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WorksheetsANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 FINAL
Total questions: 110
Worksheet time: 59mins
Nociceptors are not protected by accessory structures, so they are stimulated by many different types of stimuli.
True
False
The ____ the receptive field, the ___ difficult it is to localize the pain.
Larger; more
Larger; less
Smaller; less
Smaller; more
_____ order-neurons synapse with ___ order-neurons, in the ____ or brain stem.
First; Second; Spinal Cord
First; Third; Cerebellum
First; Second; Thalamus
Second; Third; Spinal Cord
The ____ pathway provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles.
Lateral pathway
Corticospinal pathway
Spinothalamic pathway
Medial pathway
When a person has a heart attack they may feel pain in their left arm. This is a concept known as ____.
Referred pain
Inferred pain
Viscerally transferred pain
Referenced pain
_____ adapting receptors respond strongly at first, then action potentials decrease in frequency.
Slow
Intermediate
Fast
None of these
____ pathways take sensory information to the brain, and ___ pathways send motor commands from the brain to the rest of the body.
Primary; Secondary
Efferent; Afferent
Arriving; Exiting
Afferent; Efferent
Glucose concentration is usually high in ____. Creatine concentration is usually high in ___.
Plasma; Urine
Urine; Plasma
Plasma; Plasma
Urine; Urine
Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?
Excrete metabolic wastes
Produce hormones
Filter Lymph
Regulate blood glucose levels
Regulate blood volume
In the nephron, most of the absorption of water occurs at the ____.
Loop of Henle
PCT
DCT
Collecting Duct
____ is the most abundant organic waste excreted in urine, and it comes from the breakdown of ____.
Urea; nucleic acids
Urea; proteins
Creatine; amino acids
Creatine; nucleic acids
Carbohydrates FIRST begin to be digested in the ____ by the enzyme ____.
Duodenum; pancreatic amylase
Small intestine; pancreatic amylase
Stomach; salivary amylase
Oral cavity; salivary amylase
Parietal cells secrete ____ which activates ____.
Pepsin; HCL
Mucus; pepsinogen
HCL; pepsinogen
Amylase; HCL
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called
Excretion
Digestion
Absorption
Ingestion
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ____.
Carry toxins to the kidney for disposal through the urinary tract
Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver
Rectum glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
Distribute hormones throughout the body
Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged.
Starches
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Which hormone stimulates insulin release and mildly inhibits HCL production?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Gastrin
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Secretin
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help you digest the meal?
Trypsin
Gastrin
Amylase
Pepsin
Which hormone increases HCL secretion and stimulates Gi tract motility?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Gastrin
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Secretin
Boyle's law states that the pressure of gas is ____.
directly proportional to the atmospheric pressure
directly proportional to the volume of its container
inversely proportional to volume of the lungs
always higher in the atmosphere that in the lungs
The ____ measures the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs upon the contraction or relaxation of the diaphragm.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
None of these
Tidal Volume
Total Lung Capacity
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ____.
rapidly decreasing
equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
not fluctuating
less than the pressure in the atmosphere
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
An antigen is ____.
any molecule that the body recognizes as foreign
the DNA or RNA of an infected pathogen
an alternate term for an MHC complex
the collection of circulating proteins which kill or tag microbes
The transfer of antibodies from mom to the growing fetus during a pregnancy is ____ ____ immunity. Whereas the generation of antibodies after immunization via a vaccine is ____ ____ immunity.
Naturally acquired passive; naturally acquired passive
Artificially acquired passive; artificially acquired active
Naturally acquired passive; artificially acquired active
Artificially acquired active; naturally acquired passive
Memory cells play a vital immune role ____.
in the primary immune response
when you are exposed to a disease for the second time
when you are first exposed to a disease for the second time
in non-specific immunity
During a ____ immune response there are more memory cells, so the response will be ____.
Primary; faster and stronger
Secondary; slower and weaker
Secondary; faster and stronger
Primary; slower and weaker
These cells are involved in innate immunity and destroy infected tumor cells: ____. These cells are activated by Helper T cells: ____.
NK cells; T cells
NK cells: T and B cells
NK cells; B cells
T and B cells; NK cells
NK, T, and B cells; NK cells
Why is a moderate fever helpful in fighting infection?
The increase of temperature inhibits somatic cell biochemical reactions
The increase in temperature may inhibit pathogen growth.
The increase in temperature results in the denaturation of somatic cell proteins.
The increase in temperature speeds up repair reactions
T cells are:
made and mature in the thymus
made and mature in the bone marrow
made in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus
made in the thymus but mature in the bone marrow
Herd immunity refers to:
Low rates of infection within a population due to an immunized majority of the population.
High rates of infection due to lack of immunization.
A situation where an individual will not contract disease.
Low rates of infection within a population due to lack of virulence.
Mast cells release ____; this along with other chemicals that cause ____. These symptoms may also be present in response to pollen resulting in allergies.
Histamines; vasoconstriction
Histamines; vasodialation
Anti-histamines; vasodialation
Anti-histamines; vasoconstriction
____ cells mature into ____ to produce antibodies.
B cells; T cells
Plasma cells; B cells
T cells; Plasma cells
B cells; Plasma cells
Total peripheral resistance (TPR):
Increases with increasing the length of blood vessel
Increases as blood vessel diameter increases
Decreases as blood viscosity increases
Is not a major factor in blood pressure
Which of the following would have the LEAST influence on blood pressure?
White blood cell count
Blood volume
Cardiac output
Total peripheral resistance
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ____.
Shock that results from large scale loss of blood volume or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
The form caused by anaphylaxix
Always fatal
Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ____.
Capillaries
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
This structure helps to control the pressure of blood into the capillary beds.
Precapillary anastomose
Precapillary vessel
Precapillary sphincter
Precapillary regulator
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
Tunica adventia
Tunica media
Tunica intima
Tunica externa
In fetal circulation, the ____ allows blood to flow from the right to the left atrium.
Pulmonary arteries
Foramen ovale
Ligamentum arteriosus
Ductus arteriosus
Pulmonary veins
The closing of the ____ valves produce the second heart sound known as the ____. The closing of the ____ valves produce the first heart sound known as the ____.
Atrioventricular; Lubb; Semilunar; Dubb
Atrioventricular; Dupp; Semilunar; Lubb
Semilunar; Dubb; Atrioventricular; Lubb
Semilunar; Lubb; Atrioventricular; Dubb
____ sensory receptors are distributed throughout the body whereas ____ receptors are more localized.
General; specialized
Specialized; common
Specific; general
Specialized; general
____ are to pain receptors as ___ are to receptors that monitor the positions of skeletal muscles and joints.
Nociceptors; proprioceptors
None of these
Proprioceptors; nociceptors
Nociceptors; baroreceptors
____ is the major processing and sorting center for sensory information.
Primary sensory cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Solitary nucleus
In the sympathetic division of the ANS, preganglionic axons are ____ and postganglionic axons are ____.
Short; medium
Short; long
Long; short
Medium; long
Which of the following adrenergic receptors plays the major role in heart activity?
Alpha 1
Beta 2
Beta 1
Alpha 2
The ____ contains the integrative centers for the ANS.
Hypothalamus
Nucleus Basalis
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Sympathetic division stimulation causes ____.
Increased blood glucose, increased GI tract motility, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
Decreased blood glucose, increased Gi tract motility, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
Increased blood glucose, decreased GI tract motility, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
Decreased blood glucose, increased Gi tract motility, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ____.
Visceral arcs contain two sensory neurons
Visceral arcs do not use inegrations centers
Somatic arcs contain one additional component that visceral arcs do not posess
Visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
Which of these brain regions is involved in memory consolidation and access?
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Nucleus basalis
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, EXCEPT:
Increased blood flow to skeletal muscles
Increased blood flow to the digestive tract
Increased sweat secretion
Dilation of the pupils
Increased breakdown of lipids by adipose cells
What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?
Iris
Pupil
Cornea
Lens
Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ____, and sympathetic activation causes ____.
Dilation; constriction
Constriction; constriction
Vasoconstriction; vasodilation
Constriction; dilation
Light passes through the following structures in which order?
Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina
Cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, retina
Aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor, retina
Vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea, retina
____ is not one of the primary tastes.
Unami
Sweet
Bitter
Sour
In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the ____.
Medial retina
Optic chiasm
Primary visual cortex
Lateral geniculate body
Odorants bind to the ____ on the receptor cells which will generate an ____ potential, and the signal will be carried to the brain via the CN #____.
Stereocilia; action potential; CN 1
Olfactory cilia; action potential; CN 1
Olfactory cilia; graded potential; CN 2
Stereocilia; action potential; CN 2
Olfactory cilia; action potential; CN 8
Ordinarily. it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ____.
Does not contain connective tissue
Has no nerves supply
Is not a living tissue
Has no blood supply
The order of sound moving into the ear is:
Round window; tympanic membrane; stapes; incus; malleus
Oval window; tympanic membrane; stapes; incus; malleus
Tympanic membrane; malleus; incus; stapes; oval window
Tympanic membrane; malleus; incus; stapes; round window
The pineal gland produces ____ which influences circadian rhythms, but also serves as an ____.
Melanin; antioxidant
Melatonin; oxidant
Melatonin; antioxidant
Melanin; oxidant
Steroid hormones exert their action by ____.
entering the cell and activating the release of protein hormones
Activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
Binging to cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity.
Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
In the pancreas, ____ cells produce insulin which ____ blood glucose levels.
Alpha cells; decrease
Alpha cells; increase
Beta cells; increase
Beta cells; decrease
The Zona ____ produces glucocorticoids that affect glucose metabolism.
Zona glomerulasa
Zona reticularis
Zona fasciculata
Zona islets
If blood clots too slowly, a ____ can occur. However, if blood clots to easily ____ can form.
Hemorrhage; thrombus
Thrombus; hemorrhage
Hemorrhage; hemophilic
Thrombus; atherosclerosis
The universal donor is type ____: so it has ____ antigens on the surface of the RBCs.
O-; no
O+; Rh
AB+; A,B, and Rh
AB-; A and B
Thrombocytes or ____ are cell fragments derived from a ____ involved in ____.
Platelets, megakaryocyte; clotting
Platelets; magnakaryocyte; clotting
Leukocytes; megakaryocytes; lymphopoiesis
Erythrocytes; megakaryocyte; erthropoiesis
____ measures the percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood. An acceptable value for a male would be ____.
Hematocrit; 45%
Blood count; 40%
Hematocrit; 40%
Hematocrit; 60%
RBCs contain ____, which has ____ that helps to readily transport O2.
Hemoglobin, Fe2+
Hemoglobin, I+
Globulin, Fe2+
Globulin, I-
These are two types of agranular leukocytes:
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Lymphocytes and neutrophils
Monocytes and neutrophils
Monocytes and basophils
A person that has blood type A- could receive blood from a donor that is:
A-
O-
A+
O+
AB+
The thickest layer of the heart wall is the ____. It is the thickest in the ____ ____ because it is used to pump out blood for the ____ circuit.
Endocardium; left ventricle; systemic
Myocardium; left ventricle; systemic
Myocardium; left atrium; systemic
Epicardium; left atrium; pulmonary
Endocardium; left ventricle; pulmonary
Cardiac muscle can be differentiated from other muscle types because it is ____, it has ____ and is excited by ____.
Branched; intercalated disks; Ach
Unbranched; intercalated disks; NE
Branched; intercalated disks; NE
Branched; intercalated disks; Ach
Branched; actin and myosin; NE
____ blood arrives at the Left Atrium via the ____. From there blood travels to through the ____ valve to reach the Left Ventricle.
Oxygenated; pulmonary veins; bicuspid valve
Oxygenated; pulmonary veins; mitral valve
Oxygenated; pulmonary veins; tricuspid valve
Deoxygenated; pulmonary veins; bicuspid valve
Deoxygenated; vena cava; mitral valve
If a patient has high cholesterol they probably have high levels of ____. Their physician may ask them to modify their diet with the goal to ____ LDLs, and ____ HDLs. They could do this through ____.
HDL; decrease; increase; going on a strict exercise regiment
HDL; decrease; increase; going on a reduced lipid diet
LDL; decrease; increase; going on a strict exercise regimen
LDL; increase; decrease; diet and exercise
LDL; decrease; increase; diet and exercise
Blood arrives to the right ventricle when the ____ valve opens. From the right ventricle, blood is sent to the ____ as blood passes through the ____ valve.
Right AV valve; aorta; aortic semilunar vavle
Tricuspid valve; pulmonary trunk; pulmonary semilunar valve
Bicuspid valve; pulmonary trunk; pulmonary semilunar valve
Tricuspid valve; aorta; aortic semilunar valve
Urine formation involves ____.
Turbulence
Reabsorption
Filtration
Secretion
In the nephron, most of the secretion of wastes occurs at the:
Loop of Henle
DCT
Rectum
Collecting Duct
PCT
Glycosuria indicates which of the following:
Damage to the filtration membrane
High levels of gluconeogenesis in the cells
Above normal levels of sugar in the plasma
Damage to Bowman's capsule
A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gallbladder removed would likely advise ____.
A low to no carb diet
Fewer but large meals
Increasing unsaturated fats while eliminating trans fats in their diets
Eating foods that are low in fat
Part of the enteric nervous system (ENS) is composed of the ____, which controls secretions.
None of these
Submucosal plexus
Myenteric plexus
Enteric nervous system
The law that applies to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a soda is called ____ law.
Dalton's
Murphy's
Henry's
Boyle's
Which cells secrete surfactant into a thin tissue fluid surrounding the alveoli?
Type 1 alveolar cells
Epithelial cells
Septal cells
Macrophages
The alveolar membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of:
Simple squamous epithelium
Moist cuboidal epithelium
Ciliated squamous epithelium
Mesothelium and endothelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Hypoventilation triggers the activity of:
Central chemoreceptors
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors
Protective reflexes
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Sensory input is routed to the respiratory reflex center in the medulla via:
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
Central chemoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Pulmonary stretch receptors
During normal brathing:
Inhalation and exhalation involve muscular contractions
Inhalation involves muscular contractions and expirations is passive
Inhalation and expiration are both passive
Inhalation is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions
An accumulation of H+ ions as a result of hypercapnia and hypoxemia is called:
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Which are the contributing factors to Total Peripheral Resistance?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
vascular resistance
Blood viscocity
Turbulence
Venous pressure
Which hormones contribute to raising arterial blood pressure?
Epinephrine
Angiotensin II
Natriuretic peptides
Anti-diuretic hormone
This type of cellular communication transfers information from cell to cell within the same tissue.
Exocrine
Holocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
Which of these hormones are tropic hormones?
ACTH
GH
ADH
FSH
LH
Long term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called:
Tertiary memories
Reflexive memories
Consolidated memories
Secondary memories
Quaternary memories
Increased lacrimal secretions are in response to increased ____ activity.
Parasympathetic
Limbic system
Sysmpathetic
Pain receptor
During this stage of sleep you are the least receptive to outside stimuli.
REM sleep
Non-REM sleep
Slow-wave sleep
Deep sleep
Information from balance receptors goes directly to the ____.
Brain stem reflex centers
Motor cortex
Visual cortex
Back muscles
The ____ is for hearing sounds, and the ____ is for detecting angular acceleration.
Vestibule; cochlea
Cochlea; semicircular canal
Cochlea; vestibule
Semicircular canal; vestibule
Which are the two hormones that are NOT released by the Adenohypophyses?
Oxytocin and FSH
ADH and FSH
GH and Oxytocin
Oxytocin and ADH
In the pancreas, ____ cells produce glucagon which ____ blood glucose levels.
Alpha cells; decrease
Alpha cells; increase
Beta cells; decrease
Beta cells; increase
Hormones released from the adenohypophyses are made in the ____.
Thymus
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Thalamus
Posterior pituitary
Describe the hormone interaction between PTH and calcitonin.
Countering
Synergystic
Antagonistic
Intergrative
____ secretes erythropoietin (EPO) and renin in the kidneys and it's composed of _____.
Glomerulus; macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
Juxtaglomerular complex; macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
Juxtaglomerular complex; juxtaglomerular cells
Juxtaglumerular complex; macula densa
The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?
Too much protein in the diet
High levels of transcription and translation by the body tissues
Damage to the renal tubules
Damage to the filtration membrane
The ____ has the greatest variation among vessel types.
Reticular fibers
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Tunica interna
In the EKG, the P-wave corresponds to:
Atrial systole
Atrial contraction
Atrial repolarization
Atrial diastole
Atrial depolarization
A patient with B- blood could give blood to:
AB+
B+
AB-
B-
Which of these are the functions of blood?
Store lipids
Transportation of dissolved substances
Thermoregulation
Defense against pathogens
Restriction of fluid loss at injury sites
____ is responsible for the condition known as cardiac arrest. This can quickly be deadly as the body enters ____ and is unable to generate ____ via ____.
Ventricular fibrillation; Hypoxia; ATP; aerobic respiration
Atrial fibrillation; Hypoxia; ATP; aerobic respiration
Ventricular fibrillation; Hyperoxia; Amino acids; aerobic respiration
Atrial fibrillation; hyperoxia; lipids; anaerobic respiration
Atrial quivering; hyperoxia; carbohydrates; anaerobic respiration
Whole blood is composed of ____ and formed elements. In order of highest prevalence first, the 3 formed elements are: ___, ___, and ___.
Plasma; erythrocytes, platelets, WBCs
Plasma; leukocytes, RBCs, platelets
Water; hemoglobin, leukocytes, RBCs
Water; RBCs, hemoglobin, leukocytes
In an EKG, during the QRS complex, what is happening in the heart?
Atrial diastole
Ventricular systole
Ventricular depolarization
Atrial repolarization
Ventricular diastole
When the left AV valves do not close fully this is called _____, which is a type of ____. This tends to ____ cardiac output.
Semilunar valve prolapse; valve insufficiency; decrease
Mitral valve prolapse; valve insufficiency; decrease
Tricuspid valve prolapse; valve insufficiency; decrease
Mitral valve prolapse; valve insufficiency; increase
Tricuspid valve prolapse; valve insufficiency; increase
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following will likely occur?
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure will decrease
Systemic blood pressure will go up
Urine output will increase
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will increase
