synthesize/makes proteins

synthesizes and makes lipids, detoxifies the cell

covered in ribosomes, site of protein synthesis

found in plants, used for photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll

site of cellular respiration, converts sugar in the presence of oxygen

modifies, packages, sorts, and ships lipids and proteins out of the cell

protects the cell and provides the cell with a rigid structure, made of carbs

in plants the cell wall is made of...

in fungi the cell wall is made of...

in eubacteria the cell wall is made of...

Which of the statements is true?

stores water, waste, and nutrients in the cell (animals have several small ones and plants have one very large one)

protects the cell wall with a phospholipid bilayer, controls what enters and leaves the cell

a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes to break down worn out cell parts (garbage disposals)

lysosomes enzymes are made from ___ and lysosomes vesicles are made from the ___

gel-like structure that holds all of the organelles into place (allows for chemical reactions to take place due to it being an aqueous solution)

a solution in which water is the primary solvent

maintaining a constant and balanced internal environment

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus, do not have any membrane-bound organelles

single and multi-celled organisms that have a true nucleus, they do have membrane-bound organelles

how genetic material is passed on into future generations

What is true about asexual reproduction?

What is true about sexual reproduction?

what cells undergo mitosis?

What is the result of mitosis?

what cells undergo meiosis?

what is the product of meiosis?

in multicellular organisms, mitosis is used for...

select which processes happen in prophase

during cytokinesis in plant cells, a ___ forms which will eventually become the cell wall

the process by which gametes are formed that contain half the number of chromosomes (haploid)

the original parent cell in meiosis is ___

What happens during Prophase I in meiosis?

a type of asexual reproduction used by archae and bacteria, by separation of the body into two new bodies (organism duplicates its genetic material and then does cytokinesis)

Which is correct about binary fission?

proteins that speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy (the energy needed to start a reaction)

Which statements are true regarding enzymes?

What are the major biological macromolecules?

what is true about lipids?

What are the monomers for lipids?

Which is true about carbohydrates?

What is the monomer of carbs?

Which is true about proteins?

Which is true about proteins?

What is the monomer of proteins?

What is true about nucleic acids?

transport that does not require energy and moved from high concentration to low

Which are types of passive transport?

movement of materials across the membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration

diffusion of water

solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell (water moves out of the cell, the cell shrivels)

solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell (water will move into the cell, an animal cell will burst, but a plant cell will be protected by its cell wall)

solution with an equal solute concentration as the cell (no water movement)

diffusion with the help of membrane proteins

transport that requires the input of energy, lower to higher concentration

movement of large amounts of material into the cell by the folding of the membrane (pinocytosis is liquids, phagocytosis is solids)

movement of large amounts of material outside of the cell

ATP is made up out of...

energy is released by...

6CO₂ + 6H₂O = C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

occurs in the grana (thylakoid membrane), water is spit, oxygen is released, energy molecules needed for the other cycle are produced (NADPH)

occurs in the stroma (the space surrounding the thylakoids), carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen molecules to make sugar

what energy molecule is created by the light reaction?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ = 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

___ respiration requires oxygen (36 ATP are produced)

___ respiration does not require oxygen (only 2 ATP are produced)

occurs in the cytoplasm, sugar is split into pyruvic acid, 2 ATP are used and 4 ATP are produced

occurs in the mitochondria, high energy molecules NADH and FADH₂ are produced, carbon dioxide is released, 2 ATP are made

occurs in the mitochondria, 32 ATP are made, water is released

adenine pairs with...

guanine pairs with...

the process where DNA makes a copy of itself by unzipping and then bringing in new nucleotides to pair with the parent strands; each new strand contains one of the original parent strands and a new strand

central dogma of biology

the process of making mRNA from DNA, mRNA leaves the nucleus and looks for a ribosome in the cytoplasm or on the ER

carries the message from the nucleus to the ribosome

makes up the structure of the ribosome, helps stitch the amino acids

brings amino acids to the ribosome for making proteins

the process of making proteins using the instructions from the mRNA (occurs on the ribosome)

What is the mRNA strand for this strand of DNA:

TAC ACG ACT

what is the tRNA strand for this strand of mRNA:

AUG UGC UGA

How many amino acids can be coded via translation?

how many codons can code for specific amino acids?

the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis I and/or meiosis II

nondisjunction can result in...

a condition in which an individual has three copies of a chromosome instead of two

a condition in which an indifferent chromosome has one copy of a chromosome instead of two

during prophase I of meiosis I leads to the exchange of genetic information between non-sister chromatids of homologous pairs of chromosomes. This exchange of genetic information leads to an increase in genetic variation

the random change in the DNA sequence of an organism or viruses

a mutation in which a base is added to a DNA sequence

a mutation in which a base is deleted from a DNA sequence

a mutation in which a base is substituted in a DNA sequence

only DNA mutations that occur in ___ cells can be passed onto the next generation

mutations that occur after the egg has been fertilized, occur due to environmental factors

Environmental factors that can cause mutations in organisms include:

viruses naturally change the DNA of the host organism to get the host to make more copies of the virus

technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products

the father of genetics

the trait that hides the recessive trait

the trait that is hidden

alternate forms of a gene

two of the same alleles for a trait (RR or rr)

one of each allele for a trait (Rr)

a cross showing one possible trait

a cross showing two possible traits

Brown eyes are dominant (B) over blue eyes (b). A blue-eyed man marries a heterozygous brown-eyed woman. What are the correct percentages for the chances of having a blue and brown eyed baby?

When both parents are heterozygous for a trait, what is the ratio for a dihybrid cross?

the dominant allele will prevent the recessive allele from being expressed (This also means that the dominant allele will mask the effects of the recessive allele)

gene pairs separate when gametes (sex cells) are formed, so each gamete only has one of each pair

A white poppy flower reproduces with a red poppy flower. The red flower passes on one dominant allele for red coloration. The white flower passes on one recessive allele for white coloration. What law does this demonstrate?

different pairs of genes separate independently of each other when gametes are formed

One baby rabbit receives the genotype bbgg, giving it white fur and red eyes. Alternatively, another baby rabbit receives the genotype Bbgg, giving it black fur and red eyes. This arrangement of inherited traits proves what?

Based on the 9:3:3:1 ratio, which is correct?

whenever there are two dominant alleles, both dominant alleles will show up at the same time. Examples of this would be the mating of a white and black pitbull and all of their offspring are spotted black and white

whenever there is a dominant and a recessive allele or two dominant alleles, the alleles will blend together. An example of this would be the mating of a white and black pitbull and all of their offspring are gray

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

advantages of sexual reproduction

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

advantages of asexual reproduction

A theory that states that all eukaryotic organisms derived from a large anaerobic prokaryotic cell that consumed an aerobic prokaryotic cell, however the prokaryotic cell that was consumed survived and reproduced inside of the host cell. This is how scientists explain the introduction of various organelles inside of eukaryotic cells. Each organelle, according to the endosymbiotic theory, were once free-living prokaryotes/bacteria.

the strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic theory includes which organelles?

Classify the organism.

Prokaryote, cell wall made out of peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotroph/heterotroph

Classify the organism.

prokaryote, cell walls without peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotroph or heterotroph

classify the organism.

eukaroyte, cells walls made out of cellulose, most unicellular some multicellular, autotroph or heterotroph

classify the organism.

eukaryote, cell wall made of chitin, most multicellular some uni, heterotroph

classify the organism.

eukaryote, cell wall made of cellulose, most multicellular some uni, autotroph

classify the organism.

eukaryote, no cell wall, multicellular, heterotroph

ALL LIVING THINGS...

ALL LIVING THINGS...

first classified organisms into plants and animals

a type of diagram that shows hypothetical relationships between groups of organisms

a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.

What is this?

What is this?

the active replication stage of the virus in which the virus is using the host cell’s DNA and ribosome to make copies of viral particles to spread the infection

the dormant stage of the virus in which the virus injects its genetic material into the host cell’s DNA. It permanently becomes a part of the host cell’s DNA sequence

Based on the current characteristics of life, are viruses living?

Which list of the levels of organization is in order?

a group of the same species

the many populations within an ecosystem (only living things)

all of the living and nonliving things in an area

all of the ecosystems on Earth

under ideal conditions, the population will increase indefinitely

when resources become limited, the population growth slows down and stabilizes

___ is cycled through both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

___ is cycled through nitrogen fixation and denitrification done by soil bacteria

succession that occurs in a community where life did not previously exist, no soil

the first organism to move into a community

succession that occurs when the dominant plant life of a community is removed, soil is already there

the final, stable community that occurs after succession (takes over 100 years to establish)

plant response to light

plant response to gravity

plant response to touch

plant response in direction of the stimulus is to ___ whereas plant response in the direction away from the stimulus is to ___

the idea that traits acquired during life would be passed to the next generation, established by John Baptiste Lamark, proven untrue

where unrelated species develop similar adaptations to allow them to survive in similar environments

where one or more species evolves from a single species

speciation occurs rapidly in short bursts, with long periods of stability in between

structures that no longer have a function in modern day organisms

structures that are built the same but are used differently

features that are similar in function but not in structure

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

selection against one extreme for the other extreme

selection against both extreme but for a moderate version of both

selection for both extremes but against the moderate trait