WorksheetsAP Biology- Unit 5 Ultimate Review
Total questions: 105
Worksheet time: 8hrs 14mins
What is number 1 called?
chromosome
centromere
sister chromatids
chromatin
What is number 2 called?
centromere
chromosome
chromatid
homologous chromosomes
What is number 3 called?
chromosome
homologous chromosome
sister chromatids
chromatid
What is number 4 called?
chromosome
sister chromatids
centromere
homologous chromosomes
This picture which illustrates the structure and number of chromosome is called? (Hint: start with k...)
(a)
How many chromosomes are there in this picture? (please type only number)
(a)
How many pairs of "homologous chromosomes" are found in this picture?
22
23
46
92
Which type of chromosome in this frame is called? and which sex of this human is it?
sex chromosomes, male
autosomes, male
sex chromosomes, female
autosomes, female
How many sets of chromosome are found? and what state of this cell is called?
n, haploid
n, diploid
2n, haploid
2n, diploid
An organism's reproductive cells, sperm and egg cells, are called _____.
bacteria
prokaryotes
gametes
pathogens
A _______ is a segment of DNA that controls our traits.
gene
gamete
chromosome
chromatid
The 2 exact copies of DNA in a chromosome are called ________.
chromatids
genes
mutations
pathogens
Chromosomes that are organized in pairs, are the same size, and have the same genes are called _______ chromosomes.
homeostasis
homologous
matching
sister
Body cells that contain both sets of chromosomes (from both parents) are called _________.
diploid
haploid
triploid
polyploid
The 23rd pair of chromosomes that contain the genes to determine the sex of an individual are called ___________.
sex chromosomes
autosomes
homologous
genes
The 2 female sex chromosomes are ___.
XY
XX
The 2 male sex chromsomes are _____.
XY
XX
How many chromosomes do we get from each parent?
12
23
46
78
During prophase I, synapsis occurs forming a _________________.
chiasma
crossing over
tetrad
sister chromatids
An allele is...
the genes on a chromosome
various forms of a gene
DNA wrapped around histone proteins
always heterozygous
A homozygous dominant genotype is represented by ________, a heterozygous genotype is represented by _______, and a homozygous genotype is represented by ________.
bb, Bb, BB
BB, Bb, bb
BB, bb, Bb
Which of the following crosses would result in a homozygous recessive offspring?
AA x aa
Aa x AA
Aa x Aa
In a dihybrid cross between two parents that are heterozygous for both traits, how many out of the 16 offspring would be dominant for both traits?
9
3
3
1
The law of _________________ states that each gene/allele are separated during meiosis but not necessarily inherited together.
probability
dominance
segregation
independent assortment
Genotype is the ______________ while the phenotype is the _____________.
genes, trait
trait, genes
_____________ genes are more likely to be inherited together.
homozygous
heterozygous
linked
chiasma
If a mother is homozygous recessive for a recessive X-linked trait, what are the chances of her passing on the X-linked recessive trait to her son?
100%
0%
50%
When one trait is not completely dominant over the other and a blending of the traits occurs, this is...
complete dominance
incomplete dominance
codominace
Blood type A and blood type B are ____________ to each other.
incompletely dominant
codominant
completely dominant
Suppose that in sheep, a dominant allele (B) produce black hair and a recessive allele (b) produce white hair. If you saw a black sheep, you would be able to identify
its phenotype for hair color
its genotype for hair color
the genotype of only one of its parents
the phenotype of both of its parents
A researcher crossed a male Drosophila melanogaster having a grey body and long wings with a female D. melanogaster having a black body and apterous wings. The following distribution of traits was observed in the offspring.
What conclusion is supported by the data?
The alleles for gray body and long wings are dominant.
The alleles for gray body and long wings are recessive.
Genes for the two traits are located on two different chromosomes, and independent assortment occurred.
Genes for the two traits are located close together on the same chromosome, and crossing over occurred between the two gene loci.
Butterflies of the genus Colias live in the Rocky Mountains, where they experience a wide range of temperatures. Different variants of a particular glycolytic enzyme in the flight muscles are optimally active at different temperatures. Within the same population, some individual butterflies fly most effectively at 29°C , while others fly most effectively at 40°C. Still others can be equally active at both temperatures.
Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?
Butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature
Butterflies that are active over a wide range of temperatures produce greater amounts of the enzyme.
Temperature has little effect on the activity of butterflies.
Butterflies that are active at warmer temperatures produce more offspring
Gregor Mendel’s pioneering genetic experiments with pea plants occurred before the discovery of the structure and function of chromosomes. Which of the following observations about inheritance in pea plants could be explained only after the discovery that genes may be linked on a chromosome?
Pea color and pea shape display independent inheritance patterns.
Offspring of a given cross show all possible combinations of traits in equal proportions.
Most offspring of a given cross have a combination of traits that is identical to that of either one parent or the other.
Recessive phenotypes can skip a generation, showing up only in the parental and F2 generations.
If 2n = 48 for a particular cell, then the chromosome number in each cell after meiosis would be
96
48
24
12
A male fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) with red eyes and long wings was mated with a female with purple eyes and vestigial wings. All of the offspring in the F1 generation had red eyes and long wings. These F1 flies were test crossed with purple-eyed, vestigial-winged flies. Their offspring, the F2 generation, appeared as indicated below.
If in the F1 and F2 generations the same characteristics appeared in both males and females, it would be safe to assume that these traits for eye color and wing length are...
are sex-linked
are sex-influenced characteristics
are autosomal characteristics
follow the Mendelian rule of independent assortment
A male fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) with red eyes and long wings was mated with a female with purple eyes and vestigial wings. All of the offspring in the F1 generation had red eyes and long wings. These F1 flies were test crossed with purple-eyed, vestigial-winged flies. Their offspring, the F2 generation, appeared as indicated below.
Based on the F1 generation, what was the phenotype of the male fruit fly?
RRLL
RrLl
rrll
RRll
The process depicted in the image above is best summarized by which of the following descriptions?
During the synthesis phase of the cell cycle, DNA molecules replicate to generate identical daughter cells
Centromeres align specific gene sequences of homologous chromosomes during mitotic divisions.
The spindle apparatus attaches at chiasma during metaphase of mitosis.
During meiosis, crossing over leads to recombination of alleles between homologous chromosomes
observed: 10 circles expected:
observed 20 squares expected : 18
observed 30 triangles expected: 30
What is the expected number for circles?
observed: 10 circles expected: 12
observed 20 squares expected : 18
observed 30 triangles expected: 30
What is the degrees of freedom?
Which of the following are GENOTYPES? (select all correct answers)
black hair
homozygous dominant
heterozygous
blue eyes
BB
Which of the following are PHENOTYPES?
green skin
Aa
homozygous recessive
purple eyes
black fur
What is the purpose of a Chi-Square test?
To determine if there is a significant difference between the observed and expected values in an experiment.
To determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the observed and expected values in an experiment.
To do extra math.
To conclusively prove that your null hypothesis is true or false.
Which significance level (p value) do you look at when finding the critical value?
.50
.10
.05
.01
How are the products of meiosis different from mitosis?
Mitosis makes 4 identical diploid daughter cells
Mitosis makes 2 genetically unique haploid daughter cells
Meiosis makes 4 genetically unique haploid daughter cells
Meiosis makes 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells
Why are the processes of independent assortment, segregation, and crossing over important for a species fitness and survival?
They produce stronger gametes
They prevent mutations from being passed down.
They increase genetic variation in a population
They help speed up natural selection
What can scientists determine by using the recombination frequency of two genes?
The traits the genes code for
Whether or not the genes are linked and their relative position on the chromosome
How many chromosomes will be present in the gamete
Whether or not the gene is recessive or dominant
What are the differences between male and female gametes in humans?
The egg only contains chromosomes, and the sperm provides chromosomes and organelles
The sex chromosome in the egg determines the gender of the offspring
The sperm cell provides mitochondria and other cellular components, while the egg provides all of the DNA
The sperm only contains chromosomes and the egg contains chromosomes and organelles
Why are there alleles that are considered dominant and recessive?
Dominant alleles contain longer sequences of nucleotides
The dominant allele is always the most common trait seen
Recessive alleles harm organisms and are therefore more rare
The presence of a dominant allele will block the expression a recessive allele
If two individuals are unaffected by a recessive disorder, yet they had a child with the disorder, what must be true of the parents?
The parents gametes contained a mutation
The parents are both heterozygous
One parent was a carrier for the disorder
One parent had to be homozygous
When will you reject the null hypothesis in a Chi-square test?
When you found no correlation between the variables
When the test statistic is greater than the value on the Chi-square table
When the test statistic is less than the value on the Chi-square table
When the observed values are very close to the expected values
How can you determine if genes are linked or not by looking at the phenotypes of parents and their offspring?
The genes will be inherited separately majority of the time.
The genes will be inherited together greater than 50% of the time.
This cannot be determined by observation
Why are fathers not able to pass on X-linked recessive traits to their sons?
This is untrue, males can pass on x-linked traits to their sons
Males will only pass on dominant X-linked traits
Males cannot carry recessive x-linked traits
Males do not pass on X chromosomes to their sons
Map the following genes: A – B = 20% A - C = 10% B – C = 10% A – D = 15%, D – C = 5%
BADC
CADB
ACBD
ACDB
How is it possible that genetically identical organisms can express different phenotypes
Genotypes do not play a role in determining phenotypes
Due to epigenetic factors that can affect gene expression
This is impossible
This can only result from a mutation
What environmental conditions can affect the expression of genes?
Light intensity
Temperature
pH
All of the above
What is the
χ2 calculated value for the following situation.
6.65
6.66
0.00991
1
What is the null hypothesis?
Injury type is independent of position played
Injury type is dependent on the position played independent
Injury type is correlated to position played.
Find the chi-squared calculated value for the table.
0.486170447
1.442392006
1.45
2
A single gene has 3 or more alternative forms. These are called
heterozygotes
multiple alleles
epistatic
polygenic
How can a person's muscle cells have the same exact DNA sequences as their nerve cells even though the look and perform completely different?
The two different cells become mutated
The proteins expressed in each cell are different
They actually have different DNA in the two types of cells.
The genome of the different cells changes
How can a person's muscle cells have the same exact DNA sequences as their nerve cells even though the look and perform completely different?
The two different cells become mutated
The proteins expressed in each cell are different
They actually have different DNA in the two types of cells.
The genome of the different cells changes
A sudden change in the genetic material of an organisms is called (a)
Which formula do we use to calculate the number of possible genetic combinations due to independent assortment?
2n
n2
2n
n2
Calculate the number of possible genetic combinations due to independent assortment of a spider with 22 chromosomes.
2048
44
4,194,304
11
Which 2 processes create unique gametes?
crossing over
polyploidy
independent assortment
mapping
Which genes will have the greatest chance of being separated during crossing over?
B and C
A and B
C and D
D and A
If the distance between A/B is 0.12 mu and gene C is on the opposite side of A with respect to B at a distance of 0.23 mu, Which is the central gene in this map
A
B
C
Data insufficient
Two genes on a given chromosome that are most likely to be inherited together are
6.8 map units apart.
10 map units apart.
2 map units apart.
18.5 map units apart
Suppose that the distance between two genes on a linkage map is 7 units. The cross-over frequency between the two genes is
0.7%
7%
70%
700%
Suppose the cross-over percentages for three gene pairs are: A to B = 9.5%, B to C = 14.5%, and A to C = 5%. Which of the following sequences could represent the order of these genes on a chromosome?
CAB
ABC
CBA
ACB
observed: 10 circles expected: 12
observed 20 squares expected : 18
observed 30 triangles expected: 30
What is the critical value?
A
B
C
D
Which of the following does NOT increase variation in gamete formation?
crossing over
fertilization of gametes
random assortment of chromosomes
condensation of chromatin
Describe the cause of a cross resulting in greater than 50% parental phenotypes and less then 50% recombinant phenotypes
Genes are linked on the same chromosome
Genes are located on different arms of the same chromosome
Gene are on different chromosomes
Gene are found in different gametes
In animals, traits determine by the mitochondrial DNA are inherited from the _______________.
mother
brother
father
sister
Snowshoe hares are brown in summer and white in winter, describe this event.
Hares undergo phenotypic plasticity & environment influences gene express
Hares are white in winter due to the snow binding to hair follicles
Hares are brown from exposed dirt in summer
Hares remain hidden in the winter months inhibiting fur darken from sun
Describe why a male is more likely to be affected by a sex-linked trait?
Males have only 1 Y chromosome
Females have only 1 Y chromosome
Males have only 1 X chromosome
Females have only 1 X chromosomes
What would you call the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during meiosis?
nondisjunction
anaphase I
nondiploidy
karyotype
