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WorksheetsModule 7 Revision
Total questions: 89
Worksheet time: 22hrs 15mins
Disease can be defined as:
any process that adversely affects the normal function of living things.
only processes that involve pathogens and their effect on living things.
only processes that do not involve the action of a pathogen on a living thing.
only processes that affect animals. Plants do not get diseases.
The likelihood of an organism developing an infectious disease relies on a balance between:
the pathogenicity of the microbe.
the defensive capabilities of the host organism.
the numbers of pathogens involved.
the pathogenicity of the microbe, the defensive capabilities of the host organism, and the number of pathogens involved.
Pathogens can be broadly classified into which of the following groups?
deadly and harmless
microscopic and macroscopic
bacteria and viruses
those that live inside and outside the body
All bacteria have which of the following features?
They are prokaryotic and contain a peptidoglycan cell wall.
They are eukaryotic and contain a cellulose cell wall.
They are prokaryotic and contain a membrane-bound nucleus.
They are eukaryotic and possess a polysaccharide capsule.
Fungal cells contain a cell wall composed of:
cellulose.
peptidoglycan.
chitin.
hyphae.
Protozoa show which of the following features?
Unicellular or multicellular.
Have a cell wall.
Prokaryotic or eukaryotics.
Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that commonly cause disease.
Macroparasites are visible to the naked eye. They include two major groups which can be classified as:
endoparasites and ectoparasites.
heartworm and roundworm.
egg-laying and non-egg laying
insects and worms.
Viruses are characterised by which of the following features?
They are cellular and contain an external protein coat called a capsid.
They are not cellular and contain an external protein coat called a capsid.
They can be seen clearly with a school light microscope.
They contain membrane-bound organelles.
You discover a pathogen that consists solely of abnormal proteins and without genetic material. This is most likely to be a:
virus.
bacteria.
fungus.
prion.
Transmission of pathogens between hosts requires:
direct contact.
vector transmission.
a susceptible host.
the mere presence of a pathogen.
Vector transmission is a special case of which of the following forms of transmission?
direct.
indirect.
viral.
air-borne.
You are setting up a scientific investigation to test the hypothesis that a certain type of bacteria needs to be grown on blood agar rather than the standard agar.
In this hypothesis, the type of agar is the:
dependent variable.
independent variable.
controlled variable.
control.
Robert Koch was a German scientist, and many of his bacteriological techniques are still used today. One example is:
vaccination.
use of antibiotics.
the growth of bacterial cultures on an agar medium.
the use of a swan-necked flask.
Pasteur’s famous swan-necked flask experiment disproved the long-held belief in spontaneous generation. This incorrect theory stated that:
living things can arise from non-living materials.
all life comes from pre-existing life.
bacteria and viruses can be picked up from contaminated objects.
diseases are caused by pathogens.
Australian agriculture has not had to deal with many of the pathogens that plague other countries because:
a long period of geographical isolation has prevented the introduction of many agricultural pathogens.
there are stringent biosecurity measures at all ports.
there are government agencies that constantly monitor disease outbreaks around the world and at home.
geographical isolation, stringent biosecurity and monitoring for outbreaks.
Antimicrobial resistance in farm animals:
is not of great concern in Australia.
is of major concern and is due to the under-use of antimicrobials on farms.
is of major concern and is due to the heavy use of antimicrobials on farms.
is of major concern and is due to the transfer of genes between farm animals and microbes.
You examine a plant with a hand lens and notice the leaves contain mosaic patterns of a lighter colour than the leaf itself. Mosaic discolouration of leaves is most commonly associated with infection by:
viruses.
bacteria.
nematodes.
fungi.
The occurrence of infectious disease in plants depends on:
plant factors.
pathogen factors.
plant and pathogen factors combined.
environmental conditions only.
Passive defence strategies in plants include:
physical barriers, chemical barriers and pathogen recognition.
physical and chemical barriers.
rapid active responses and pathogen recognition.
delayed active responses.
A pathogen attempts to invade the skin of a host animal. The first layer of defence is most likely to be:
chemical and physical barriers provided by the skin.
inflammatory responses such as redness and swelling.
adaptive responses such as T lymphocyte activation.
production of antibodies specific to that pathogen.
Granulomas are sometimes formed in tissues during an inflammatory process. This strategy could be best explained as:
an overproduction of antibodies that clump around the pathogen.
a way of increasing access of blood vessels to the pathogen.
an attempt by the pathogen to seal itself off from host defences.
an attempt by the host to limit the spread of pathogens using a physical barrier.
Neutrophils and T lymphocytes differ in which of the following features?
Only neutrophils are bigger than red blood cells.
Each has a different site of maturation.
Each has a different site of production.
Neutrophils are longer lived than T lymphocytes.
Keratin is a waterproof protein that provides an extra layer of protection from pathogens. It achieves this because:
it forms a sensory barrier.
it allows live cells to exfoliate.
it produces chemical defences against pathogens.
it physically separates the host and the pathogen from each other.
The priorities of wound healing include:
maintenance of the pathogen population.
re-establishment of barriers against pathogen invasion.
increased bleeding to flush pathogens out.
withdrawal of white cells to avoid excessive inflammation.
‘Dry eye’ is a condition that features a reduced ability to produce a normal tear film. This predisposes a person to pathogen attack because:
normal tears have abundant numbers of white blood cells.
normal tears are composed of the same substances as urine.
the cornea’s blood supply is cut off.
tears are rich in antimicrobial substances.
Gastric juices are secreted by the:
stomach cells.
parietal cells.
intestinal cells.
acid cells.
In the short term, a rise in body temperature is an advantage during an infectious disease. This is because:
red-cell production is stimulated by high body temperatures.
the growth of pathogens is inhibited by higher body temperatures.
it decreases the rate of chemical reactions in the body to save energy.
the release of prostaglandins also causes an increase in permeability of bacterial cell walls.
The two arms of the adaptive immune system are:
humoral and cell mediated.
physical and chemical.
first and second line.
innate and cell mediated.
Which of the following features is true of the adaptive immune system?
T lymphocytes develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
B lymphocytes develop into cytotoxic T cells.
B lymphocytes develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
T lymphocytes form part of the humoral response.
Which of the following statements accurately describes clonal selection theory?
All the T cells for all possible antigens are already present in very small amounts in the immune system at birth.
All the B cells for all possible antigens are already present in very small amounts in the immune system at birth.
None of the T cells for all possible antigens are already present in very small amounts in the immune system at birth.
None of the B cells for all possible antigens are already present in very small amounts in the immune system at birth.
Booster vaccinations are often recommended for various diseases because:
exposure to the antigen for a second time reduces the antibody concentration in the blood.
boosters contain a stronger dose of antigen than the first vaccination.
boosters contain actual antibodies against the disease.
the secondary response to antigen exposure produces a much greater production of antibodies.
Antibodies mainly target:
antigens in all extracellular fluid.
intracellular antigens.
antigens in blood only.
antigens in lymph nodes only.
The main role of cytotoxic T cells is to:
bind to infected cells and destroy them by chemical means.
make clones of themselves and remain in the body to respond to future exposure from pathogens.
stop the adaptive response when the pathogen is eliminated.
activate T and B cells specific for this antigen.
MHC molecules are ‘self-identity’ molecules. Which of the following statements is NOT true of MHC molecules?
MHC I molecules are on every nucleated red blood cell.
Helper T cells bond directly to B cell membranes without use of receptors.
MHC II molecules are found on macrophages.
MHC molecules are not coded for by genes.
Salmonella bacteria cannot be accessed by antibodies because they:
are too small.
are covered by a thicker cell wall than most bacteria.
release chemicals that dissolve the antibodies.
are intracellular pathogens.
The microbiome:
is parasitic rather than symbiotic.
plays little role in the regulation of the immune response.
consists of bacteria only.
interacts extensively with the host it inhabits.
The immune response to fungal pathogens includes:
adaptive responses such as physical barriers e.g. skin and mucous membranes.
innate responses such as production of interleukin-17 by Helper T cells.
adaptive responses such as recruitment of T and B cells.
innate responses such as production of antibodies.
Pathogen factors pose unique challenges for the immune system. An example of this is:
most parasitic worms have multiple life stages.
hosts regulate their surface structure to avoid recognition by pathogens.
worms change very little as they move from host to host.
chronic infections cause little change in hosts leading to poor immune responses.
Sickle cell anaemia may confer some protection on people exposed to the malaria parasite due to:
changes in the structure of their red blood cells.
the inability of the parasite to gain entry to their host’s body.
the same gene that causes sickle cell anaemia boosts the adaptive immune system.
changes in the structure of red blood cells, inability to enter the host's body, and a genetic boost to the immune system.
The three levels of disease monitoring and control are:
local, regional and global.
local, internal and external.
international, national and local.
neighbourhood, community and nation.
To describe an infectious disease outbreak as multifactorial means:
it happened worldwide.
it happened to many local communities.
there were many different disease outbreaks at the same time.
there is never a single cause of a disease outbreak.
Which of the following situations might lead to a larger reservoir of pathogens in an environment?
improved methods of vaccination
better hygiene practices
natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes
better nutrition of hosts
Personal hygiene helps to reduce the possibility of infectious disease outbreaks because:
the chance of transmission of pathogens between hosts is reduced.
regular washing of hands boosts the innate immune system’s effectiveness.
it reduces the total pool of pathogens in the environment.
hand washing stimulates the production of antibodies.
One of the challenges to the effectiveness of quarantine in Australia is:
the enormous area of coastline.
poor enforcement by government agencies.
the vast amount of exotic diseases already present.
the long period of isolation of Australian flora and fauna.
Active acquired immunity is different to innate immunity in that:
white blood cells are not involved in innate immunity.
memory cells are not directly produced during innate immune processes.
there is a weaker response to the pathogen during the acquired immune response.
antibodies are only produced during innate immune responses.
Antibiotics are only effective against which of the following pathogens?
viruses
fungi
bacteria
protozoa
The advantage of combination therapy in the treatment of viral diseases could be:
antibiotics can also be used with antivirals.
they stay in the body and prevent future infections.
the side effects of each drug are completely eliminated.
different medications target different stages of the viral life cycle.
Antibiotics are most effective when:
they can get to the site of the infection and kill the bacteria.
they are used in the treatment of both bacterial and viral diseases.
they are broad spectrum.
therapeutic blood levels spike above and below the minimal therapeutic level each day.
Antibiotic resistance:
is uncommon compared to last century.
limits the ability to control infectious disease outbreaks.
creates new species of bacteria.
is due to the underuse of antibiotics.
The incidence of an infectious disease refers to:
the number of new cases occurring in a specific time.
the proportion of the population that have the disease at a point in time.
the site of the outbreak.
the date and time that the first case was reported.
The cultural contribution to disease control:
is always negative and needs to be dismissed completely.
is always positive and needs to be incorporated alongside modern scientific methods.
is always negative unless studied by epidemiologists.
is sometimes unexpectedly helpful despite lack of scientific understanding.
‘Plague hospitals’ were set up during the 14th and 15th centuries. The choice of locations of these lazarettos was determined by:
weather, as sun and fresh air contributed to a cure.
availability of doctors nearby.
geographical isolation e.g. islands, river and mountain barriers.
nature of the disease outbreak e.g. leprosy vs plague.
Bioactive compounds have some effect on the physiology of a host or pathogen. They are:
found in modern antimicrobials only.
contained in many traditional bush medicines.
always helpful, and never harmful.
only found in plant materials.
Bush medicine is an exciting new area of horticulture because:
some properties of plants may be useful in managing modern infectious diseases.
there is little risk when using native plants.
intellectual property is not a consideration when exploiting these plants.
there is less need for rigorous scientific testing before their use in patients.
Notifiable diseases:
are always human diseases.
include cervical cancer.
are mostly caused by viruses.
must be reported to authorities if detected.
If campers have to drink water from a creek, which is the best way of making the water safe to drink?
Boil the water for five minutes.
Filter the water through a clean shirt.
Collect the water and let it stand in a clean container.
Expose the water to the sun's ultraviolet rays for two hours.
Students performed an investigation to compare the effectiveness of two water treatments for purifying pond water.
Three samples of pond water were collected, treated as below, and each used to inoculate an agar plate. The plates were incubated and examined three days later. The results are shown. What is the dependent variable in this investigation?
The use of a control sample.
The number of visible bacterial colonies.
The use of sterile agar plates for each sample.
Treating the water by boiling or adding pool chlorine.
Recycling of sewage so that it can be used as drinking water is one possible solution to water shortages in Australia.
Which of the following would health authorities be concerned about?
The change to the taste of the water
The risk of infection from pathogens would increase
The reluctance of the general public to drink treated sewage
The effect that water with sediments could have on plumbing systems
The table lists the type of microbes identified in a cheeseburger prepared at an outdoor market.
Would it be safe to eat this cheeseburger?
No, food should be completely free of microbes.
No, lactobacillus and saccharomyces are highly pathogenic.
Yes, organisms that grow in or on the human body do not cause disease.
Yes, most of the food we eat is contaminated by different types of microbes.
The following diagram summarises the steps of an experiment similar to that carried out by Louis Pasteur, which identified microbes as agents of decay.
Which of the following statements best explains the results obtained?
There were no microbes in the air around Flask P at Steps 3 or 4.
There were no microbes in Flask P at the beginning of the experiment.
Microbes in Flask Q were not all killed by boiling, and multiplied following the cooling down of the flask.
Any microbes present in both flasks were killed by the boiling process, and only Flask Q allowed microbes to re-enter.
Which of the following statements can be used to describe a pathogen?
They are all viral.
They are all infectious.
They are all microscopic.
They are all macroparasites.
People who lived in the United Kingdom during the 1980s and 1990s are not accepted as blood donors in Australia because they might have eaten beef infected with prions.
Why is this precaution being taken?
Donated blood might contain prion toxins causing blood poisoning.
Donated blood might contain prions capable of causing viral infections.
Donated blood might contain prion DNA that results in prion replication in brain cells.
Donated blood might contain prions capable of altering protein structure in the brain cells.
Hospitals and medical practitioners warned the community about the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). People were experiencing high temperatures, body aches, and pains similar to that of the flu.
How would you classify these descriptions?
Controls
Symptoms
Warnings
Methods of transmission
What is the name of the scientist who identified the role of microbes in decay?
James Watson
Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur
Francis Crick
Which observations can be used to demonstrate Koch's contribution to understanding the cause of disease?
Polio vaccinations trigger an immune response.
Some mosquitoes carry a pathogen that is often fatal to people.
A lack of vitamin C is found in all people suffering the nutritional disease scurvy.
The bacteria, Heliobacter pylori, is present in the stomach of all people diagnosed with stomach ulcers.
Eight sick animals were found to be suffering from the same symptoms. Blood tests showed that they were infected with the same type of bacterium.
Which of the following strategies would be the best to determine if this particular type of bacterium is the cause of the disease?
Find other animals with the same symptoms. Attempt to isolate the same type of bacterium from their blood.
Inject blood from animals with the symptoms into suitable host individuals. If they develop the same symptoms, this proves that this type of bacterium caused the disease.
Use bacteria cultured from the blood of the animals with these symptoms to infect suitable host individuals. If they develop the disease, attempt to isolate the same type of bacterium from their blood.
Treat all eight animals with an antibiotic known to kill this type of bacterium. They will recover if this type of bacterium is the cause of the disease.
What is a possible immune response to a pathogen?
T lymphocytes produce antibodies.
T helper lymphocytes are activated.
B lymphocytes produce antigens.
B lymphocytes phagocytose the pathogen.
What is the function of T-helper cells?
Initiation of inflammation
Phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses
Promotion of B-cell and T-cell activity
Production of specific antibodies against pathogens
Which of the following helps prevent the entry of pathogens into humans?
Cilia
Antigens
B lymphocytes
Inflammation response
Transplanted organs and tissues are often rejected. Why was there no tissue rejection in the man described in the above paragraph?
The man's skin was damaged so his first line defences were not functional.
Antigens on the man's left hand fingers were the same as those on his right hand.
The man lost so much blood that lymphocytes were not present in sufficient numbers to cause an immune response.
There was no blood supply to the transplanted fingers so mixing of donor and recipient antigens did not occur.
Allergies are the result of an immune response. What triggers this response?
Antigens
Antidotes
Antibodies
Antihistamines
Which biological term is best described by 'engulfing and destruction of bacteria or other foreign bodies'?
Vaccination
Phagocytosis
Antibody production
An inflammation response
The paragraph describes a body response. What response does this paragraph describe?
Inflammation
Cell differentiation
The action of antibodies
The activation of helper T-cells
The diagram illustrates one process that occurs as part of an immune response.
What process does the diagram illustrate?
Cytokinesis
Inflammation
Osmosis
Phagocytosis
What is the role of antigens in the body's defence against disease?
They bind to invading pathogens.
They trigger the immune response.
They inactivate invading antibodies.
They suppress the inflammation response.
Which of the following prevent entry of pathogens into the human body?
The skin and phagocytosis
The skin and chemical barriers
Inflammation response and phagocytosis
Inflammation response and chemical barriers
Overseas equestrian competitors brought their horses to Australia for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.
Why were the horses quarantined for a period of time before the Olympic Games began?
To acclimatise them to Australian conditions
To make sure that no horse diseases spread to the spectators
To make sure that the horses did not contract Australian diseases
To make sure that the horses did not have an infectious disease
Which of the following is an example of quarantine used to control the spread of disease across regions of Australia?
Killing weeds in infested forests using herbicides and direct removal
Sterilisation of all food products coming from overseas
Sterilisation of all food products before packaging.
Removal of fruit from cars travelling interstate
The Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis) is easily killed by the fungus Phythopthera which lives in the soil. The last small population of Wollemi Pines grows in a remote part of a national park in NSW. Scientists studying this natural population use strategies to prevent the trees becoming infected with Phythopthera.
Which procedure would be most effective in preventing the spread of this fungus to the Wollemi pines?
Inspecting soil samples in the area
Commercially producing and distributing the Wollemi Pine
Washing soil from scientists' shows before they walk in the area
Preventing the importation of infected Wollemi Pines into Australia
The potential for disease to spread through animal populations in intensive farming is heightened because the animals are kept close together.
A disease has been identified in one enclosure on a farm.
Which procedure would best prevent the spread of the disease to animals in other enclosures on the farm?
Isolate diseased animals from healthy animals then vaccinate all healthy animals.
Vaccinate all animals so that healthy animals do not develop the disease and spread it further.
Move the diseased animals into another enclosure to quarantine them from the healthy animals.
Wash all animals with antiseptic solution so that the pathogen causing the disease cannot be spread from diseased animals to healthy animals.
Why are polio vaccinations effective?
They cause an inflammation response resulting in the production of antibodies that engulf the polio virus if it enters the body.
They cause an immune response resulting in the production of cytotoxic (killer) T cells that remain in the blood attacking all viruses that enter the body.
They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if infected by the polio virus.
They cause an inflammation response resulting in the production of memory T cells that provide a limited response if infected by the polio virus.
How does immunisation against diseases such as diphtheria and polio limit the spread of those infectious diseases?
Immunisation kills the relevant pathogens.
Immunisation suppresses or reduces the immune response and associated inflammation.
Immunisation strengthens first-line defence barriers and prevents the entry of the relevant pathogens into the body.
Immunisation reduces the multiplication of the relevant pathogens in immunised hosts and this reduces the chance of other people becoming infected.
How do vaccines prevent disease?
Vaccines stop antigens triggering an immune response.
Vaccines stimulate the production of specific antibodies.
Vaccines inhibit the inflammation response in the body.
Vaccines restrict the vector's ability to inhabit a variety of environments.
After an infection was treated with a new drug, inflammation decreased. In a few patients, inflammation returned after one week. In these patients, the pathogens causing the infection were shown to be resistant to the drug.
What conclusion can be drawn from these observations?
These patients developed resistance to the drug.
The decrease in inflammation allowed the pathogens to become resistant to the drug.
The white blood cells were not functioning properly and therefore the inflammation returned.
A few pathogens resistant to the drugs were present at the start of the treatment and natural selection increased their numbers.
During the last 50 years, over-use of prescription drugs has led to the emergence of resistant strains of pathogens. Why is this a problem?
Resistant pathogens will cause new diseases.
Many diseases may become untreatable.
Prescription drugs will cause the release of toxins by pathogens.
A single prescription drug can no longer kill all strains of a pathogen.
Which of the following pathogen types cause diseases that can be treated with antibiotics?
Bacteria
Macro-parasites
Prions
Viruses
When are antiviral drugs used to treat infectious diseases?
For all diseases caused by bacterial pathogens
For all diseases caused by viral pathogens
For some diseases caused by bacterial pathogens
For some diseases caused by viral pathogens
The table lists the causative agents for four different diseases.
For which of these diseases would treatment with antibiotics be most appropriate?
Influenza
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
Ringworm
Food poisoning
A patient was being treated for an infection using an antibiotic. At seven day intervals a swab was taken from the mouth and cultured onto a fresh agar plate.
What is the most likely cause of the change in mouth microflora shown in these culture plates?
Species 1 was a food source for Species 2 allowing more of Species 2 to grow
Species 1 and 2 are both fungi, but Species 1 is killed by the antibiotic while Species 2 uses the antibiotic as food
As the numbers of Species 2 increased, they change the chemical conditions of the agar plate stopping the growth of Species 1
There is normally a balance between the numbers of each species but the removal of Species 1 by the antibiotic allowed more of Species 2 to grow.
