeks on the Galápagos Islands, he noticed that finches differed from one island to another. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties. Darwin's finches are now one of the most well-known examples of adaptive evolution and allopatric speciation discussed in biology today.

In peripatric speciation, a sub-form of allopatric speciation, new species are formed in isolated, smaller peripheral populations that are prevented from exchanging genes with the main population. Since this is a sub-form of allopatric speciation, it is often difficult to determine if peripatric speciation occurs. The biggest indicator of peripatric speciation is that the isolated species will be a much smaller group than the non-isolated population.

Read the following statements that describe the circulation of blood in the human body:

I. Systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body tissues.

II. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

III. Systemic veins carry blood with low oxygen content from the tissues of the body to the right atrium of the heart.

IV. Pulmonary arteries carry blood with low oxygen content from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.

Which series of processes correctly lists the order that blood circulates through the body??

Blood Vessels

Blood vessels are the channels or conduits through which blood is distributed to body tissues. The vessels make up two closed systems of tubes that begin and end at the heart. One system, the pulmonary vessels, transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium. The other system, the systemic vessels, carries blood from the left ventricle to the tissues in all parts of the body and then returns the blood to the right atrium. Based on their structure and function, blood vessels are classified as either arteries, capillaries, or veins.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Pulmonary arteries transport blood that has a low oxygen content from the right ventricle to the lungs. Systemic arteries transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body tissues. Blood is pumped from the ventricles into large elastic arteries that branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller arteries until the branching results in microscopic arteries called arterioles. The arterioles play a key role in regulating blood flow into the tissue capillaries.

Capillaries, the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels, form the connection between the vessels that carry blood away from the heart (arteries) and the vessels that return blood to the heart (veins). The primary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.

Veins carry blood toward the heart. After blood passes through the capillaries, it enters the smallest veins, called venules. From the venules, it flows into progressively larger and larger veins until it reaches the heart. In the pulmonary circuit, the pulmonary veins transport blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. This blood has a high oxygen content because it has just been oxygenated in the lungs. Systemic veins transport blood from the body tissue to the right atrium of the heart. This blood has a reduced oxygen content because the oxygen has been used for metabolic activities in the tissue cells.

Which quote from the passage supports the idea that speciation is generally incidental (likely to happen as a result of some event occurring)?

Hybrid Incompatibility

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which a biological population evolves to become two or more distinct species. These different species usually cannot reproduce with one another due to intrinsic reproductive barriers. If two species cannot successfully reproduce, they are said to have hybrid incompatibility.

So what causes speciation? In many cases, speciation occurs as populations adapt to different environments. Sometimes these adaptations cause the species to become reproductively incompatible. Two of the main reproductive barriers are hybrid sterility and hybrid lethality. Hybrid sterility means that two species are genetically incapable of producing an offspring. Hybrid lethality, on the other hand, means that two species are able to create an embryo, but the embryo will not fully develop into a viable offspring.

A scientist claims that she found evidence of mitosis and meiosis in human cells she has been observing. Is she correct? Why or why not?

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. They share some similarities, but also exhibit distinct differences that lead to very different outcomes.

Mitosis is a single nuclear division of a non-germ cell that results in two nuclei partitioned into two new cells. The nuclei resulting from a mitotic division are genetically identical to the original nucleus, with the same number of sets of chromosomes. In most plants and all animal species, it is typically diploid cells that undergo mitosis to form new diploid cells. Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes, or two of each type of chromosome.

In contrast, meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions of germ cells resulting in four nuclei that are partitioned into four new haploid cells. The nuclei resulting from meiosis are not genetically identical and they contain only one chromosome set instead of two. This is half the number of chromosome sets in the original diploid parent cell.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why cells divide mitotically?

Function of Mitosis

Mitosis is the process of cell division. There are three reasons why cells divide mitotically:

Mitosis is the process of cell division. There are three reasons why cells divide mitotically:

1. Cell Replacement

2. Growth

3. Asexual Reproduction