A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment-

Which of these is NOT an abiotic factor?

Which of these is NOT a biotic factor?

The range of conditions in which an organism can survive and the role each species occupies within an ecosystem-

Each individual organism has the ability to adapt or acclimate to the environment by changing characteristics such as behavior, metabolism, etc.

Coral animals can adapt to different light levels by changing their growth form, this is an example of-

The process by which a population changes through time in response to biotic and abiotic conditions-

The process of traits within a population changing through time is called-

The sunlight zone where light can penetrate-

Zone with enough sunlight for photosynthesis to occur-

In the ___________ zone, some light is present, but there is not enough light for photosynthesis to produce net glucose

Zone of permanent darkness, where no light reaches-

Temperature varies greatly in the ocean according to _________ and _________.

Organisms whose internal metabolism is of negligible importance to controlling their body temperature; "cold-blooded" organisms-

What are the two most commonly cycled nutrients?

_____________ does not readily dissolve in seawater. There is far more ___________ in the atmosphere than there is in the ocean.

______________ readily dissolves in the ocean, with the ocean holding far more carbon dioxide than the atmosphere.

The pressure of water increases the equivalent of 1 atmosphere for every __ meter(s) of depth in the ocean.

_________________ competition is competition between species.

_________________ competition is competition among members of the same species.

Sometimes species use each other as a food resource rather than competing for resources. These interactions are known as ______________________.

________________ is the act of one organism eating another.

In many ecosystems, predators often have an impact on species in their community besides their prey species, a process known as a(n) __________ interaction.

A(n)___________ occurs when a predator affects not only the abundance of its prey but also the abundance of its prey's resources.

Which of these are defense mechanisms that many organisms develop to help them avoid predators?

Relationship in which two or more organisms live together in close association-

In a symbiosis, the ______ is the larger partner and the _________ is the smaller partner.

In a ___________ symbiosis, one species gains shelter, food, or some other benefit without really affecting the other species.

In a ____________ relationship, the symbiont benefits at the expense of the host.

Both partners benefit from this symbiotic relationship-

A mutualism can either be a(n) ____________ symbiosis or a(n) ____________ symbiosis.

In a(n) _______________ mutualistic symbiosis, both partners can survive without each other if they have to.

In a(n) _______________ symbiosis, one or both of the partners depends upon the other for survival.

Barnacles that live on the surface of another organism-

Marine Isopods in the gills and mouths of fishes-

Cleaning associations in which small cleaner fishes have relationships with larger fishes-

Lichens relationship between fungus and algae-

The majority of life in the ocean is concentrated around the-

The ____________ zone, or the space between high and low tide, is one of the best-known marine habitats.

Intertidal habitats are regularly exposed to air, which is called ____________.

Intertidal habitats are regularly submerged underwater, or experience _______________.

Which of these are the two main types of intertidal habitats?

Which type of intertidal habitat has hard, rocky bottoms with abundant structures to which sessile organisms can attach?

Which intertidal habitat lacks in hard structure and is composed of loose sediment?

Organisms in the intertidal habitat are challenged by _________________, or the tendency to dry out when exposed to air.

What type of organisms employ the "clam-up" strategy?

Which of these are limits that species in the upper intertidal face in their distribution?

Species in the lower intertidal are typically limited by biological factors like-

Zonation is less pronounced in _____________ intertidal habitat than in _______________ intertidal habitat.

Seaweed communities exist in _____________________ waters.

The space where freshwater from rivers enter the sea-

Which of these are examples of estuaries?

Estuaries are also commonly known as-

Formed when sea-level rise occurred at the end of the last ice age and inundated lowlands and river mouths-

Forms from the accumulation of sediment that builds up along the coast forming sandbars or barrier islands-

Formed when land sank or subsided after crust movement-

Formed when retreating glaciers cut deep valleys along coastlines-

What is the most common type of estuary on Earth?

The Chesapeake Bay and Delaware River mouth are two major examples of what type of estuary?

Common in the United States along the Gulf of Mexico and in North Carolina-

Which of these is an example of a tectonic estuary?

Common in Southeastern Alaska, British Columbia, Norway, SOuthern Chile, and New Zealand-

Saltwater is denser than freshwater.

Because saltwater is denser than freshwater, the saltwater flows along the bottom, with the freshwater floating on top. This forms what is known as a(n)-

What kind of species are those that can tolerate a wide range of salinity?

Species that can only tolerate a narrow range of salinity-

Species that find intermediate salinity to be optimal-

Which of these organisms live in estuaries?

Common estuarine communities and are formed when the bottoms of estuaries become exposed at low tide-

Salt-tolerant species

Which of these organisms are common on mudflats?

What are dominant animals on mudflats called?

Salt Marshes communities by what kind of species?

The input of excess nutrients from humans via agricultural runoff and waste-

The ecosystem that is considered the rainforest of the sea due to the incredible diversity of their inhabitants-

While coral reefs cover less than __ percent of the area of the ocean, they are home to fully __ percent of marine species.

Coral reefs are large geological structures made from the _________ skeleton of marine cnidarian animals called corals.

Corals contain symbiotic algal partners called-

The symbiotic relationship between Corals and Zooxanthellae is most likely a-

Many reefs fall into one of three classic types of coral reefs which were first classified by-

Which of these are the three classic types of coral reefs?

The simplest, most common type of coral reef and develop close to shore-

Particularly vulnerable to runoff and human disturbance due to their proximity to the coastline-

Most __________________ are separated from the shore by a lagoon or stretch of calm water between the coast and the reef.

What is the largest barrier reef?

Barrier reefs are similar to fringing reefs but are typically farther from shore-

A ring of reef that surrounds an island-

The majority of atolls occur in the-

Form when volcanoes or seamounts begin to subside-

The Open Ocean-

Which of these animals live in the open ocean?

Organisms that occupy this zone are often unusual, alien-like creatures, reminiscent of those of science fiction movies-

Animals in the deep sea commonly use ______________ for prey attraction, communication, and courtship displays.

Organisms in the deep sea have adapted by-

Which of these are ecosystems that are primarily inhabited by deep-sea microbes and are dependent on primary production from chemosynthetic microbes?

Hydrothermal Vents were first discovered by the submersible _________ in _____.

________________, or bone-eating worms, burrow into the skeleton of the whale, consuming oil from the bones.

Primary producers who use the energy from the sun to produce their own food-

Organisms that rely on autotrophs as their main source of food and hence energy-

Each step in the food chain is called a-

Ecological efficiency across trophic levels is about ___ percent.

Fish that are harvested from the ocean for food are referred to as-

Molluscs and crustaceans that are harvested for human consumption are together referred to as-

The world produces over ______________ tons of seafood each year.

Fisheries resources are primarily harvested from the-

_________ fishes, like sardines, herrings, and anchovies, make up a major portion of the fisheries harvested from the ocean.

____________ are pressed to make fish oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and is used as a human dietary supplement.

Ocean tourism is currently valued globally at-

Which of these are primary non-living resources from the ocean?

Oil rigs are found on continental shelves of every continent except for the continent of-

The main mineral received from seawater is-

Freshwater is made via _____________, where seawater is converted into freshwater.

Impacts on the ocean that are the effects of human activities (climate change, loss of biodiversity and habitat, pollution, oil spills, and overfishing) are called-

While _________ can provide freshwater, it requires a lot of energy and creates significant carbon emissions, and it is therefore expensive to employ and may have indirect consequences on the oceans.

In 2010, a large catastrophic oil spill known as the _____________ spill occurred in the Gulf of Mexico.

The Deepwater Horizon spill caused an estimated $________ in economic impact and a total loss of 22,000 jobs.

In efforts of containing and cleaning up an oil spill, chemical __________ is/are added to break the surface oil into small droplets to allow the oil to disperse in the water.

Which of these are labeled persistent toxins because they remain in the environment for years or even decades?

The concentration of persistent toxins inside of organsims as a result of them digesting it, these toxins cannot be excreted and are hence inside the organism for life. Ex. Pesticides

Microplastics, plastic pollution smaller than __ mm.

Lost, abandoned, and discarded fishing nets, pots, and other gear continues to trap target and non-target fish and marine animals, a process called-

Areas in the ocean where marine debris collects from the circulating ocean currents are named-

Garbage Patches don't exist in which of these ocean basins?

When algae grow out of control and produce a toxin that can have a harmful effect on shellfish, birds, marine mammals, and even people-

Occurs from an overgrowth of decay bacteria that results from algal overgrowth-

Over how many zones have been identified worldwide?

What type of conditions do dead zones cause?

Dragging nets along the bottom to collect fish and shrimp-

Which of these two aquatic habitats have been the focus sites for habitat restoration?

Which of these is a great example of a(n) overfished fishery?

Which of these are not fishes that are relatively much easier to overfish?

Species caught unintentionally while fishing for other species-

A method of rearing aquatic organisms-

The farming or aquaculture of marine organisms-

Exotic or naturalized species

Native to the Indo-Pacific, introduced to the Atlantic ocean through the aquarium trade-

Climate change is reducing concentrations of _________ in the ocean.

Which of these are impacts to the ocean caused by climate change?

What are MPAs?