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WorksheetsBiology - Topic 11: Animal Physiology
Total questions: 74
Worksheet time: 1hrs 14mins
Which event takes place during normal fertilization?
The acrosome fuses with the egg membrane.
The entire sperm cell enters the egg cytoplasm.
The egg divides to form a blastocyst.
The cortical granules fuse with the egg membrane.
Which ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when a skeletal muscle fibre contracts?
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Chloride
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Active immunity is the stimulation of the immune system to produce antigen-specific antibodies.
Vaccines produce immunological memory similar to that acquired by having the natural disease.
The most common way to acquire passive immunity is to have the natural disease.
Killed forms of a microorganism can act as an antigen.
Which labelled part is permeable to sodium and not to water?
A
B
C
D
What is the correct order of events in fertilization?
fusion of gametes, acrosome reaction and then cortical reaction
cortical reaction, fusion of gametes and then acrosome reaction
acrosome reaction, fusion of gametes and then cortical reaction
fusion of gametes, cortical reaction and then acrosome reaction
Which hormone is inhibited during pregnancy in order to prevent contractions of the uterus?
Oxytocin
Progesterone
Estrogen
FSH
Which letter is pointing to the ulna?
W
X
Y
Z
What first happens to a B lymphocyte when it becomes activated?
It divides by mitosis producing a clone of cells.
It begins transcription and produces antigens.
It differentiates into memory cells.
It produces antibodies using its extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER).
What is a function of synovial fluid in the elbow joint?
Joins the humerus to the radius and ulna
Grows red blood cells
Protects the biceps
Allows easy movement
Where are microvilli located in the nephron?
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
What is the function of the knee joint?
It permits movement in one plane.
It allows bones to glide over each other.
It facilitates movement in all planes.
It allows a wide range of movement.
During muscle contraction, what is the role of calcium ions ( Ca2+) which are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
To cause ATP hydrolysis on myosin filaments
To bind to both actin and myosin filaments forming a cross-bridge
To cause the cross-bridge to detach itself and start a new cycle
To cause binding sites on the actin filaments to be uncovered
A skeletal muscle contains bundles of elongated muscle fibre cells. What is the longest structure within each fibre?
A myosin filament
The sarcomere
A myofibril
The Z line
Through what process does a spermatid become a functioning spermatozoan?
Mitosis
Differentiation
Fertilization
Meiosis
The Bowman’s capsule is a cup-shaped structure that is part of the nephron. What is the source of glucose in the fluid in the Bowman’s capsule?
Blood in the glomerulus
Urine in the renal pelvis
Filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule
Interstitial fluid in the medulla
Where does the acrosome reaction occur?
A
B
C
D
The diagram shows the exchange processes that take place in the placenta between the maternal and fetal blood. Which process requires endocytosis?
A
B
C
D
A secondary immune response occurs when an antigen is encountered on a second occasion, due to exposure to a pathogen that previously caused infection. Which property of some viruses explains the lack of a secondary immune response?
Viruses fail to induce a primary response.
Viruses can have a high mutation rate.
B cells do not interact with viruses.
Antibodies cannot interact with viruses.
Which letter correctly identifies the medulla?
A
B
C
D
In a healthy kidney which of these substances would you expect to find in the tubular fluid entering the loop of Henle?
I. Glucose
II. Sodium ions
III. Proteins
I only
I and II only
II only
II and III only
What is the role of calcium ions during muscle contraction?
To block the myosin binding site on actin when the muscle is not contracting
To block the myosin binding site on actin when the muscle is not contracting
To form cross-bridges between the actin and myosin filaments
To provide the energy for resetting the myosin heads
What would result from drinking large quantities of water?
A
B
C
D
What does label X indicate?
Sarcolemma
Sarcomere
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum
What occurs in the body after the injection of a vaccine containing antigens?
Activated B-cells divide to form memory cells.
The receiver of the vaccine develops passive immunity.
Helper T-cells produce specific antibodies.
Macrophages are cloned and destroy the antigen.
How are B-cells activated?
An antibody binds to a B-cell which is activated by a helper T-cell.
An antigen binds to a B-cell which is activated by a helper T-cell.
An unattached antigen binds to a helper T-cell which activates the B-cell.
An antibody binds to a plasma cell which is activated by a helper T-cell.
Which cells activate helper T-cells by antigen presentation?
B-cells
Bacteria
Macrophages
Plasma cells
What is directly responsible for allergic symptoms, including a runny nose or itchy eyes?
Pathogens
Histamine
T-lymphocytes
Antigens
What structure is indicated by the arrows?
One muscle fibre
One sarcomere
One myofibril
One Z line
The diagram shows a nephron from a human kidney. In what part of the nephron would most glucose be reabsorbed?
A
B
C
D
Where is prostate cancer likely to start developing?
In X only
In Y and Z only
In Z only
In X, Y and Z
Which image shows contracted muscle tissue?
I because the dark band is narrower.
II because the Z lines are closer together.
II because there is less overlap between actin and myosin.
I because the dark bands are darker.
In which part of the nephron is salt secreted from the tubule to increase osmotic potential?
A
B
C
D
What is the function of the synovial fluid in the elbow joint?
It removes waste products from the surrounding tissue.
It provides glucose and oxygen to the cartilage.
It lubricates the joint and prevents friction.
It prevents the bone from becoming brittle.
What are the roles of the following structures in the production of semen?
A
B
C
D
What is required for a skeletal muscle to exert force?
Extensor and flexor muscles
Synovial joints
Attachment to bones
Ligaments
What helps to prevent polyspermy?
The unequal division of oocytes
The placental barrier
The contraceptive pill
The cortical reaction
What is an example of active immunity?
Antibodies passed from the mother to fetus across the placenta
Antibodies produced by another organism and injected to protect against a disease
Antibodies passed from the mother in colostrum during breastfeeding
Antibodies produced after the defence mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens
What is the main role of nerves in human movement?
To cause muscles to stretch
To move joints
To transport pain signals that indicate muscle injuries
To stimulate muscle contraction
What is a blastocyst?
An unfertilized egg surrounded by follicle cells
An unfertilized egg cell expelled by menstruation
The follicle when it has swelled up with fluid
The embryo when it has become a hollow ball of cells
What is the role of ligaments in humans?
To hold bones together
To hold muscles together
To hold muscles together
To hold nerves together
What happens immediately after the penetration of the egg membrane by a sperm during fertilization?
The acrosomal reaction
The secondary oocyte develops
The blastocyst divides by mitosis
The cortical reaction
What is a difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
A
B
C
D
The image shows a section of a seminiferous tubule.
Meiosis I in a primary spermatocyte
A spermatogonium undergoing mitosis
Meiosis II in a secondary spermatocyte
A spermatid undergoing meiosis
The graph shows the daily amount of the residue of a drug in the wastewater of a hospital.
The drug is not fully reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules.
The glomeruli are not permeable to the drug.
The collecting ducts reabsorb all of the drug.
The drug is catabolized by the liver.
What forms the basis of immunity after vaccination?
A
B
C
D
In which region of the kidney is the glomerulus found?
Cortex only
Medulla only
Cortex and medulla
Pelvis
What results from the fusion of tumour cells with B-cells?
The inability of B-cells to divide
The production of monoclonal antibodies
The production of antigens
The activation of helper T-cells
What is the role of ATP during contraction of a skeletal muscle fibre?
To uncover the myosin binding sites on actin filaments
To make cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments
To break cross-bridges and re-set myosin heads
To cover the myosin binding sites on actin filaments
Which types of immunity are acquired by each of the following actions?
A
B
C
D
Which processes are required for the reabsorption of glucose in the kidney tubules?
I. Simple diffusion
II. Facilitated diffusion
III. Active transport
I and II only
II and III only
I and III only
I, II and III
Which of the following is a term for muscle cell?
Muscle bundle
Muscle fibre
Myofibril
Sarcomere
What are fused in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
Tumour cells and T-cells
Tumour cells and B-cells
B-cells and T-cells
Antibodies and antigens
How can active immunity be acquired?
By having the disease
Injection of antibodies
Through colostrum
Via placenta
What is the role of ligaments in humans?
Linking bones together at a joint
Preventing friction at a joint
Contracting to move a joint
Attaching muscles to bones
What is produced in the body during HIV infection?
What is produced in the body during HIV infection?
Anti-HIV anticodons
Anti-HIV antibodies
Anti-HIV antigens
What does the blastocyst secrete?
HCG
Estrogen
ADH
Progesterone
Which processes require calcium?
I. Muscle contraction
II. Movement of an action potential along an axon
III. Production of the skeleton of hard corals
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
Which process is part of the mechanism that controls muscle contraction?
Troponin enables actin heads to attach to ATP and slide along myosin.
Myosin heads attach to troponin and tropomyosin pulls on actin filaments.
Tropomyosin attaches to calcium and breaks the bond between actin and myosin.
Calcium frees actin filaments for myosin heads to attach.
Which kidney adaptation would be expected in the desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti)?
Increased nephron density
Longer proximal convoluted tubule
Longer loop of Henle
Increased ADH receptors on the collecting duct
Which of the following events form the basis of immunity upon which the principle of vaccination is based?
A
B
C
D
Which of these statements about the human placenta is incorrect?
The placenta is the site of nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus.
The placenta produces hormones, such as estrogen.
The placenta begins to develop after implantation of the blastocyst.
The mother’s blood and the baby’s blood mix in the placenta.
What is required to produce monoclonal antibodies?
T-lymphocytes and oocytes
T-lymphocytes and early embryo cells
B-lymphocytes and tumour cells
B-lymphocytes and stem cells
When a pathogen is ingested by a phagocyte, which event occurs first?
T-cell activation
Memory cell proliferation
Antigen presentation by the phagocyte
B-cell activation
In the following diagram of the kidney, which structure contains urine?
A
B
C
D
Which of the following best describes what happens in the glomerulus?
Selective reabsorption of water and molecules by active transport
Ultrafiltration introduces water and other molecules into the capillaries
Regulation of salt balance leading to the production of urine
High blood pressure forces water and other molecules into the tubule lumen
In the production of monoclonal antibodies, B-cells are fused to tumour cells to make hybridoma cells. What can hybridoma cells do?
Divide endlessly
Ingest antigens
Become memory cells
Bind to antibodies
What happens during muscle contraction?
The number of light bands is reduced.
The width of the dark bands is reduced.
The lengths of the sarcomeres are reduced.
Actin and myosin filaments coil up.
What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
To release tropomyosin from myosin
To bind to troponin so myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed
To bind to tropomyosin so ATP can bind to actin
To release ATP from actin so myosin can bind to troponin
During urine production, what happens if the water content of the blood is too low?
Membrane channels are produced in the cells of the collecting duct.
The pituitary gland stops secreting ADH.
The collecting duct becomes less permeable to water.
Large volumes of dilute urine are formed.
What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy?
HCG stimulates FSH secretions.
HCG stimulates ovarian estrogen secretion.
HCG stimulates ovarian progesterone secretion.
HCG stimulates uterine contractions.
What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy?
It prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum.
It initiates the development of the uterus lining.
It inhibits the production of estrogen.
It stimulates the degeneration of the corpus luteum.
From where is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) secreted in early pregnancy?
Embryo
Corpus luteum
Ovary
Pituitary gland
Where is human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) produced?
Ovary
Anterior pituitary
Embryo
Posterior pituitary
What is the role of HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) in early pregnancy?
It stimulates the release of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone).
It maintains the corpus luteum.
It inhibits the release of progesterone.
It stimulates implantation of the blastocyst.
