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WorksheetsBiology EXAM Review
Total questions: 161
Worksheet time: 5hrs 22mins
Which of these are passive transport
Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Particles move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Includes endocytosis and exocytosis
Does not use cellular energy
Which of these are active transport
Includes endocytosis and exocytosis
Requires cellular energy
Does not use cellular energy
Particles move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Kate and Sam are researching photosynthesis in algae. They are deciding whether to purchase a light microscope or a scanning electron microscope for their research. What are the criteria for a light microscope?
Requires placing algae cells in a vacuum
Can observe living algae
Is the less expensive option
Has the higher magnification power
Kate and Sam are researching photosynthesis in algae. They are deciding whether to purchase a light microscope or a scanning electron microscope for their research. What are the criteria for a scanning microscope?
Can observe living algae
Has the higher magnification power
Forms images of the surfaces of cells, not the interior
Requires placing algae cells in a vacuum
Lake Tefillin is a large freshwater lake that is popular for recreation. One year, the managers of the lake introduce a population of rainbow trout to the lake. The graph shows the growth of the population over several years. Which are events that happen in Phase |?
The growth rate slows down, due to the effect of limiting factors.
The changes to population size are relatively small, temporary, and difficult to predict.
Exponential growth is occurring.
Many limiting factors, such as competition for food and nesting grounds, have little or no effect on population growth.
Lake Tefillin is a large freshwater lake that is popular for recreation. One year, the managers of the lake introduce a population of rainbow trout to the lake. The graph shows the growth of the population over several years. Which of the following are events of Phase ||.
Many limiting factors, such as competition for food and nesting grounds, have little or no effect on population growth.
The growth rate slows down, due to the effect of limiting factors.
Exponential growth is occurring.
The changes to population size are relatively small, temporary, and difficult to predict.
Lake Tefillin is a large freshwater lake that is popular for recreation. One year, the managers of the lake introduce a population of rainbow trout to the lake. The graph shows the growth of the population over several years. Which of the following are events of Phase |||.
The population reaches carrying capacity.
Exponential growth is occurring.
Many limiting factors, such as competition for food and nesting grounds, have little or no effect on population growth.
The changes to population size are relatively small, temporary, and difficult to predict.
Which are things that are part of the process of engineering?
redesign prototype
use mathematics
develop and use models
brainstorm design solutions to the problem
publish the paper for peer review
Which are things that are part of the process of science?
use mathematics
develop and use models
publish the paper for peer review
make observations
redesign prototype
Which of the following happen in both of these precesses. Engineering and Science.
redesign prototype
use mathematics
develop and use models
brainstorm design solutions to problem
Which questions can be answered with science?
What does it mean to be a good person?
How do we cure cancer?
Why are we here?
Is there life in outer space?
A pyramid of biomass is one way to model an ecosystem. How does the amount of biomass generally change from the bottom of the pyramid to the top?
The amount of biomass varies only slightly and may increase or decrease.
The amount of biomass increases.
The amount of biomass varies widely, and both increases and decreases.
The amount of biomass decreases.
A research scientist designs an experiment to measure the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis, by mass, for a representative plant over a certain time. Which conclusion about photosynthesis will they end up with?
All of the matter in water is converted into oxygen gas.
All of the matter in carbon dioxide is converted into oxygen gas.
All of the matter in carbon dioxide is converted into sugars.
Some but not all of the matter in carbon dioxide is converted into sugars.
A scientist is studying two isotopes of sodium, labeled A and B. In Isotope A, each of the atoms has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 11 electrons. What could be the atomic structure of Isotope B?
11 protons, 13 neutrons, and 11 electrons
12 protons, 12 neutrons, and 11 electrons
11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 12 electrons
11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons
What property of a water molecule allows hydrogen bonds to form among adjacent molecules?
the polarity of the molecule, which involves a slightly negative oxygen atom and slightly positive hydrogen atoms
the ionic bonds that form after the molecule separates into a hydroxide ion (OH-) and hydrogen ion (H+).
the strong covalent bonds that hold the oxygen atom to each hydrogen atom
the small size of the two hydrogen atoms compared to the oxygen atom.
Which of the following are good for explaining which of functions of lipids in organisms?
allowing water to pass through the cell membrane
providing energy for the cell
replacing water in dry environments
forming a waterproof covering on feathers, leaves, and fruits.
Which of the following explains the relationship of the polarity of lipid molecules?
Lipid molecules are nonpolar because they repel water molecules, which are polar.
Lipid molecules are nonpolar because they repel water molecules, which also are nonpolar.
Lipid molecules are polar because they mix poorly with liquids, such as water.
Lipid molecules are polar because they mix poorly with liquids, such as water.
A team of scientists and engineers is working together to develop a new cleaning product. The team has identified a species of bacteria that gets energy by breaking apart lipids and oils. The team wants to isolate the key substance that the bacteria use for this process, and then adapt the substance for the new cleaning product.
Which macromolecule can be isolated from bacteria?
a lipid or oil that is unique to the bacteria
a carbohydrate that is about the same size as a typical lipid or oil molecule
a nucleic acid that codes for the production of a lipid or oil
a protein that specifically binds lipids or oils
Amino acids are named after two of their functional groups: the amino group (NH2), which acts like a base, and the carboxyl group (COOH), which acts like an acid. Amino acids also contain a third functional group, often called the R group. In alanine, the R group is a methyl group (CH3). In serine, the R group is a methyl alcohol (-CH2OH).
What functional groups will be joined together if alanine and serine molecules combine to form a single molecule?
an amino group and a carboxyl group
two amino groups
an amino group and a methyl group
a hydrogen atom and an methyl group
Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been increasing gradually for many years. Scientists cite this increase as one of the main causes of climate change, which is a serious environmental problem for people all over the world. One component of a possible engineering solution to this problem is to use plants, algae, or phytoplankton to increase the global rate of photosynthesis.
What scientific reasoning provides evidence that this solution could be effective?
Photosynthesis acts to remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere.
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms change into fossil fuels over time.
Photosynthesis traps carbon dioxide in the soil.
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms provide food for consumers, who perform cellular respiration.
Carbon dioxide is a significant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere. The graph shows the estimated anthropogenic (human-caused) carbon dioxide emissions in gigatons (Gt) per year, from 1850 to the present.
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Based on the graph, which strategy would be MOST effective to include in a solution to global climate change?
a moderate reduction in non-anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide
a moderate reduction in forestry and other land use
a drastic reduction in the use of fossil fuels, cement, and flaring
a more efficient method for gaining energy from fossil fuels
Daniel is studying feeding relationships in a neighborhood pond. He observes several organisms that feed on one another, and he organizes them into a food chain model shown below.
Daniel's observations and the food chain model provide the strongest evidence for which statement about pond organisms?
Energy and matter flow in opposite directions through pond organisms between primary producers and consumers.
Matter cycles and energy flows through pond organisms from primary producers to a series of consumers.
Matter, but not energy, flows through pond organisms from primary consumers to a series of consumers.
Energy cycles through pond organisms, and returns to primary consumers through the actions of decomposers and detritivores.
Which of these events is most likely to occur during Stage II of the demographic transition?
The population decreases slightly, especially in the older age ranges.
The population decreases slightly, especially in the younger age ranges.
The population increases slightly, due mainly to the increased rate that babies are born.
The population increases significantly, due mainly to a decrease in death rate.
Dr. Osgood claims that despite the varying population sizes of predator and prey, the ecosystem described by the model is stable. If the simulation is allowed to continue, what result would support her claim?
The average population sizes of both predator and prey species gradually increase.
The average population sizes of both predator and prey species remain consistent over time.
The average population size of either predator or prey species, but not both, gradually increases.
The population size of either predator or prey species, but not both, gradually decreases to zero.
Dr. Osgood decides to continue the simulation, but with the introduction of a second predator species. Both the original and new predators hunt the same prey in the same environment, and they do not hunt or eat other food. As predicted by the competitive exclusion principle, which of the following results is most likely?
The populations of the two predator species increase and decrease in opposite cycles.
The populations of the two predator species increase and decrease in the same cycle.
The population of the prey species, but not the two predators, decreases to a small number or zero.
The population of one predator species, but not both, decreases to a small number or zero.
Estuaries are wetlands that form near the mouths of rivers along ocean coastlines. Many trees fail in estuaries, but mangroves are an exception. Mangroves are common in tropical estuaries, especially the Everglades of southern Florida. They thrive in the Everglades because they tolerate much greater salinity levels than other plants do. They also have prop roots that support their weight in the Everglades soil. The soil is wet and spongy, and often is covered in water.
While the adaptations of mangroves are ideal for the Everglades, they are less useful for other tropical regions, such as tropical rain forests. They can survive in these regions, but are less common there.
The evidence in the passage most strongly supports which of these explanations of the range of mangroves?
Other trees outcompete mangroves in low-salinity environments.
Mangroves depend on water of relatively high salinity.
Mangroves depend on relatively warm temperatures.
Other trees outcompete mangroves in high-salinity environments.
Francine is developing a model of the carbon cycle, which involves the movement of carbon among various Earth systems. She begins by drawing the diagram shown below.
Her friend Byron evaluates the model, and suggests that she thicken the arrow leading from fossil fuels to the atmosphere. His reasoning is that fossil fuels are being burned at a much faster rate than natural processes are restoring them.
How does Francine's model show the effect of photosynthesis and cellular respiration on Earth systems?
The model shows that their combined effects determine the level of carbon dioxide that dissolves in the hydrosphere.
The model shows that their combined effects determine the amount of solid carbon compounds in the geosphere.
The model shows that they have opposite effects on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
The model shows that they have identical effects on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Which change to the model would improve its accuracy?
Move the protons and electrons to a small space in the center.
Move the protons and neutrons to a small space in the center.
Move all of the particles so that they are evenly spaced.
Move each neutron so it is next to a proton.
Household bleach has a pH between 12 and 13. From this information, which of the following BEST describes the bleach solution?
The solution is neutral, meaning it has an equal number of hydrogen (H+) ions and hydroxide (OH-) ions.
The solution is a buffer that reacts with solutions containing high concentrations of hydrogen (H+) ions.
The solution is acidic, meaning it has more hydrogen (H+) ions than hydroxide (OH-) ions.
The solution is basic, meaning it has fewer hydrogen (H+) ions than hydroxide (OH-) ions.
How does water transfer when it evaporates from the ocean?
from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere
from the biosphere to the hydrosphere
from the hydrosphere to the geosphere
completely within the hydrosphere
Human blood has a pH of 7.4. How do buffers in the blood affect the pH?
Buffers are acids that cause the pH of blood to decrease.
Buffers prevent small amounts of acid or base from changing the pH of blood.
Buffers are catalysts that prevent chemical reactions from changing the pH of blood.
Buffers are bases that cause the pH of blood to increase.
What BEST describes the roles of photosystem I and photosystem II in the process of photosynthesis?
They absorb sunlight and transfer the energy to electrons.
They absorb sunlight and distribute the energy as heat.
They form ATP as hydrogen ions cross the thylakoid membrane.
They transfer electrons from a series of intermediates to form NADPH.
Which is the role of the electron transport chain in the process of photosynthesis?
cycling electrons between photosystem I and photosystem II
carrying electrons from photosystem II, to photosystem I, to NADP+
removing electrons from the chloroplast
adding energy to the electrons that enter photosystem I
During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which event must occur for ATP synthase to function properly?
Hydrogen ions must pass through a channel within ATP synthase.
Molecular oxygen must combine with ATP synthase.
A molecule of ATP must release a phosphate group to become ADP.
Photosystem I and photosystem II must be deactivated.
Daniel is developing a model of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle. How should the model show how carbon compounds enter and exit the cycle?
enter as glucose, exit as 3-carbon molecules
enter as glucose, exit as carbon dioxide
enter as carbon dioxide, exit as 3-carbon molecules
enter as elemental carbon, exit as 6-carbon molecules
In a forest ecosystem, a variety of predators compete with one another for the same prey. The predators include wolves, coyotes, foxes, and hawks. Their prey include deer, rabbits, mice, and the chickens that live outdoors on nearby farms and backyards.
Suppose that human activities, such as hunting, drastically reduce the populations of the wolves, coyotes, and foxes. Which statement best explains a likely change to the hawk population?
The hawk population remains constant because competition has no effect on carrying capacity.
The hawk population increases in a pattern of exponential growth, because the limiting factors on the population were removed.
The hawk population decreases because of the natural cycle that affects predators and prey.
The hawk population increases to a new carrying capacity that is determined by one or more limiting factors, such as the availability of food.
In the eighteenth century, the population of sea otters decreased significantly along the California coast. Scientists cite the hunting of sea otters by humans as the cause of this decrease.
Today, the population of invasive lionfish is growing rapidly in the Caribbean Sea. However, scientists argue that human hunting or harvesting of lionfish will not affect the population.
Which comparison of sea otters and lionfish is most useful for explaining the potential impact of human hunting on their populations?
Lionfish have a much shorter average lifespan.
Lionfish have a much higher birthrate.
Lionfish have a much narrower geographic range.
Lionfish have a much higher death rate.
Population data show that the growth rate of the world human population has been decreasing. Which statement is most useful for explaining this trend?
Many large, populous countries have yet to pass through the demographic transition.
Worldwide, the birthrate of the human population now equals the death rate.
Many large, populous countries have been passing through the demographic transition.
A few large, populous countries now have decreasing human populations.
The model shows a substance crossing a cell membrane.
Which of the following describes the process?
The model shows the process of active transport because the solute particles are moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
The model shows the process of bulk transport because the solute particles are moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
The model shows the process of osmosis because the solute particles are moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
The model shows the process of diffusion because solute particles are moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
A cell is placed in an isotonic solution. How does the cell maintain homeostasis in this environment?
Water will move across the cell membrane to the inside of the cell because the cell has a higher concentration of solute particles than the solution.
Water will move across the cell membrane to the outside of the cell because the solution has a higher concentration of solute particles than the cell.
Water will move across the cell membrane in both directions because the concentrations of solute particles inside and outside the cell are the same.
There is no movement of water molecules into or out of the cell because the concentrations of solute particles inside and outside the cell are the same.
The illustration shows a model of the transport of solute particles from outside the cell to inside the cell.
What type of cell transport is modeled?
The model illustrates facilitated diffusion because protein channels allow solute particles to cross the cell membrane.
The model illustrates osmosis because water molecules are moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
The model illustrates active transport because energy is required for solute particles to cross the cell membrane.
The model illustrates diffusion because solute particles are moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Under normal conditions, gases diffuse through small holes in the leaves of a plant. When the weather is very hot and dry, plants may close these openings to conserve water. How are the closures most likely to affect photosynthesis?
They increase the rate of photosynthesis by increasing the amount of water in the leaf.
They increase the rate of photosynthesis by increasing the amount of oxygen in the leaf.
They have little or no effect on photosynthesis because gases do not take part in the process.
They decrease the rate of photosynthesis by preventing carbon dioxide from entering the leaf.
Plants depend on a wide variety of carbon compounds, including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. What BEST describes the role of photosynthesis in producing these compounds?
Photosynthesis produces 12-carbon molecules that can be broken apart into smaller compounds.
Photosynthesis produces 3-carbon molecules that can be converted into other compounds.
Photosynthesis directly produces all classes of carbon compounds.
Photosynthesis produces ATP and NADPH that can be converted into other compounds.
Researchers have been developing an artificial leaf, a device that mimics the actions of photosynthesis. The artificial leaf harnesses the energy of sunlight and uses it to provide energy for a series of chemical reactions. Potential products include hydrogen gas (H2) and methane gas (CH4). What is one way that the chemical processes of the artificial leaf are similar to photosynthesis?
The products contain high-energy chemical bonds.
Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product.
The products contain carbon, but not oxygen.
The products are molecules made of 5 atoms at the most.
Many bacteria can invade respiratory passageways in humans and other animals. The bacteria can cause pneumonia and other diseases. Why is the concept of a microbiome useful for studying these bacteria and the diseases they cause?
All living bacteria interact within a biome that extends across Earth.
All living bacteria and their hosts interact within a biome that extends across Earth.
The bacteria are affected by the external biome, such as tundra, rain forest, or desert.
The bacteria are affected mostly by their immediate environment, which is respiratory tissue.
Many rain forests are being chopped down so that the land can be used for farming, ranching, and other human activities. How do societal needs and wants, such as the demand for new medicines and improved farm crops, relate to the argument for preserving rain forests?
Societal needs and wants support the argument in favor of preservation, because rainforest plants could meet this demand.
Societal needs and wants do not relate to the argument, because rainforest plants could not meet this demand.
Societal needs and wants do not relate to the argument, because all rainforest plants have been discovered and identified.
Societal needs and wants support the argument against preservation, because new farms and ranches could meet this demand.
The graph shows the changing levels of halogens, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), that harm the ozone layer. The ozone layer protects Earth's surface from harmful solar radiation. CFCs are artificial chemicals that once were commonly used in aerosol spray cans, refrigerators, and other devices.
Which is the most likely explanation of the trend shown in the data?
a gradual thinning of the ozone layer
a worldwide ban on the use of CFCs
a natural process that absorbs CFCs
the natural cycle of CFCs in the atmosphere
Multicellular organisms contain organ systems. Which of the following BEST describes the organs in an organ system?
The organs in an organ system work together to perform all the functions a multicellular organism needs to maintain homeostasis.
The organs in an organ system are made up of similar cells.
The organs in an organ system work together to perform a specific function.
The organs in an organ system are made up of similar tissues.
Chlamydomonas is a genus of single-celled photosynthetic algae. Which of the following is NOT a way that chlamydomonas maintains homeostasis?
Waste products leave chlamydomonas through diffusion.
Chlamydomonas is able to grow by absorbing minerals and through photosynthesis.
The reproductive system of chlamydomonas contains specialized cells that enable the organism to reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Chlamydomonas contains a chloroplast and produces its own food via photosynthesis.
Like animals, plants contain a hierarchical organization of interacting systems. Which of the following is an example of an organ in a plant?
seed
leaf
chloroplast
vascular tissue
Testing hypotheses often involves designing experiments. Which of the following is the factor that is observed and measured in an experiment?
control group
experimental group
independent variable
dependent variable
Dr. Smith reads two research papers that present different conclusions about the same question. He knows the researcher who wrote Paper A, but does not know the authors of Paper B. When asked which paper he thinks has more merit, Dr. Smith replies, "Paper A."
Because of Dr. Smith's connection to some of the researchers, he could be exhibiting
observation.
skepticism.
inference.
bias.
Jane Goodall spent years with the chimpanzees of Gombe. Sitting quietly for hours, she watched the animals closely and took notes about their behavior.
What was Jane Goodall doing?
applying a stimulus
watching a control group
testing variables
making observations
After her run, Aisha felt thirsty. Thirst was her body's way of telling her she needed more water to maintain _____.
metabolism
development
homeostasis
growth
Tamar is talking about evolution with a friend. The friend says, "It's just a theory, so I don't believe it. When they prove it and it becomes the law of evolution, then maybe I'll change my mind."
Which of these possible replies best describes scientific principles or the work of scientists?
Scientists take each other at their word regarding experimental results, and the public should, too.
He should be wary of science because it is based on research and evidence, not bias and opinion.
Scientific theories do not become scientific laws; they are explanations for natural phenomena based on evidence.
Science always finds the right answer; the answers that scientists and researchers discover never change.
Camille notices that the leaves of her pothos plant are drooping this morning. The leaves were not droopy yesterday. She decides the plant needs to be watered. What had Camille just done?
formed a hypothesis based on quantitative data she has collected
calculated the probability of the plant's ability to survive without water
devised a controlled experiment about the effect of water on plant leaves
made an inference based on past experience and observation
Which of the following statements about science is accurate?
Science is a list of beliefs and facts that is constant and unchanging.
Science deals with the investigation of supernatural events and creatures.
Science involves collecting and organizing data about the natural world.
Science is the process of finding evidence that supports what you already think.
Dr. Sanchez and her team have observed an unusual star in the Andromeda galaxy. Their data suggests that the star is being consumed by a nearby black hole. They write a scientific paper about their work and submit it to a scientific journal. Other scientists read their paper and look for the unusual star as well.
The other scientists are participating in which of these activities?
data collection
peer review
developing a hypothesis
developing a theory
Michael's grandmother is taking part in an experiment to determine how well a new headache medication works. In this experiment, the people in Group A are taking the new medication. The people in Group B, including Michael's grandmother, are taking a pill that does not contain the new medication.
In this experiment, what is Group B?
Group B is the dependent variable.
Group B is the control group.
Group B is the experimental group.
Group B is the independent variable.
Science began out of humankind's natural curiosity to understand and explain the interactions and processes of the natural world. Science aims to use these explanations to understand patterns in nature, as well as to address issues that face the natural world and human society.
Which statement BEST reflects the efforts of scientists in pursuing the goals of science?
Scientists emphasize data that support their hypotheses and ignore data that does not.
Scientists make observations and conduct experiments in order to establish facts.
Scientists review and revise current explanations when new evidence arises.
Scientists attempt to resolve questions of belief with scientific facts.
Which two types of particles are present in equal numbers in an atom, but not in an ion?
protons and inner-shell electrons
protons and neutrons
inner-shell electrons and outer-shell electrons
protons and electrons
The elements sodium and chlorine react to form the chemical compound sodium chloride. How would you predict the properties of sodium chloride compare with those of its constituent elements?
an average or mixture of the two elements
very different
identical in all ways
similar in most ways, but not identical
Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide and methane. How do greenhouse gases act to increase air temperatures near Earth's surface?
They trap heat that is radiated from the surface.
They emit heat when they undergo chemical reactions.
They reflect heat that enters the atmosphere.
They transmit visible light that enters the atmosphere.
What is the relationship between global winds and global ocean currents?
The pattern of global ocean currents is one of the factors that drives global winds.
The pattern of global winds is one of the factors that drives global ocean currents.
Both are caused by heat from the sun, and they do not affect each other.
Both are caused by Earth's rotation, and they do not affect each other.
The temperate grasslands biome includes regions of several continents. What do all of the regions have in common?
the same seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation
the same species of grasses
the same amount of land that is covered in grasses
the same species of grazing animals
A biome's climate can be described by a graph of its average monthly temperature and average monthly precipitation.
Which of the following best describes the climate information shown in the graph?
seasonal variation in temperature; rainy all year long
seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation levels
seasonal variation in precipitation; hot temperatures all year long
rainy in warm summers, snowy in cold winters
As a team of explorers travels southward from the North Pole into Canada, they encounter a dense forest of pines and other coniferous evergreens. They leave the forest before the winter, which is long and cold. Which of these biomes has the team visited?
boreal forest (taiga)
Northwest coniferous forest
tropical dry forest
temperate grasslands
Jorge is exploring the ocean. On which of these journeys is he MOST LIKELY to pass from the photic zone into the aphotic zone?
a boat trip from the middle of the ocean to the shore
a walk from the intertidal zone into shallow ocean water
a submarine dive from the surface into deep ocean water
a boat trip from the shore to the middle of the ocean
A local ecosystem includes a variety of grasses that grow on spongy soil. In spring, heavy rainfall and melted snow cover the soil in a few inches of water. The ecosystem dries up by late summer. What term BEST describes this ecosystem?
stream bed
pond
estuary
wetland
A developer proposes to drain an estuary, and then use the land to build an ocean-side hotel, houses, and parking lots. Which would be the MOST LIKELY effect of the new development on the local ecosystem?
loss of spawning and nursery grounds for many fishes and shellfish
reduction of primary productivity for the ocean ecosystem
increased salinity of ocean water
death of coral animals and loss of the coral reef ecosystem
Year after year, Xavier raises a vegetable garden in the same plot of soil. He observes that the plants grow less abundantly from one year to the next, and they produce fewer vegetables. Which of these processes could help explain Xavier's observations?
the rate at which soil bacteria perform photosynthesis
the rate at which soil bacteria perform denitrification
the rate at which soil bacteria perform nitrogen fixation
the rate at which soil bacteria perform chemosythesis
Autotrophs can be classified into two groups according to which of these properties?
energy source, either sunlight or chemicals
food quality, either living matter or dead matter
food type, either plant matter or animal matter
water quality, either fresh water or salt water
Rabbits are members of a community in a meadow. The rabbits eat grasses, clover, as well as roots, seeds, and tree bark. What defines the organisms that share the same trophic level as the rabbits?
meadow animals that are about the same size as a rabbit
snakes, hawks, and other animals that eat rabbits
community members that interact with rabbits
meadow animals that eat plants and plant products
Brianna is mapping trees in a section of land. She observes that some of the trees are clumped together, some are uniformly separated, and some appear to be spaced randomly. What is she describing?
the population density
the population outline
the population growth
the population distribution
Lily reads the following paragraph about garter snakes.
"Garter snakes may live in a variety of places, including meadows, forests, and along the shores of a pond. They hunt and eat small rodents and amphibians, and they will eat birds' eggs. They provide food for larger predators, including hawks and raccoons."
By citing information from this paragraph, Lily can most usefully answer which of these questions?
What is the tolerance of the garter snake to changes in its environment?
What is the carrying capacity of a meadow for garter snakes?
How does the garter snake depend on microhabitats?
What is the niche of the garter snake?
Walleyes and northern pike are both species of fish that live in freshwater lakes. Many lakes maintain large, healthy populations of both of these fish species year after year. Which statement about walleyes and northern pike is most useful in explaining how they are able to live together in the same habitat?
The two species are adapted to eat different types of food.
The two species are adapted to eat the same types of food.
The two species have different ranges of tolerance to temperature.
The two species have different ranges of tolerance to oxygen content in water.
Scientists have classified the sea otter as a keystone species in communities along the Pacific coast of North America. This classification depends on which property of the sea otters?
Sea otters act to maintain a wide variety of other populations in the community.
Sea otters are the largest, most massive members of the community.
Sea otters provide food for all of the predators of the community.
Sea otters have the highest population in the community.
Termites are able to digest wood because of microbes that live in their gut. The relationship between a termite and the microbes inside it is an example of what type of symbiosis?
parasitism
mutualism
a predator-prey relationship
commensalism
Thomas is describing an example of secondary succession. Which of the following events is most useful for him to include?
The populations of wolves and rabbits change in a cyclical pattern.
Lichens begin growing on rocks that formed from a volcanic eruption.
Many fishes die in a pond when oxygen levels decrease.
Small plants and animals return to the land after a forest fire.
Barbara is studying the process of ecological succession in a temperate forest ecosystem. Her goal is to construct an explanation based on evidence. Observations of which of the following locations is most likely to provide useful evidence for Barbara to cite?
a healthy, undisturbed temperate forest ecosystem
a temperate forest that is changing due to invasive vines
a healthy temperate forest ecosystem a few years after a wildfire
a farmer's field that had been cleared from a temperate forest
What can be inferred about the mature forest shown in the diagram?
It is the climax community that is the last community of the succession process.
It is an intermediate community that will begin primary succession.
It is the climax community that will never change after it forms.
It is an intermediate community that will give rise to new communities.
Scientists have observed that all cheetahs have very similar body structures, markings, and other physical traits. These observations provide evidence for which conclusion?
Cheetahs have low genetic diversity.
Cheetahs are minimally affected by biodiversity.
Cheetahs have low species diversity.
Cheetahs have high genetic diversity.
Carla claims that a strain of rose bushes is resilient to temperatures as low as 5°C. Which statement about rose bushes of this strain can be inferred from Carla's claim?
They grow better at 5°C than at higher temperatures.
They grow better at higher temperatures, but can survive at 5°C.
They can survive at 5°C without inputs such as water and sunlight.
They grow as well at 5°C as at higher temperatures.
Which of the following describes a benefit of biodiversity to an ecosystem?
increases the maximum biomass of the ecosystem
increases the maximum number of trophic levels
allows the ecosystem to withstand environmental changes
decreases the energy flow through the ecosystem
Food production, purifying water, storing carbon, and regulating pests are all examples of what?
ecosystem services
abiotic factors in ecosystems
biodiversity
ecosystem resilience
In this model, the dark and light wheel-like shapes each represent different members of an animal species in an environment. The members have different tolerances to an unusually warm climate and an unusually cooler climate.
Which conclusion about biodiversity is most strongly supported by this model?
Biodiversity has no or little effect on the survival of a species to many environmental changes.
Biodiversity may help species to survive either warmer or cooler temperatures, but not both.
Biodiversity may help a species survive a variety of environmental changes.
Biodiversity involves variations within a species, but not among several species.
Shari and her family change their use of transportation. They use their private automobile less often, and instead rely more on public transportation, bicycles, and walking. How does their change in behavior affect their ecological footprint?
The footprint increases, because vehicles such as buses and subways use more energy than a private automobile.
The footprint decreases, because the family uses fewer energy resources and reduces their emissions of greenhouse gases.
The footprint is not affected, because the family's use of resources is approximately the same as before.
The footprint decreases, because the family travels across a smaller area of land.
Natural biomes once covered nearly all of the land of the United States. How has the land of the United States changed today?
Human activities have removed wildlife from about half of the land.
About half of the land is now covered by anthromes, or human-altered biomes.
Nearly all of the land is now covered by anthromes, or human-altered biomes.
Human activities have removed plant life from about half of the land.
A scientist uses a computer model to predict that Earth's average temperature will increase between 1.8°C and 3.2°C by the year 2100. The precise increase in temperature depends on people's decisions in the future.
Which event of the near future would increase the likelihood of the LOWEST possible temperature increase?
New technology reduces consumer prices for coal, oil, and natural gas.
Global emissions of chlorofluocarbons (CFCs) decrease by 50 percent.
Global emissions of greenhouse gases decrease by 50 percent.
A major volcanic eruption strikes somewhere on Earth.
Human activities have caused both acid rain and a global increase in temperature, or global warming. How are these two effects-acid rain and global warming-related to each other?
Both acid rain and global warming are caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Both acid rain and global warming are caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
Acid rain is a side effect of global warming at the local level.
Acid rain is a side effect of efforts to reduce global warming.
Juanita claims that cattle ranching contributes more significantly to global climate change than most other forms of agriculture. Clayton doubts this claim because carbon dioxide is released by all animals, not just cows.
Which observation MOST STRONGLY supports Juanita's claim?
A cow is raised for food for humans, and so it does not decompose as many wild animals do.
A cow is an especially large animal, and so it releases more carbon dioxide than a typical animal.
A cow eats large amounts of grass, which help remove greenhouse gases through photosynthesis.
A cow releases large amounts of methane, an especially potent greenhouse gas.
A population of timberwolves lives in a large tract of forest. A developer proposes building a six-lane highway across the middle of the forest. The developer claims that the timberwolves would be minimally affected because the highway would replace only about 1 percent of the land of the forest.
Which statement provides the strongest argument AGAINST the developer's claim?
Wolves hunt across large territories, so habitat fragmentation puts them at risk.
Wolves have been observed roaming the land where the highway would be.
At least one wolf has built a den in the land where the highway would be.
Deer, rabbits, and other prey of wolves have been observed roaming the land where the highway would be.
Johan claims that ozone is one of the harmful components of smog, that it is the result of human activity, and that it harms human health. Based on these claims, he argues that the use of chlorofluocarbons (CFCs) should be encouraged, because CFCs help break up ozone.
Which is the most accurate evaluation of Johan's claim and argument?
The claims are accurate and the argument is supported by evidence.
The claims are inaccurate and the argument is faulty, because ozone is essential for human health.
The claims are inaccurate because ozone is a natural part of the atmosphere, but the argument is supported by evidence.
The claims are accurate, but the argument is faulty because ozone in the upper atmosphere protects life on the surface.
Brian is evaluating the following statement.
"The expression global warming is only a partial description of the changes occurring to Earth's atmosphere. Global climate change is the more accurate description."
Which observation provides the strongest evidence in support of the statement?Brian is evaluating the following statement.
"The expression global warming is only a partial description of the changes occurring to Earth's atmosphere. Global climate change is the more accurate description."
Which observation provides the strongest evidence in support of the statement?
Coral reefs are dying or stressed because of warmer seawater.
Sea level is rising because of melting polar ice caps.
Carbon dioxide levels have been increasing globally for the past 150 years.
Precipitation patterns are changing on a global scale.
An organization of climate scientists reached an agreement on global climate change. They agree that the problem is serious and that a variety of measures should be enacted worldwide. The measures include a global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a switch to renewable energy resources.
What is the effect, in practice, of the agreement of the scientists?
The agreement dictates the laws of world governments, which have no right to alter the laws.
The agreement supersedes the actions of world governments because of the importance of global climate change.
The agreement forms the basis of laws enacted by world governments, which always include scientific oversight.
The agreement may help guide world governments but does not force their actions.
The city has approved the construction of a 15,000-seat arena for a professional basketball team. Which revision to the building plans for the arena would most help it meet the goals for sustainable development, as defined by the United Nations?
Move the arena to the city center, where it can be accessed by public transportation.
Remove the systems for heating and air-conditioning from the arena.
Move the arena to the edge of the city, where it would replace farmland.
Plant a lawn and trees along the outside of the arena.
Sustainable development favors the use of renewable resources, such as harnessing the energy of wind or sunlight. It does not favor the use of nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels. Which property of renewable resources explains their role in sustainable development?
Renewable resources involve synthetic or artificial materials that are not found in nature.
Renewable resources can be replaced effectively by healthy ecosystems.
Renewable resources involve materials or energy found in nature.
Renewable resources are less expensive and more useful than nonrenewable resources.
The Tran family enacts a conservation plan to recycle solid wastes, including glass, metal, and plastics. After 1 month, they calculate that their plan has reduced their solid waste output by 30 percent. However, the plan did not alter the volume of glass, metal, and plastic resources that the family used.
How does the conservation plan help reduce the ecological footprint of the Tran family?
by reducing the cost of material resources
by reducing the amount of space needed for landfills
by increasing the cost of material resources
by preserving material resources for use in the future
Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory?
All cells are produced from existing cells.
Only animals are made up of cells.
Cells are generally large enough for the unaided eye to see.
Cells are composed mostly of empty space.
The cells of all organisms contain DNA. In cells of which of the following groups is the cellular DNA enclosed in a nucleus?
bacteria
eukaryotes
viruses
prokaryotes
Microscopes can be used to explore cells. Which of the following types of microscopes is used to produce a three-dimensional image of the surface of a cell?
transmission electron microscope
scanning electron microscope
simple light microscope
compound light microscope
A number of scientists made contributions to cell theory. Which scientist was the first to use a light microscope to observe cells in a slice of cork?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Hooke
Theodor Schwann
Matthias Schleiden
The diagram shows the structure of adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
What describes the conversion of ADP to ATP?
an input of energy as both phosphate groups detach
a release of energy as one phosphate group detaches
an input of energy to attach a third phosphate group
a release of energy as a third phosphate group is attached
Stuart is listing the changes to matter and energy that occur during the process of photosynthesis. Which of these examples should he include in his list?
changes that convert light energy into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates
chemical changes that convert carbohydrates into smaller molecules
nuclear changes that convert hydrogen and oxygen into carbon
changes that convert chemical energy into heat and light
Nancy is explaining why chlorophyll is classified as a plant pigment and how it is useful in photosynthesis. Which property of chlorophyll would be most appropriate for her to cite?
chlorophyll's reactivity with oxygen
chlorophyll's presence in chloroplasts
chlorophyll's green color
chlorophyll's ability to absorb light
Yasmine is asked to describe the structural organization of chloroplasts. She writes the following sentence:
"A chloroplast contains thylakoid stacks, called stroma, that are surrounded by fluid-filled grana."
Which change to the sentence is necessary to make the sentence accurate?
Exchange the positions of "stroma" and "grana."
Replace "grana" with "chlorophyll."
Exchange the positions of "thylakoid" and "stroma."
Replace "stroma" with "chlorophyll."
Xavier is describing the role of electron carriers, such as NADP+, in photosynthesis. Which property of NADP+ should Xavier cite?
its reactivity with oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide
its ability to emit a stream of electrons in a nuclear reaction
its ability to accept and release high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion
the chemical bonds formed by electrons in its molecular structure
What BEST describes the role of light in the overall process of photosynthesis?
Light provides the energy for breaking apart sugars into small molecules.
Light provides the energy for assembling small molecules into sugars.
Light accepts the energy that is released by small molecules.
Light accepts the energy that is released by sugars.
In biology, the different areas of study are connected and overlap in various ways, with concepts that cut across all disciplines. Which pair of crosscutting concepts are BEST exemplified when birds fly south when winter comes to the United States, and north when spring arrives? Choose one.
energy and matter: flows, cycles, and conservation; patterns
patterns; cause and effect
systems and system models; scale, proportion, and quantity
stability and change; scale, proportion, and quantity
A scientist concludes that a population of bison has reached the carrying capacity of the prairie where it lives. The birthrate and death rate of the bison population are equal to each other. What can be concluded about the rates of immigration and emigration?
The rate of emigration equals the death rate.
The rate of either immigration or emigration is zero.
The rates of immigration and emigration are equal to each other.
The rate of immigration equals the birthrate.
A rabbit population is affected by parasitism and disease, both of which are density-dependent limiting factors. Which statement describes the effects of parasitism and disease on the rabbits?
As the density of the rabbit population increases, parasites and disease weaken or kill a greater percentage of rabbits.
As the density of the rabbit population increases, parasites and disease weaken or kill a lesser percentage of rabbits.
Parasites and disease weaken or kill a constant percentage of the rabbit population, regardless of its density.
Parasites and disease weaken or kill mostly the youngest and oldest rabbits, and not the rabbits of average age.
Scientists have observed the exponential growth of lionfish in the Caribbean Sea. Which of these predictions about the future of the lionfish population is the most likely to occur?
The lionfish population will continue growing exponentially indefinitely.
A limiting factor will cause the lionfish population to decline rapidly, and eventually decrease to near zero.
The lionfish population will enter a cycle of increasing and decreasing numbers, typical of many predators and prey.
A limiting factor will cause the growth of the lionfish population to slow down, forming a pattern of logistic growth.
The graph shows the changing populations of wolves and moose in Isle Royale National Park. Wolves are predators, and moose are their prey.
Which of the following pairs of populations is most likely to increase and decrease in a similar pattern to the wolves and moose?
Moose and the beneficial bacteria that live in the digestive tracts of moose
Male wolves and female wolves
Very old wolves and young wolf pups
Moose and balsam fir, which are the favorite food plants of moose
A hurricane blows across a Caribbean island. The storm flattens trees, and it drowns or washes away a large number of plants and animals. As a result of the storm, the carrying capacity of the island is temporarily reduced for many of the island species.
How is the storm classified as a limiting factor?
The storm is a density-independent limiting factor, because its effect depends on the size and density of a population.
The storm is a density-independent limiting factor, because population size and density do not alter the storm's effect.
The storm is a density-dependent limiting factor, because its effect depends on the strengths of its wind and rainfall.
The storm is a density-dependent limiting factor, because its effect depends on the size and density of a population.
Bamboo is a type of grass. In the wild, pandas eat bamboo almost exclusively. For this reason, the availability of bamboo is a significant limiting factor on the panda population.
Which statement describes how pandas could become extinct in the wild?
The bamboo population decreases so low that other limiting factors begin to affect the panda population.
The bamboo population decreases so low that the carrying capacity for pandas becomes zero.
The populations of bamboo and pandas both follow a pattern of exponential growth, and then both become extinct.
The populations of bamboo and pandas follow a cyclical pattern of increasing and decreasing, until one of them becomes extinct.
The human population has changed in ways that are similar to other populations. How has the human population changed since it first appeared on Earth?
The population has generally increased, and at rates that have varied over time.
The population increased rapidly until it reached its carrying capacity, and then decreased at a constant rate.
The population has generally increased at a relatively constant rate.
The population increased rapidly until it reached its carrying capacity, where it has remained for thousands of years.
Chemicals called PCBs were manufactured and widely used up until the 1970s. Unfortunately, these chemicals are harmful to humans and wildlife.
Some legislators are concerned about PCBs accumulating in mud and sand deposits in their regions. They commission a laboratory analysis, which shows that the PCBs are present in the mud and sand, but in very low amounts.
Which statement about PCBs is MOST useful for evaluating the laboratory analysis?
Scientists have no evidence of PCBs harming populations of earthworms, insects, or other small animals.
Scientists have developed new, safer chemicals that can replace PCBs in many industrial processes.
PCBs persist in the environment through biomagnification.
Current laws ban the manufacture and use of PCBs.
The builders of a new shopping mall have the option of installing solar panels on the roof of the mall. The solar panels would provide much but not all of the electricity for the mall's tenants. Although the solar panels have a high purchase and installation cost, they could provide an economic benefit over many years of use.
Would choosing the solar panels improve the sustainability of the mall?
Yes, because using solar panels always improves sustainability, regardless of the expense or efficiency.
Yes, because the solar panels have an economic benefit and they tap a renewable energy resource.
No, because the solar panels could provide only a long-term economic benefit, not a short-term benefit.
No, because the solar panels would meet only part of the electricity needs of the mall.
Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes. Which of the following is a function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes package lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Lysosomes break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Lysosomes build lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Lysosomes store lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
All cells contain cell membranes. Which of the following describes the composition of cell membranes?
Cell membranes are composed of cellulose, which provide rigidity for the cell.
Cell membranes are composed of cytoplasm, which allows proteins to be excreted by the cell.
Cell membranes are composed of lipid molecules, which provide a flexible structure.
Cell membranes are composed of carbohydrate chains, which allow all materials to enter and leave the cell.
Which organelles allow plants to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers?
the cell membranes because they regulate what enters and leaves the cells
the Golgi apparatus because it packages proteins for storage in the cells
the chloroplasts because they convert sunlight into chemical energy
the vacuoles because they are filled with fluid, which provide rigidity
In a chemical reaction, which event ALWAYS occurs as the reaction proceeds?
the rearrangement of electrons to break or form chemical bonds
the absorption of energy from the environment
a change in total mass
the release of energy to the environment
In both photosystem I and photosystem II, light energy is used to excite electrons. The two photosystems were named in the order of their discovery, and not in the order of their work in the light-dependent reactions. Photosystem II comes first in the sequence of events that moves electrons from water molecules to their destination, NADP+. Hydrogen ions travel with the electrons, and they combine with NADP+ to form NADPH. The process is summarized in this diagram.
In the diagram, an arrow leads from the splitting of water, to the two photosystems, and then to NADP+. What process is represented by this arrow?
the movement of electrons along the electron transport chain
the conversion of electrons into sunlight
the formation of high-energy sugars
the cycling of light energy within the photosystems
In places all over the world, the populations of many species of wildlife have decreased significantly over the past 100 years. Many of the species are now classified as threatened or endangered.
A team of ecologists is investigating ways to restore populations of wildlife species. How does the concept of anthromes affect any solution that the team might develop?
Anthromes include national parks and conservation land, where wildlife is protected.
Anthromes now cover most of Earth's land, aside from polar regions.
Anthromes have replaced some natural biomes, especially along coastlines.
Anthromes and natural biomes are constantly replacing one another.
Jeanine is developing a model of global systems. She begins by creating the table shown.
Why would adding arrows to connect the four systems be useful for developing the model?
Each system has temporary parts that may be replaced by another system.
Matter and energy flow in one direction through all four systems.
Living things may move among the four systems.
Each system exchanges matter or energy with the other systems.
Juanita is studying the food web of the open ocean. Which step would be most useful for her to follow to identify the primary producers of the food web?
Look for small animal plankton near the ocean surface
Look for plants or animals that live along the ocean floor
Look for tiny phytoplankton that float on the ocean surface.
Look for floating plants, such as water lilies.
Karen is classifying a group of organisms that are either primary producers or consumers. What is the direct source of energy for all of the consumers?
either producers or other consumers
producers only
other consumers only
nonliving sources, such as sunlight
Lake Tefillin is a large freshwater lake that is popular for recreation. One year, the managers of the lake introduce a population of rainbow trout to the lake. The graph shows the growth of the population over several years.
Which best describes the growth pattern of the rainbow trout?
Exponential growth, because the lake provides unlimited resources to the population
Logistic growth, because the effect of limiting factors increases with the population size
Exponential growth, because limiting factors are always affecting the population
Logistic growth, because the lake provides unlimited resources until the population reaches carrying capacity
Laney is asked to research an organism that performs denitrification. Which strategy is the MOST LIKELY to be successful?
Look for soil bacteria that convert nitrates to nitrogen gas.
Look for phytoplankton that perform photosynthesis.
Look for soil bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates.
Look for ocean-dwelling organisms that perform chemosynthesis.
Manuel and three other students are studying the effects of various factors on the growth of plants in a garden. Manuel is asked to investigate the effects of abiotic factors that involve the geosphere. The other three students are investigating effects that involve the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Which factor would be entirely Manuel's responsibility to investigate?
the sizes of rocks mixed into the garden soil
the species of insects, worms, and other small animals that live in the garden soil
the volume of rainwater that soaks into the garden soil over one month
the rate of decay of dead plant matter in the garden soil
Mature mammalian red blood cells, called erythrocytes, have no nucleus, ribosomes, or mitochondria. The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. The large amount of hemoglobin allows the red blood cells to carry the large amount of oxygen cells need for the high rate of metabolism in mammals.
Erythrocytes have a biconcave shape, meaning they are thinner in their center than along their edges as shown in the model.
Based on the structure of erythrocytes, how do red blood cells help to maintain homeostasis in mammalian organisms?
Oxygen enters and leaves red blood cells against a concentration gradient through protein pumps to maintain homeostasis. The biconcave shape of erythrocytes provides an increased surface area on the cells for active transport to occur.
Red blood cells synthesize hemoglobin to increase absorption of oxygen to maintain homeostasis. The biconcave shape of erythrocytes provides an increased surface area on the cells for protein synthesis to occur.
Oxygen diffuses into and out of red blood cells to maintain homeostasis. The biconcave shape of erythrocytes provides an increased surface area on the cells for diffusion to occur.
Oxygen enters red blood cells via endocytosis and exits red blood cells via exocytosis to maintain homeostasis. The biconcave shape of erythrocytes provides an increased surface area on the cells for bulk transport to occur.
Raphael is studying the water cycle and its critical role in ecosystem functions. He is developing a model of the water cycle, and his initial work is shown below.
Raphael is thinking about revising the model to represent the role of photosynthesis in the water cycle. Would including photosynthesis in the model be reasonable, and for what reason?
No, because water is not involved in photosynthesis.
No, because water is necessary for photosynthesis but not changed by it.
Yes, because water is a reactant, or input, of photosynthesis.
Yes, because water is a product, or output, of photosynthesis.
Scientists estimate that humans contain over 37 trillion cells. Among these cells are more than 200 different cell types that have different structures, sizes, shapes, and functions. The table shows just a few different types of cells in the human body, their functions, and their average volumes.
In terms of volume, how does the size of a red blood cell compare to the size of an enterocyte?
A red blood cell is 7% smaller than an enterocyte.
A red blood cell is 93% smaller than an enterocyte.
A red blood cell is 71% smaller than an enterocyte.
A red blood cell is 29% smaller than an enterocyte.
Simone is creating a model to track the carbon atoms that cycle between the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. The illustration shows part of her model. It describes two chemical reactions that occur between dissolved carbon dioxide and water.
As explained by the chemical reactions shown in the illustration, which of these events is caused by increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
increased rates of photosynthesis
ocean acidification
increased rate of fossil fuel formation
biomagnification
The diagram is a simplified model of four Earth systems-the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere-and the changes that their interactions cause.
Which statement is MOST USEFUL for explaining or using this model?
Both the causes and effects of global change may involve all Earth systems.
Only one Earth system causes a specific global change, but all Earth systems could be affected.
The causes and effects of a specific global change are confined to one Earth system only.
All Earth systems may interact to cause a specific global change, but only one Earth system is affected.
What does the model represent?
the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level
the total biomass in each trophic level
the total amount of energy in the ecosystem
the conservation of energy as energy transfers between organisms
The diagram shows how the energy of sunlight is distributed after it enters Earth's atmosphere. The complex distribution of this energy is partially a result of certain gases in the atmosphere, called greenhouse gases. These gases absorb heat that is radiated from the surface, and then reradiate the heat.
What is the relationship between the greenhouse effect and sunlight?
Greenhouse gases absorb sunlight, preventing it from reaching the surface.
Greenhouse gases absorb heat, and sunlight is the source of energy of the heat.
Greenhouse gases absorb sunlight, and then reradiate it to the surface.
Greenhouse gases reflect sunlight into space, preventing it from reaching the surface.
Several different amino acids join together to form a protein. How do any two types of amino acids differ from one another?
the number of carboxyl groups in the molecule
the number of chemical bonds formed by the central carbon atom
the chemical structure of the R group in the molecule
the number of amino groups in the molecule
What best describes the relationship between starch and glucose?
Starch is a polymer made of glucose monomers.
Starch and glucose are reactants that combine to form proteins.
Starch and glucose are reactants that combine to form nucleic acids.
Starch is a monomer that is used to make glucose.
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is a protein that binds to two small molecules: water and carbon dioxide. By holding the two molecules in the proper position, the enzyme allows the two molecules to react to form a product, carbonic acid. The enzyme then releases the product and becomes available to catalyze the same reaction once again.
How does carbonic anhydrase change the reaction between carbon dioxide and water?
It decreases the activation energy.
It decreases the total mass of the system.
It increases the total energy released.
It alters the structure of the product.
The government of County X strictly regulates the use of much of its land. However, the government is considering a revision to these regulations that would allow much of the wilderness land of the county to be converted for human use. The table shows current land use in County X, as well as the predicted future land use if the proposed regulations are adopted.
What is the MOST LIKELY consequence to the citizens of County X if the proposed regulations are adopted?
increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
increased risk of acid rain
increased risk of flooding from severe storms
decreased productivity per acre of farm land
The graphs show the age structure for each of three countries. The horizontal bars show the percentages of the population in each age group, by gender. Note that for Country 1, about 20 percent of the population is between the ages of 0 and 4. This is the greatest percentage of any 4-year age span in all three countries.
Which conclusion about Country 1 does its age structure support?
Fewer young children live in Country 1 than in the other countries.
Young children have a higher death rate in Country 1 than in the other countries.
More young children live in Country 1 than in the other countries.
Young children have a lower death rate in Country 1 than in the other countries.
The overall chemical equation that describes photosynthesis is shown below.
By analyzing this equation, which property of photosynthesis can be identified?
the source of carbon atoms in the carbohydrate product
the chemical changes that occur during the light-dependent reactions
the chemical changes that occur during the light-independent reactions
the identities and roles of electron carriers
The overall chemical equation that describes photosynthesis is shown below.
During photosynthesis, what best describes the role of the compound with the chemical formula C^6 H^12 O^6?
either a product or a reactant, depending on whether the cell needs to store energy or release energy
a product that is not useful because of its low-energy chemical bonds
a reactant that is useful because of its high-energy chemical bonds
a product that is useful because of its high-energy chemical bonds
The Understanding Global Change (UGC) diagram is a useful model for explaining the causes and effects of changes to global systems. Below is a simplified version of this diagram.
What is the purpose of this simplified version of the UGC diagram?
explaining the role of carbon in the greenhouse effect
predicting how the climate will change in the future
identifying causes and effects of climate change
identifying the processes of the carbon cycle
The Western North Pacific gray whale was once nearly extinct due to commercial whaling, but now is recovering under protected status. The map shows the range and distribution of the Western North Pacific gray whale.
Look at the map. Which statement BEST explains why policies based on national boundary lines do not always succeed in protecting marine species like this whale?
Whales migrate through commercial fishing waters to reach their winter breeding grounds, and face the serious risk of gear entanglement.
Whales migrate annually between their winter breeding grounds in one country's territorial waters, and summer feeding areas in another country's waters, crossing boundary lines in each journey.
Whales migrate along major shipping lanes to reach their summer feeding grounds, with the potential of deadly ship strikes.
Whales migrate along the coast of continents to reach their winter breeding grounds, where offshore petroleum drilling disrupts their migration routes with seismic surveys and oil spills.
Thomas constructs a model by completing the following steps.
1. Draw a diagram that shows where oxygen is found on Earth, including the atmosphere, bodies of water, land, and living things.
2. Draw arrows to show how oxygen moves and changes form from one location to another.
3. Label each arrow.
Thomas has constructed an example of what type of ecological model?
biogeochemical cycle
geological system
food web
energy pyramid
Water covers most of Earth's surface. The diagram shows the structure of a water molecule.
What allows the three atoms in a water molecule to stay together?
hydrogen bonds formed only by the electrons of the hydrogen atoms
covalent bonds formed by shared electrons between atoms
covalent bonds formed by electrons that transfer between atoms
ionic bonds formed by electrons that transfer between atoms
What event changes an atom into an ion?
a chemical reaction that forms a molecule
the gain or loss of one or more neutrons
the sharing of electrons with another atom
the gain or loss of one or more electrons
What is the effect of an enzyme on the energy of a chemical reaction?
Enzymes increase the free energy of the products.
Enzymes decrease the difference in energy between products and reactants.
Enzymes decrease the activation energy of the reaction.
Enzymes decrease the free energy of the reactants.
Which icon represents the mechanism that affects Earth's temperatures, and that now is causing the temperatures to increase?
Greenhouse effect
Carbon
Global sea level rise
Greenhouse gases
Which numbered arrow represents photosynthesis?
arrow 1
arrow 4
arrow 2
arrow 3
Which of the following BEST describes the flow of energy through a food chain?
Energy flows from primary producers to consumers, in one direction only.
Energy flows from consumers to primary producers, in one direction only.
Energy flows between primary producers and consumers, in either direction.
Energy flows between primary producers and consumers, in an endless cycle.
Which of these molecular structures could be found in a lipid, but not in a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid?
a phosphate group joined to a chain of carbon atoms
a long chain made only of carbon and hydrogen atoms
a long chain of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms
an amino group and a carboxyl group bonded together
Which statement BEST describes how matter moves within and between ecosystems?
Matter cycles through food webs and biogeochemical cycles.
Matter flows in a one-way direction through food chains and food webs.
Matter cycles between trophic levels in food chains and food webs.
Matter is made and destroyed as it is used by living things.
Which statement describes all primary producers?
All take in energy to assemble energy-rich compounds.
All harness the energy of sunlight through the process of photosynthesis.
All take in food and break it apart to release energy.
All are small, single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and algae.
Which type of macromolecule has the function of storing and transmitting hereditary or genetic information?
carbohydrate
lipid
nucleic acid
protein
Which vital element for life participates in the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles?
sodium
calcium
oxygen
chlorine
William is developing the model shown below to illustrate the process of photosynthesis. He plans to use the model to explain how photosynthesis transforms both energy and matter.
In a key or legend for the model, how should William describe the roles of NADPH and ATP in the light-independent reactions?
providing the carbon for sugar molecules
providing the oxygen for sugar molecules
absorbing the energy of light and transferring it to electrons
supplying the energy necessary to assemble sugar molecules
William is developing the model shown below to illustrate the process of photosynthesis. He plans to use the model to explain how photosynthesis transforms both energy and matter.
The model includes a wavy arrow to show light striking the thylakoids. Which label for the wavy arrow would be MOST USEFUL for communicating the role of light in photosynthesis?
Light is the energy source for converting ADP to ATP, and NADP+ to NADPH.
The chloroplast reflects the green wavelengths of light.
Light energy is cycled within the thylakoid.
Light is radiated from the chloroplast during the light-independent reactions.
Zoe is studying a mountainous region where a glacier is melting and retreating. She constructs the timeline shown below to show her prediction of how the region will change over time.
Why are the changes shown in the diagram classified as primary succession, and not secondary succession?
The process begins with pioneer species growing on bare rock.
Many intermediate communities appear before the climax community.
The climax community appears after hundreds of years.
The process results in the appearance of a climax community.
