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WorksheetsGMAS Review - Biology
Total questions: 99
Worksheet time: 52mins
Which of the following organelles contributes to homeostasis by regulating the movement of materials into and out of the cell?
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Which of the following provides the best evidence for the interaction of ribosomes and mitochondria in helping the cell maintain homeostasis?
When energy is used by the cell, waste is produced.
Raw materials for protein synthesis must enter the cell.
Protein molecules are transported out of the cell.
Energy is required for the cell to produce protein.
Which of the following describes the interaction between chloroplasts and mitochondria?
Chloroplasts manufacture food; mitochondria break down the food and convert it into energy.
Chloroplasts package nutrients; mitochondria deliver the nutrients to other parts of the cel
Chloroplasts absorb water from the surrounding tissue; mitochondria store water.
Chloroplasts direct the functions of the cell; mitochondria deliver messages to all parts of the cell.
Which of the following provides evidence of the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum interacting to allow the cell to maintain homeostasis?
Chemical messages are transported to all parts of the cell to signal the increase of protein synthesis and excretion of excess water
Specific instructions code for the manufacturing of proteins, which are assembled and used as enzymes for the production of the cell’s energy
Waste produced as a result of cellular respiration is packaged and stored for eventual release out of the cell through active transport.
When transport vesicles are received, chemicals are modified; the resulting products are packaged for transport to other parts of the cell.
Which two cell organelles work together to help the cell maintain homeostasis by breaking down waste material produced through cellular activities?
Nucleus and ribosomes
Lysosome and vacuole
Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplast and golgi apparatus
A diagram of mitosis is provided.
The diagram demonstrates which of the following?
Mitosis produces cells that contain one half of the genetic material of the parent cells.
Mitosis produces cells that contain twice the amount of genetic material as the parent cells.
Mitosis produces cells with genetic material not found in the parent cell.
Mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical to their parents.
Mitosis is critical to cell division and growth because it ensures that–
all cells will perform exactly the same functions within the organism.
new combinations of genes will make offspring superior to parents
every new cell receives an exact copy of the organism’s genetic information.
the new cells will always be larger than the cells that produced them
Binary fission is important to the reproduction of what form of life?
Euglena
Bacteria
Protists
Phytoplankton
Meiosis contributes to genetic continuity because it ensures that–
every cell produced by this process has all the same genetic material as every other cell in the organism
asexually reproducing organisms will replace or repair any chromosomes altered by mutation.
the gametes of a sexually reproducing organism will contribute half the genetic material of each parent.
any cell in an organism that dies is replaced by a copy of that cell, which is genetically identical.
A diagram of meiosis is provided below.
The diagram clearly represents meiosis because of which of the following items?
The process happens in exactly three steps.
The number of chromosomes remains constant throughout.
The end result is cells with half the genetic material.
There is a representation of genetic mutation.
Which of the following are the large molecules that are broken down into smaller molecules during digestion?
Fatty acids
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
amino acids
The surfaces of the leaves of many plants help to reduce water loss because they are not water-permeable. How does the biomolecule that makes up this surface differ from other biomolecules?
It is made up of long chains of fatty acids.
It is made up of polymers of amino acids.
It is made up of long chains of nucleotides.
It is made up of polymers of monosaccharides
Which of the following are the molecules that make up muscles and organs, transmit signals between cells, and constitute immune molecules?
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Fatty acids
Proteins
Which of the following biomolecules are major energy sources for cells?
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Which of the following is a function of lipids?
They act as genetic material.
They store energy for the cell.
They form chains of amino acids.
They increase the rate of reactions.
Which of the following is a function of enzymes?
They act as genetic material.
They store energy for the cell.
They form chains of amino acids.
They increase the rate of reactions.
The difference between active and passive transport is that–
passive transport requires energy to move molecules up a concentration gradient; active transport does not.
passive transport can only move specific particles across a membrane; active transport can move any particle.
active transport requires energy to move molecules up a concentration gradient; passive transport does not.
active transport moves molecules in animal cells; passive transport moves molecules in plant cells.
An illustration of a cell interacting with its environment is provided.
The illustration best represents which of the following?
Water moving into a cell by the process of osmosis
Water leaving the cell by the process of osmosis
Active transport of solute into the cell using energy
Passive transport of solute into the cell by diffusion
Which of the following most accurately describes the difference between osmosis and diffusion within a cell?
Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane; diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentrations.
Osmosis is the movement of molecules from high to low concentrations; diffusion is the movement of water across a membrane.
Osmosis is the movement of solute across a membrane; diffusion is movement of molecules from high to low concentrations.
Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane; diffusion is the movement of solute across a membrane.
Active transport maintains homeostasis in a cell through which of the following processes?
Producing energy for the cell by actively collecting solar radiation using specialized organelles B Using energy to move ions from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration C Producing energy by allowing a cell to absorb the energy of molecular motion in its environment D
Using energy to move molecules from where there are more of them to where there are fewer
Producing energy by allowing a cell to absorb the energy of molecular motion in its environment
Using energy to move molecules from where there are more of them to where there are fewer
Water with a lower concentration of sugar is placed on one side of a container; water with a higher concentration of sugar is placed on the other side of the container. The two sides are separated by a barrier.
This situation would demonstrate passive transport if which of the following were to occur?
Sugar molecules pass through the barrier until the concentration of sugar is uniform throughout.
Sugar molecules are pushed through the barrier until one side has all of the sugar molecules.
The water level on one side of the tube rises until it is much higher than the water level on the other side.
The water evaporates from one side only until the concentration of sugar is equal on both sides.
Which of the following provides the best description of the role of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
It consumes oxygen and produces energy and carbon dioxide.
It breaks down glucose and releases energy and pyruvic acid.
It facilitates the movement of H+ ions across a membrane.
It converts ATP and NADPH into ADP and ATP+ .
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
All forms of animal life engage in both of these processes.
The reactants of one reaction are the products of the other.
Photosynthesis is one of the steps in the process of cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration is one of the steps in the process of photosynthesis.
The diagram provided is an incomplete concept map for cellular respiration.
What are the missing components represented by the boxes labeled 1 and 2?
1 = sunlight, 2 = carbon dioxide
1 = glucose, 2 = carbon dioxide
1 = glucose, 2 = sunlight
1 = hydrogen, 2 = carbon dioxide
Students perform an investigation in which four beakers of water are set up with different conditions of plants and sunlight.
The water in all four beakers began with the same amount of dissolved carbon dioxide. The most reasonable prediction is that, at the end of the investigation, the beaker with the lowest concentration of carbon dioxide will be beaker—
Beaker A
Beaker B
Beaker C
Beacker D
Which statement correctly describes how the structure of DNA facilitates replication?
Because the DNA molecule is so large, it can remain stationary.
Because there are few nucleotides, only limited variations are possible.
The shape of DNA molecules allows them to stack close to each other.
The hydrogen bonds between strands are weak and easily broken.
Which of the following provides the best evidence to support the claim that a nondisjunction has occurred during the process of cellular division?
Both of the daughter cells have extra copies of the chromosomes.
One daughter cell has both chromosomes; the other daughter cell has neither.
Both of the daughter cells have altered copies of the chromosomes.
The chromosomes in one daughter cell receive extra segments.
Which of the following is the best explanation of the process of translation?
An mRNA strand is copied from the original DNA sequence.
The basic structure of DNA is changed due to a mistake or environmental factor.
A tiny fragment of DNA is moved to a different location on the chromosome.
Amino acids are arranged in a specific order to build a protein.
An investigation involves a species of microorganisms. One population is exposed to radiation, and the other population is shielded from radiation. The population exposed to radiation exhibits a mutation, while the other population exhibits no mutation.
Both populations are then allowed to reproduce under normal conditions. Thirty generations later, the descendants of the population exposed to radiation still exhibit the mutation. Why can’t this observation be used to support the claim that the exposure to radiation did not cause the mutation?
Only mutations that are beneficial are passed on to successive generations.
Some mutations are the result of errors in the transcribing of genes.
Once a mutation is present in the genome, it is inherited by offspring.
Neither population had the mutation before exposure to radiation.
Changes in DNA, such as insertions or deletions, are likely to lead to–
the absence of all limbs in an organism.
the appearance of new traits.
cells being smaller in size.
a darker nucleus inside each cell.
Genetic engineering was a major factor in the development of which of the following?
High-strength metals
Miniature electronics
Synthetic fabrics
Disease-resistant crops
One product of biotechnology is genetically modified foods. Some people are concerned about these foods because–
they are usually more nutritious than naturally produced foods.
the production of these foods increases the biodiversity of organisms on Earth.
unmodified crops usually grow more slowly than genetically modified crops.
allergens from one food may be accidentally transferred to a different food.
Which of the following is one of the ethical concerns raised about cloning?
The health benefits of cloned cells interfere with the natural progress of disease.
Cloning is a lengthy and delicate procedure that is prone to failure.
The technology required and the training needed for cloning are costly.
A potential life is destroyed when embryonic cells are used.
One of the ethical concerns with stem cells is that–
they are relatively inexpensive when compared to other treatments.
some stem cell treatments may compete with pharmaceutical treatments.
they are not expected to permanently cure any disease.
some are created by destroying human embryos.
As advances are made in biotechnology, it is important to make informed decisions in order to avoid the hazards associated with which of the following?
Global warming
Dangerous organisms
Water pollution
Beach erosion
Which statement best describes the role of meiosis during reproduction?
During meiosis, pairs of chromosomes exchange genes, producing genetic variation.
Organisms can choose whether to reproduce sexually or asexually during meiosis.
Meiosis allows all types of cells to produce two sets of identical chromosomes.
Meiosis produces two daughter cells, each with half the genetic material.
Mendel’s law of independent assortment is best demonstrated by which of the following observations?
When two sexually reproducing organisms produce offspring, each offspring has a unique set of genes.
Organisms that reproduce asexually have offspring that are genetically identical to the parent offspring.
Genetic mutations can alter some of the traits of an organism, while others remain unchanged.
After a unicellular organism divides, each of the daughter cells is capable of living independently of the other.
During meiosis, genetic recombination results because –
chromosomes assort independently, and crossing-over occurs.
cells divide repeatedly, leading to errors in the chromosomes.
genes from different species can freely mix together.
gene mutations occur more frequently than at other times.
Mendel’s law of segregation is observed during the stage of meiosis in which –
homologous chromosomes bind together, and crossing over occurs.
sister chromatids are pulled apart and two cells are divided into four.
sister chromatids condense and line up along the equator of the cell.
chromosomes attach to spindle fibers, and the nuclear envelope disappears.
Which of the following characteristics of meiosis explains why this process contributes to genetic diversity within a population?
Meiosis is a necessary step in the production of gametes.
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half.
Meiosis results in novel combinations of alleles in offspring.
Meiosis occurs only in sexually reproducing organisms.
The gene for tallness (T) in a pea plant is dominant over the gene for shortness (t). The Punnett square below shows the cross between two tall pea plants (Tt).
What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring produced as a result of the cross?
1:2:1
2:1
3:1
B9:3:3:1
In fruit flies, the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome, and the red eye allele (R) is dominant over the white eye allele (r). A female fly with genotype XRXr is mated with a male fly with genotype XrY. Which statement below best describes the expected outcome of this cross?
XrY = 0%
XRY = 25%
XrXr = 50%
XRXR = 100%
In certain rose plants, white roses and red roses are incompletely dominant to one another. When a red rose is crossed with a white rose, a pink rose will result. What is the probability of producing more pink roses from two pink parents?
0%
25%
50%
100%
The incomplete Punnett square below shows only one portion of the predicted outcomes for a cross between two mice for the trait of fur color. Agouti (A) is dominant over black (a) coloration. One parent is heterozygous; the other is homozygous recessive.
Of the three empty portions of the Punnett square, how many will contain offspring with black coloration?
Zero
One
Two
Three
What is the probability that a yellow (Y) and wrinkled pea (r) will appear from a cross of Yyrr x YyRr?
3/8
1/2
3/4
7/8
An organism is living in a rapidly changing environment. Sexual reproduction is advantageous to an organism in this situation because–
sexual reproduction produces more offspring than asexual reproduction within a given time period.
sexual reproduction produces offspring with more variation, some of which may be better adapted to a new environment.
sexual reproduction requires more time to complete, allowing the environment to become more stable.
offspring produced by sexual reproduction grows to maturity more rapidly.
Hydras are organisms that can reproduce sexually or asexually. A particular population of hydra are widely distributed in a large, stable environment. In this situation it is more advantageous for the hydra to reproduce–
asexually, so that only a small number of offspring will be produced
asexually, so individuals don’t have to spend energy looking for mates.
sexually, so the genetic variation of the population will increase.
sexually, so offspring can move more easily into a new environment.
Asexual reproduction provides an advantage to organisms under which of the following conditions?
There is a decrease in resources available in the habitat that the organism needs to survive.
The organisms are widely dispersed in the habitat and rarely encounter each other.
A new species is introduced into the habitat that directly competes with the organism for food
Predators in the habitat suffer a reduction in population, leading to reduced predation on the organism
An organism is living in a rapidly changing environment. Sexual reproduction is advantageous to an organism in this situation because–
sexual reproduction produces more offspring than asexual reproduction within a given time period.
the offspring of sexual reproduction are different from the parents and some may be better adapted.
sexual reproduction requires more time to complete, allowing the environment to become more stable.
offspring produced by sexual reproduction grow to maturity more rapidly than those produced asexually.
While providing many advantages, sexual reproduction presents which of the following disadvantages for sexually reproducing organisms? Sexual reproduction–
fails to provide new genetic combinations.
leads to an increase in the appearance of harmful mutations.
always results in overpopulation and limited resources.
requires the expenditure of energy to find mates.
A phylogenetic tree is provided. According to this phylogenetic tree, which of the following pairs of organisms is the most closely related?
Sharks and ray-finned fishes
Amphibians and primates
Primates and rodents/rabbits
Rodents/rabbits and birds
A table showing characteristics of an organism is provided.
According to this information, the organism described most likely belongs to the kingdom–
Animalia.
Plantae.
Fungi.
Protista.
Which of the following characteristics of eukaryotic cells is used to support the theory that they evolved from the union of free-living cells?
Ability to transport materials across a membrane
Differentiation of stem cells into specialized cells
Reproduction by mitotic cell division
The presence of mitochondrial DNA
A table showing examples of organisms from different groups is provided.
According to this information, the house cat is most closely related to which animal?
Wolf
Mockingbird
Butterfly
Lynx
An organism has the following characteristics–
• Membrane-bound nucleus
• Multicellular
• Does not carry out photosynthesis
• No cell walls
• Reproduces sexually
Which of the following is the correct Kingdom classification of this organism?
Animalia
Fungi
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Which of the following would provide the best evidence to support a claim that two organisms have common ancestry?
Shared dietary habits
Nearly identical lifespan
Overlap of geographic range
Similarity of anatomical features
The illustration shows a phylogenetic tree for land plants.
Based on the diagram, what was the most recent evolutionary development?
Flowering plants
Land plants
Vascular plants
Seed plants
The diagram represents a cladogram of five different kinds of organisms.
It is most reasonable to expect the greatest similarities in anatomical characteristics between which two groups?
1 and 2
2 and 3
3 and 4
4 and 5
The diagram shown represents a cladogram for common groups of animals. The appearance of two traits—backbone and bony skeleton—are shown.
Which of the other labeled points on the cladogram would most reasonably be predicted to represent the trait “body hair”?
A
B
C
D
The diagram represents a cladogram of five different kinds of organisms. The appearance of a certain trait (X) in the evolutionary history of these organisms is also indicated on the cladogram.
Based on the information from the diagram, which of the following best represents all the organisms that would exhibit trait X?
2 only
2 and 3 only
2 and 5 only
3, 4, and 5
Unlike living organisms, a virus requires what in order to replicate?
Host cell
Nucleus
Cell wall
RNA
One difference between bacteria and viruses is that–
viruses respond to stimuli; bacteria do not. B
bacteria are living organisms; viruses are not
bacteria require a host cell to reproduce; viruses do not.
viruses are composed of cells; bacteria are not.
Which of the following best describes the difference between the genetic material of viruses and bacteria?
The genetic material of viruses is located on multiple chromosomes, while bacteria have only one.
The genetic material of viruses always includes both DNA and RNA, while bacteria only have DNA.
Viruses have less genetic material and fewer genes than bacteria.
The genetic material of viruses is coiled, while the genetic material of bacteria is linear.
Which of the following statements correctly describes a similarity between how viruses and bacteria reproduce? Both viruses and bacteria–
reproduce by a process in which one individual splits into two.
have to copy their entire genetic material before reproducing.
have to exchange genetic material between individuals before reproducing.
contain all the machinery required to copy their genetic material.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the energy use and growth of viruses and bacteria?
Viruses can grow without using energy. Bacteria need energy to grow.
Both viruses and bacteria require energy to grow.
Viruses use energy but don’t grow. Bacteria can grow without using energy.
Viruses don’t use energy and don’t grow. Bacteria use energy and grow.
The graph provided shows the population of an organism introduced to a new environment, as well as how the population changed over 60 days.
After the sharp rise, there was a leveling off of the population. What does this indicate?
The life expectancy of the organisms in this population is about 30 days.
This environment has only enough resources to support 250-300 individuals of this species.
This organism needs 30 days to reach maturity before it can reproduce.
This species is unable to reproduce in any habitat beyond a population of around 300 individuals.
Which of the following observations would lead to the classification of gopher tortoises as a keystone species in Georgia? Gopher tortoises–
create habitats for hundreds of other species by digging underground burrows.
maintain a diet that consists of a variety of native grasses, fruits, and legumes.
can only reproduce at a rate of about six hatchlings every 10 years.
live in forested regions where plenty of sunlight can reach the forest floor.
The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a small fish that lives in freshwater.
Which of the following would be a limiting factor affecting the population of Gasterosteus aculeatus?
The average incubation period of three-spined stickleback eggs
The population of similar organisms in nearby habitats
The volume of water in the body of water in which the fish lives
The seasonal variation in the amount of daylight
The populations of four species introduced into a new ecosystem are plotted on the graph provided.
Based on the data provided, which species reached the carrying capacity in this habitat first?
Species 1
Species 2
Species 3
Species 4
Which of the following environmental changes will most likely lead to the greatest loss of biodiversity in a habitat?
Loss of a top predator in a savannah
Particularly severe winter in a mountain habitat
Periodic reduction of rainfall in a marsh
Deforestation in a rainforest
The energy that animals need to carry out their life functions is released when their cells complete which of the following functions?
Breaking down carbon-based molecules
Absorbing water from the environment
Moving molecules across membranes
Eliminating waste products
The diagram provided shows the amount of energy available in a typical habitat in watts per square meter.
Which of the following would be the best estimate of the energy available at the level of tertiary consumers in this habitat?
0.08 W/m2
0.02 W/m2
0.002 W/m2
0.0008 W/m2
How does photosynthesis contribute to the carbon cycle?
It moves carbon from the soil to the atmosphere.
It moves carbon from the atmosphere to the biosphere.
It moves carbon from the atmosphere to the soil.
It moves carbon from the soil to the hydrosphere.
The food web diagram shows feeding relationships between organisms on the African savannah.
The trophic level which represents the greatest amount of stored energy in this food web includes which of the following organisms?
Vulture
Wildebeest
Termite
Red oat grass
Which of the following is the mechanism by which phosphorus in the soil enters the biosphere?
Incorporation into glucose by decomposers
The action of rain and flowing groundwater
Utilization by plants later consumed by animals
Outgassing to the atmosphere where it is respired
Which of the following would indicate the greatest problem with the health of an ecosystem?
There has recently been a change in the ecosystem’s weather.
The ecosystem includes only a few kinds of plants and animals.
The average temperature in the ecosystem has increased slightly over many years.
The population of top predators increases and decreases in a regular pattern.
Bank swallows are birds that make their nests on the edges of rivers. Bank swallows can’t swim or breathe underwater. They feed on flying insects and, in the spring, lay four or five eggs. Which of the following observations would provide evidence that the population of bank swallows had been affected by a change in the environment?
The largest swallows catch and eat more insects than the smallest ones.
Swallows that lay four eggs one year may lay five eggs the following year.
Fewer swallows build nests along the river when the water level rises.
Swallows share a food source with other animals that also eat insects
The stability of an ecosystem will be negatively affected by human activity if the activity reduces which of the following?
Fluctuations in available food sources
Frequency of forced migrations
The diversity of species of predators
Competition among populations
Human activity can destroy coral reefs. Because so many organisms depend on the coral, this can have a negative effect on the ecosystem in shallow ocean waters. Which of the following solutions will most likely offer the best way for humans to repair the damage and improve the health of this ecosystem?
Introduce nonnative species into the shallow ocean that don’t depend on coral
Design nets to catch the kinds of fish that use coral reefs as a food source
Submerge large structures on which new coral reefs can form and grow
Use submarines to gather data on the amount of coral reefs lost each year
Which of the following is a necessary step in the process of speciation?
Differential success
Environmental instability
Genetic mutation
Reproductive isolation
The graph provided shows how global biodiversity has changed over geologic time.
During which of the following periods was Earth experiencing the most significant degree of speciation?
Ordovician
Carboniferous
Jurassic
Triassic
This diagram provides information on the diversity—measured in number of species—for four major groups of animals over time.
What is the only group that experienced an increase of diversity between 413 million years ago and 265 million years ago?
Mollusks
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Chordates
The graph provided shows data on three species of birds that share a habitat. The graph shows how many individuals there are in each species with different sizes of beak.
Which of the following scenarios can best explain the patterns in the diversity of this population for this trait?
Species X is the original population of birds. When individuals from species X started mating with individuals from population Z, a new species Y was created.
Species Z is the original population of birds. The environment favored larger beak size, so species X emerged. Species Y evolved after the extinction of Species Z.
Species Y is the original population of birds. A geographic barrier separated the species so that the individuals became reproductively isolated, and two separate species emerged.
Species X is the original population of birds.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn by studying the evolutionary relationships presented in this phylogenetic tree?
Sharks and ray-finned fishes evolved at approximately the same time in evolutionary history.
Primate species have remained relatively unchanged throughout their history on Earth.
Amphibians evolved on Earth after a complete extinction of all ray-finned fish species.
Crocodiles and birds became separate species but share a common ancestor.
The diagram provided shows a breakdown of the genomes of humans, mice, chickens and zebrafish. The numbers in overlapping regions indicate orthologous sequences—similar genes that indicate shared ancestry.
The data in the diagram best supports which of the following conclusions?
There are no gene sequences that are common to all these animals.
The common ancestor of the mouse and the chicken lived very recently.
The mouse and the zebrafish share the closest relationship of all the animals shown.
Humans are more closely related to zebrafish than to chickens.
Studying the embryology of animals provides important evidence to support claims of shared evolutionary history. What feature of embryology makes it capable of providing data for common evolutionary history not readily available from other sources?
As the embryo develops, it reveals the expression of genes.
The growth of the embryo is achieved by differentiation of cells.
A developing embryo exhibits structures not present in the adult animal.
The development of embryos of a certain species is consistent.
Comparing the bones pictured in this diagram can provide evidence to support which of the following conclusions?
The humerus bone evolved separately in many different lines of animals.
The size and position of various bones indicates how highly evolved an animal is.
Fossil evidence of bones provides the strongest evidence for evolution.
Humans, lions, and birds evolved from a common ancestor.
The provided chart compares base sequences of homologous segments of DNA from four different primates.
The information in the chart can be used to support which of the following claims?
The baboon is more closely related to the lemur than to the chimpanzee.
The gorilla is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the baboon.
The lemur is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the baboon.
The chimpanzee is more closely related to the lemur than to the gorilla.
The bones of the forelimbs (wing or arm) of three animals are shown in the illustration.
Even though birds and bats both have wings, the skeletal structure is more similar between bats and humans. What is the most reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from these observations?
Birds and bats are closely related to each other, while humans are unrelated to both.
The common ancestor of birds and bats must have had wings and flown.
Humans live in habitats very different from the habitats of both birds and bats.
Humans and bats share a closer evolutionary history with each other than with birds
The peppered moth, Biston betularia, has two formsa white-bodied form and a dark-bodied form.The graph provided shows data on the populations of the two forms of moth in the same habitat over nearly 20 years.
Which of the periods on the graph could be most reasonably intertrepted to demonstrate variations due to genetic drift?
Years 0 - 4
Years 4 - 8
Years 8 - 13
Years 13 - 19
The table provides data about the frequency of the trait in the population over serveral generations in a stable habitat without selectivesm pressures. Which of the following trait described by the data in the table demonstrates the Hardy -Weinburger principles?
Trait A
Trait B
Trait C
Trait D
The image provided shows two distribution curves. Each graph shows the number of individuals with a certain body length. The graphs compare an original generation (Generation 1) to their descendants(Generation 100).
These graphs provide support for which of the following claims?
.
By Generation 100, no individuals with a body length below 30 cm were able to reproduce.
By Generation 100, the optimal body length selected for is approximately 45 cm.
Environmental pressures over the generations selected for a body length increase of 10 cm.
These organisms are unable to achieve a body length greater than about 50 cm.
Which statement below best decribes effects of genetic drift in a population?
Certain alleles will become more frequent, independent of selection.
Diversity will greatly increase within members of the population.
The chance for mutations will decrease for all members of the population.
The genetic diversity of separated populations will become more similar.
The graph shows the number of individuals in a population with a certain phenotype in a starting population (Generation 1) and at a later time (Generation 50). This graph best represents which of the following combinations of phenotype and selective pressure?
Phenotype represents neck length of animals that feed on leaves growing at greater heights.
Phenotype represents thickness of fat layers in mammals living in regions getting colder.
Phenotype represents body mass of insects where predators prefer larger insects.
Phenotype represents bone density for birds that live and feed underwater.
Which of the following best explains how natural selection plays a role in the development of bacterial diseases that are resistant to antibiotics?
The bacteria that were the strongest tended to kill their host organism before they could infect others.
Bacteria that were resistant to antibiotics survived and reproduced more than those that lacked resistance.
Antibiotics tended to interfere with the reproductive mechanisms of bacteria, leading to their elimination.
As a disease spreads, the antibiotics developed to combat it become stronger over time.
Which of the following best explains why it is neccessary to get a vaccine each year in order to develop immunity to the influenza virus?
Mutations in the virus’ genes can cause its surface to appear differently in each generation so that a host, previously exposed to the antibodies necessary to fight off the infection, will not recognize this altered surface of the virus.
Flu vaccines can also make the person sick, so it is only given in a very weak concentration and is intended to completely be out of the body within a few months so that they do not cause additional harm.
The cost of producing enough flu vaccines to protect every person from the flu is prohibitively expensive. In order to make sure that there is enough vaccine produced to go around, only very small amounts are given to each person.
After the antibodies in a vaccine are introduced into the human bloodstream, they are degraded by normal biological processes. They must be reintroduced each season to ensure that they offer full protection to the virus.
The diagram represents a population of organisms and the variation in that population. Individuals vary in how well they are able to resist a certain disease and survive to reproduce. For several generations, this disease kills off many individuals in the population. Which of the following best shows what a sample of the population will look like after many years?
Which of the following that best decribes the process that leads to antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotics kill off a fraction of the population of bacteria. The surviving bacteria reproduce and the population increases. Subsequent applications of the same antibiotic kill off smaller and smaller percentages of the population of bacteria.
In any population of organisms, there is always a certain percentage of individuals with an innate resistance to certain diseases due to the production of natural antibodies. These organisms tend to have better reproductive success.
Modern antibodies attack disease-causing bacteria by altering their genetic makeup, rearranging, or mutating individual chromosomes. When this happens, the bacteria are no longer able to resist the natural defenses of the organisms they attack.
Antibiotics used to treat the same disease over many years tend to become increasingly effective. This is due to the fact that the antibiotics are often destroyed by bacteria on the first application but build up a resistance to bacteria over time.
The graph shows the distribution in a population of individuals that are resistant or not resistant to a new pesticide. After several years and hundreds of generations of insects, natural selection would most likely produce which of the following population distributions?
