Font size
WorksheetsInterorgan Relationships
Total questions: 132
Worksheet time: 1hrs 6mins
Which best explains why a FADH2 molecule produces less ATP than NADH
It has less available energy
It enters the electron transport chain later
It is less reactive
What is the MAIN electron transport chain regulation
It's respiratory controlled as ETC is coupled to ATP synthesis and so it is limited by ADP levels
It enzymatic controlled as the ETC is limited by the amount of necessary enzymes present
It's respiratory controlled as the ETC is limited by the O2 available
What does the ETC do that facilitates oxidative phosphorylation
( think about how are ETC and oxidative phosphorylation coupled)
Release electrons to be captured as energy by ATP synthesis
Release electrons that leave the inner mitochondria and interact with ATP synthase to produce ATP
Release electrons that to oxygen that then interacts with ATP synthase to produce ATP
Release electrons that move H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane creating an electrochemical gradient
Where does the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation take place
Outer mitochondrial membrane
Inner mitochondria membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
Which of these is not part of the ETC
cytochrome q
cytochrome b
cytochrome c
cytochrome c1
Which of these can act as sources of fuel for energy generation (answers all that apply)
Glucose
Pyruvate
Fatty acids
Proteins
Why does gluconeogenesis require 3 times the energy that is produced by glycolysis
Glycolysis has some irreversible reactions that are overcome by extra energy
Gluconeogeneis is an anabolic process which will mean it will always require more energy than what is released
Gylcolysis is only 1/3 efficient at energy trapping but the total glucose energy needs to be put back for gluconeogenesis
What enzyme bypasses (glucose + ATP --------------> glucose-6-phosphate + ADP) in gluconeogenesis
Hexicokinase
phosphofructokinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
What enzyme overcomes (PEP + ADP ---------------------> pyruvate + ATP) in gluconeogenesis
pyruvate kinase
phosphofructokinase and hexokinase
Pyruvate carboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and Pyruvate carboxylase
What enzyme overcomes (fructose-6-phosphate + ATP------> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP ) in gluconeogenesis
hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
phosphofructokinase and Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
What is the major site of gluconeogenesis?
kidney
liver
adipose tissue
small intestine
These are all substrates for gluconeogenesis except
lactate
glycerol
glucose
amino acid
PEP carboxylase catalyze conversion of (a) to phosphoenolpyruvate
Name the enzyme that catalyze the conversion of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate
PEP carboxykinase
PFK-1
hexokinase
fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
Which reaction takes place at the regulatory site of gluconeogenesis?
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
pyruvate to oxaloacetate
glucose 6-phosphate to glucose
oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate
When Glucagon binds to thecell wall, kinase A is ctivated. What happens to the increased protein kinase A phosphorylate bifunctional enzymes, PFK-2 and FBP-2?
PFK-2 inactive, FBP-2 active
PFK-2 active, FBP-2 inactive
PFK-2 active, FBP-2 active
PFK-2 inactive, FBP-2 inactive
The inactive form of pyruvate kinase, inhibits
glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
what makes gluconeogenesis be activated?
AMP
Steroid hormone
ATP
Epinephrine
Hormone .............. inhibits enzymes PEP carboxykinase and Glucose 6-phosphatase.
Cortisol
Glucagon
Insulin
Epinephrine
What is the definition of the term anabolism?
Chemical reactions which synthesize large molecules from smaller ones
The total of all the chemical reactions which take place in the body
Chemical reactions which break down large molecules into smaller ones
The minimal rate of metabolism in an individual at complete rest
Which term best describes the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler compounds?
Metabolism
Anaerobic anabolism
Anaerobic catabolism
Aerobic catabolism
Which is an example of a catabolic reaction?
The production of protein from amino acids
The production of glucose from glycogen
The production of ATP from ADP and P
The production of ATP without oxygen
Which term describes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Which term describes the formation of glycogen from glucose?
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Which term describes the breakdown of glucose?
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Which term describes the formation of glucose from other classes of compounds?
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
What term describes the breakdown of lipids?
Triglycerlysis
Triglycerneolysis
Lipolysis
Lipogenesis
Specifically, which type of reaction is the synthesis of glycogen?
Metabolic
Catabolic
Anabolic
Hydroponic
Which is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Beta oxidation
Which of the following is true about oxaloacetate?
It is an intermediary in the synthesis of glucose from glycerol
It can cross mitochondrial membranes
It is an intermediary in glycolysis
It is an intermediary in the synthesis of glucose from lactate
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate?
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate Phosphatase
Which glycolytic reaction cannot be directly reversed in gluconeogenesis?
Glucose-6-Phosphate → Fructose-6-Phosphate
Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
Fructose-6-Phosphate → Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate
3-Phospho-Glycerate → 2-Phospho-Glycerate
Which of the following enzymes does NOT participate in gluconeogenesis?
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase
Gluconeogensis in __________ provides a source of ___________ for transport in the bloodstream and use by ___________.
Muscle; glucose-6-phosphate; liver
Liver; ATP; brain
Liver; glucose-6-phosphate; brain
Liver; glucose; brain and muscle
Hexokinase is an isoenzyme of glucokinase that adds a Phosphate to Glucose upon entry to the cell. Which of the following organ expresses hexokinase?
Kidney
Liver
Muscle
Brain
This compound is broken into two in order to produce energy that will drive the reaction of UDP-glucose and Glycogenin. What is it called?
Diphosphate
Bisphosphate
Pyrophosphate
Phyrophosphate
Name the bond making up branches in glycogen
alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond
alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond
beta-1,4-glycosidic bond
beta-1,6-glycosidic bond
Primary storage site for glycogen is __________.
liver and heart
liver and skeletal muscle
liver and brain
brain and heart
How does glycogenolysis break down glycogen into glucose?
It cuts the glycogen in half
It brings the entire glycogen molecule to be broken into energy
It rearranges the glycogen molecule into glucose
It starts at the end of the branches and breaks glucose off one at a time
Glycogenolysis is inactive when _______.
Muscles are active
Heart rate is normal
Heart rate is elevated
Muscles are at rest
In which type of cell does glycogenolysis occur?
Myocytes
Hepatocytes
Both
Neither
Which of the following is NOT an activity of the debranching enzyme?
α-1,6-glucosidation
α-1,4-glucosidation
phosphorylation
glucose transfer
Glucose-6-Phosphate gets converted to Glucose in the ________ using the enzyme ________, which cannot be found in the ________.
smooth ER ; glucose-6-phosphatase ; liver cells
smooth ER ; glucose-6-phosphorylase ; liver cells
smooth ER ; glucose-6-phosphatase ; muscle cells
smooth ER ; glucose-6-phosphorylase ; muscle cells
All the following enzymes are involved in glycogen synthesis EXCEPT:
Hexokinase
Glycogen Synthetase
Phospho-gluco Mutase
Glycogen Synthase
allosteric affectors are:
factors that allow control
factors that always enhance enzyme activity
factors that always inhibit enzyme activity
factors that may enhance or inhibit enzyme activity
The process of breaking down a glucose molecule to release energy is called ___________.
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Hydrolysis
Which cell in the human body only uses glycolysis for ATP production?
Erythrocyte
Hepatocyte
Neuron
Which of the following biological processes will occur under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions in humans?
Fermentation
Lactation
glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis occur in the ___________ of a cell.
Golgi complex
Mitochondria
Cytosol
ribosomes
How many pyruvate molecules are formed by the glycolysis process of one moelcule of glucose?
One
Two
four
Six
Which of the following products is not created by glycolysis?
ATP
NADH
PYruvate
Lactaic acid
Which of the following is not a product in the net reaction for glycolysis?
GTP
ATP
NADH
What type of enzyme is responsible for initiating the process of glycolysis?
Phosphatase
Phosphorylase
Hydrogenase
Kinase
A kinae an enzyme that
removes a phosphate form substrates
uses an ATP to add a phopshate to a substrate
does not use a ATP to add a phosphate to a subdtrate
Glycolysis nvolves 10 steps and _________ of them are irreversible
one
two
three
four
What is the enzyme used in converting Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate?
hexokinase
phosphoglycerate kinase
pyruvate kinase
lactate dehydrogenase
In the anaerobic processes of glycolysis, which of the following enzymes is involved?
hexokinase
lactate dehydrogenase
pyruvate kinase
phosphoglycerate kinase
How many ATPs are produced by the Kreb's Cycle?
2
10
20
30
Gluconeogenesis happens when a person is in a
well-fed state
fiesta party
fasting state
Gluconeogenesis happens in
cytoplasm
mitochondria
both cytoplasm and the mitochondria
cell membrane
Which enzyme is used to convert pyruvate back into phosphoenolpyruvate?
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
pyruvate carboxylase
glucose-6-phosphatase
none of the above
Which enzyme is used to convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate?
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
pyruvate carboxylase
glucose-6-phosphatase
none of the above
During starved state and in the absence of insulin, what happens in the brain?
hexokinases are triggered to act upon glucose
lactic acid is produced from anaerobic respiration
ketones are produced from the stacking of acetyl-CoA
isocitrate is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate, which proceeds to the pentose pathway
The following are main enzymes in gluconeogenesis except
pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase
pancreatic lipase
glucose-6-phosphatase
Glycogenesis happens when a person is in a
well-fed state
after a whole day of sitting in a lab class
fasting state
What do you call the insulin-dependent transporter in the hepatocyte or in the myocyte that is relevant for glycogen synthesis
GLUT1
GLUT2
GLUT 3
GLUT 4
GLUT5
What is the enzyme used to initiate or to prime the elongation of glucose chains in glycogenolysis?
glycogen synthase
glycogen branching enzyme
glycogenin
Which positions are the chains added to glucose for elongation?
alpha 1,6
alpha 1,4
between C1 and C3
Which positions are the chains added to glucose to increase branching?
alpha 1,6
alpha 1,4
between C1 and C3
The following activates glycogenolysis except
during long exercise
blood loss
chronic stress
after a meal
Which is true for glycogenolysis in the liver
glucose is liberated by glucose-6-phosphatase and transported to the bloodstream via GLUT4
glucose is used by the liver right away for its own consumption
300-400g glycogen in stored in the liver
In glycogenolysis, after the branches are removed, which enzyme is responsible for cutting the chain to glucose-6-phosphate?
glycogen phosphorylase
hexokinase
phosphoglucomutase
oligo-alpha(1->6)-alpha(1->4)-glucantransferase
amylo-alpha(1->6)-glucosidase
What happens to glucose-6-phosphate in the muscles and brain?
becomes pyruvate
becomes free glucose
becomes ribose and NADH
What happens to glucose-6-phosphate in the liver?
becomes pyruvate
becomes free glucose
becomes ribose and NADH
What happens to glucose-6-phosphate when cells actively convert glucose as fats?
becomes pyruvate
becomes free glucose
becomes ribose and NADH
What happens to glucose-6-phosphate in cells that actively convert glucose as fats?
becomes pyruvate
becomes free glucose
becomes ribose and NADH
Gluconeogenesis predominanly occurs is
liver
brain
sketelal muscle
skeletal and cardiac muscles
Gluconeogenesis is a .... process.
anabolic
catabolic
hyperbolic
androbolic
Pyruvate carboxylase is located predominantly in
mitochondria
cytosol
extracellular
peroxisomes
What enzyme bypasses (glucose + ATP --------------> glucose-6-phosphate + ADP) in gluconeogenesis
Hexicokinase
phosphofructokinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Which of the following molecule can be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis?
Glycerol
Maltose
DNA
Lipoproteins
1. Transmission of nerve impulse across the synapse is accomplished by -----------------
Release of ions
Release of neurotransmitter
Movement of water
Movement of Na+ and K+
1. Excretion means -------------
Removal of substance which have never been part of body
Formation of useful substances in the body
Removal of substance which are not required in the body
Storage of excess of glucose in the body
1. The nerve cell is not able to multiply because of ---------------
Absence of nucleus
Absence of chromosome
Absence of spindle fibers
All
1. The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose, at the end ------ ATP forms
12
8
38
24
1. The process of breaking down of glycogen to glucose in the tissue is referred as -----
Glycogenolysis
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
---------- is the junction region between two neurons
Nerve fiber
Soma
Axon
Synapse
The formation of glucose from the sources other than carbohydrates is called ----
Glycogenolysis
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
-------------- functional unit of the kidney
Neuron
Nephron
Sarcomere
Cell
In Glycolysis, Glucose 6 Phosphate is get converted in to Fructose 1,6 biphosphate by the action of the enzyme -------------
Isomerase
Aldolase
Hexokinase
Enolase
In Formation of urine, the hydrostatic pressure of blood is ----------
30 mmhg
10 mmhg
15 mmhg
60 mmhg
The process of breaking down a glucose molecule to release energy is called ___________.
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Hydrolysis
The Calvin cycle is part of
cell respiration
photosynthesis
glycolysis
end-product inhibition
A competitive inhibitor
binds to the allosteric site, blocking the substrate
binds to the active site, blocking the substrate
has a different shape than the enzyme
lowers the activation energy of a reaction
An example of a non-competitive inhibitor is
mercury
oxaloacetate
lactase
glucose
During the production of the essential amino acid isoleucine, _____________________ acts as the ___________________ inhibitor of threonine.
Isoleucine, non-competitive
Threonine deaminase, non-competitive
Isoleucine, competitive
Threonine deaminase, competitive
Enzymes are useful for chemical reactions because they ________________________________________.
increase the activation energy
lower the activation energy
decrease the rate of reaction
increase inhibition
An inhibitor is a molecule that binds to the enzyme
and speeds up the enzymes function
is always reversible
slows down or stops the enzymes function
is always irreversible
Chemogenetics involves
bioinformatics and metabolic pathways
chemicals and genes
biochemistry and DNA
competitive and non-competitive inhibition
What colour line represents non-competitive inhibition?
Green
Orange
Blue
Which colour line represents competitive inhibition?
Green line
Orange line
Blue line
Which of the following statements is true regarding glycogen phosphorylase?
A.Glycogen phosphorylase in muscle is allosterically activated by ATP and G6P.
B.Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the cleavage of both a(1 → 4) and a(1 → 6) bonds.
C.Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by both phosphorylase kinase and PKA.
Which of the following diseases results in uncontrollable spasms due to hypocalcemia?
tetany
Grave's disease
myxedema
Cushing's syndrome
Which of the following best describes someone with gigantism?
50 year old with an elevated growth hormone level
60 year old with increased blood pressure, edema, and low potassium
6 year old with an elevated growth hormone level
3 year old with a decreased level of thyroxine
Which of the following is caused by a lack of iodine:
tetany
goiter
diabetes insipidus
Parkinson's disease
Which patient would most likely experience diabetes insipidus:
a 16 year old male who had an autoimmune response that destroyed his pancreas
a 12 year old male who has very low levels of ADH
a 54 year old female who had a thyroidectomy
a 72 year old female who had her ovaries removed
An increased level of thyroxine would cause which of the following:
myxedema
Grave's disease
Addison's disease
Cretinism
Increased level of Growth Hormone after long bone growth development has ceased leads to which of the following:
tetany
gigantism
acromegaly
hirsutism
If a baby is born with a poorly functioning thyroid gland, which of the following may occur:
cretinism
Cushing's syndrome
hyperaldosteronism
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Which of the following are produced from the thyroid?
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
oxytocin
aldosterone
What gland produces Prolactin?
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
thyroid
adrenals
This hormone produced by your adrenal glands is responsible for your ability to react to long term stress.
epinephrine
cortisol
prolactin
aldosterone
A young patient begins to lose weight and complains of constantly being thirsty. When assessed, the nurse completes a blood glucose analysis with a glucometer. The result is 329 mg/dL (elevated):
diabetes insipidus
diabetes mellitus
Addison’s disease
hyperaldosteronism
A middle aged female presents with a rounded face and a diffuse fatty deposit located on her upper back. The change occurred over the past two years and she had stated that she had not changed her diet or decreased her activity at all.
Addison’s disease
Cushing’s syndrome
hyperaldosteronism
Grave’s disease
A middle aged male presents with a complaint of feeling “burnt out”. He states he no longer has motivation or energy and gets lightheaded at times. He has hyperpigmentation (see photo). While checking his blood pressure the nurse determines that the patient has hypotension (low blood pressure).
Addison’s disease
tetany
diabetes insipidus
cretinism
Which of the following is a glucocorticoid:
aldosterone
cortisol
PTH
ADH
The beta cells of the pancreas are stimulated during hyperglycemia to produce:
glucagon
insulin
calcitonin
PTH
Which of the following terms means excessive hair growth:
exophthalmos
myxedema
hirsutism
diuresis
Which of the following terms means to break down glycogen into glucose:
glucosuria
glucagon
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
Where is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme located:
kidneys
liver
lungs
adrenal glands
Which of the following is the storage form of glucose:
glycogen
glucagon
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland:
TSH
ACTH
ADH
FSH
Which of the following is an example of a tropic hormone:
T4
ADH
ACTH
Prl
Which of the following means low blood volume:
hyperglycemia
hypocalcemia
hypovolemia
hypertension
