Drug, medicine

Are chemicals that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

Any medicine that is used for treating disease

considered as drugs

pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacy, posology, toxicology

Study of the action of drugs on living tissue

Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion

Study of the use of drugs in treating disease

Science of preparing and dispensing medicines

Study of the amount of drug that is required to produce therapeutic effects

Study of the harmful effects of drugs on living tissue

Plants

Animal

Inorganic compounds

-Antacid to decrease gastric acidity

-Prevention of the formation of phosphate urinary stones

-Prevention of hyperacidity

prevention of dental cavities

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Treatment of iron deficiency anemia(iron deficiency)

Chemical Name

Generic name

Official Name

Brand Name(trade name)

Prescription Drugs

Non Prescription Drugs(otc)

Illegal Drugs

a name that reflect the chemical structure of a drug

is the original designation that the drug was given when the drug company applied for the approval process

it is the name under which the drug is listed by the Bureau of food and drugs

the name given to a drug by the manufacturer

Require an order by a health professional who is licensed to prescribe, such as physician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, pharmacist or dentist

are sold without prescription in pharmacy or the health section of a department or grocery store

these are drugs or chemicals used for non-therapeutic purposes

this responsibility includes accountability for one’s actions and judgements during the execution of professional duties and understanding the rules and regulations established by the Board of Nursing for the various levels of entry.

guidelines developed for the practice of nursing

1.The nurse must have a current license to practice.

2.The nurse must understand the individual patient’s diagnosis and symptoms that correlate with the rationale for drug use.

3.The nurse should know why a medication is ordered, the expected outcomes, usual dosing, proper dilution, route and rate of administration, minor side effects to expect and adverse effect to report and contraindications for the use of a particular drug.

4.The nurse must be accurate in calculating, preparing and administering medications.

5.Nurses must be able to collect patients' data regularly on scheduled intervals and record observations in the patient’s chart for evaluating a treatment’s effectiveness.

6.Nurse must take an active role in educating the patient, family and significant others in preparation for discharge from the health environment.

administer as needed, as required, as necessary

it is carried out for one time only

it is carried at once or immediately

Used on an emergency basis

it is carried out until the specified time or until it is discontinued by another order

Name of the patient

Date and time

Name of drug

Dose of drug

Route of administration

Time of frequency

Signature of the physician

The primary effects intended, that is the reason the drug is prescribed (also Desired Effect)

effect of the drug that is unintended (also Undesired Effect)

the immunologic reaction to drug Fetal can lead to death

A severe allergic reaction which usually occurs immediately following administration of a drug.

- A decreased physiologic response to the repeated administration of a drug or chemically related substances.

It is the unexpected peculiar response to drugs, either over response, under response, different response than expected, unpredictable or unexplained responses.

- Inappropriate intake of a substance, either continually or periodically

- It is a person’s reliance or a need to take a drug or substance. Intense physical or emotional disturbance is produced if the drug is withdrawn.

Physical dependence on the drug

- it is the emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a sense of well being, accompanied by feelings or need or cravings for the drug(also Physiological dependence)

The combined effects of two drugs produces a result that equals the sum of the individual effects of each agent.

The combined effect of drugs is greater than the sum of each individual agent acting independent

when you take 2 drugs together it prolongs or multiply the effect of other drugs

it will decrease the effect of other drugs

relieves symptoms of a disease but does not affect the disease itself

- treats a disease or condition

sustains body function until other treatment of the body response can take over

- replaces body fluids or substances

- destroys malignant cells

- returns the body to health

Right Drug

Right Dose

Right Time

. Right Route

Right Patient/Client

. Right Recording or Documentation

Right Approach

Right Complete History of Drug

Right Drug to Drug to Food Interactions

Right Drug Allergies

- To prevent medication errors, always check to make sure the drug you are going to administer is the one that was prescribed. - Avoid abbreviations, and if you are not sure about abbreviations that were used, ask.

Use appropriate measuring devices - Pediatric or geriatric patients - Accurate dose forms - Accurate calculations

- Frequency of giving medications - PRN medicatio

Determine the best route of administration; this is frequently established by the formulation of the drug. - Nurses can often have an impact in modifying the route to arrive at the most efficient, comfortable method for the patient based on the patient’s specific situation.

- Always document drug administration. If it isn’t written, it didn’t happen. - Document the information in accordance with the local requirements for recording medication administration after assessing the patient, making the appropriate nursing diagnoses, and delivering the correct drug, by the correct route, in the correct dose, and at the correct time

Weight

Age

Gender

Physiological factors

Pathological factors

Genetic factors

Immunological factors

Environmental factors

People who are much heavier may require larger doses to get a therapeutic effect from a drug because they have increased tissues to perfuse and increased receptor sites in some reactive tissue. People who weigh less than the norm may require smaller doses of a drug.

- Children metabolize many drugs differently than adults do, and they have immature systems for handling drugs - Older adults undergo many physical changes that are a part of the aging process. Their bodies may respond very differently in all aspects of pharmacokinetics—less effective absorption, less efficient distribution because of fewer plasma proteins

diurnal rhythm, electrolyte balance, acid–base balance, hydration and electrolyte balance can affect the way that a drug works on the body and the way that the body handles the drug. - If a drug does not produce the desired effect, one should review the patient’s acid–base and electrolyte profiles and the timing of the drug

disease, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, vascular disorders, low blood pressure - Drugs are usually used to treat disease or pathology. However, the disease that the drug is intended to treat can change the functioning of the chemical reactions within the body and thus change the response to the drug

- Genetic differences can sometimes explain patients’ varied responses to a given drug.

s is a new area of study that explores the unique differences in response to drugs

a patient’s positive expectations about treatment and the care received can positively outcome of therapy

negative expectations about therapy

are protein areas on cell membranes that react with specific chemicals to cause an effect within the cell.

drugs that interact with receptor to stimulate a response

- drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate response.

drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses

the process by which a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the circulation fluids of the body.

the drug is administered directly into the gastrointestinal by oral, rectal, or nasogastric routes.

bypass the gastrointestinal by using intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous.

administered through inhalation, sublingual or topical administration

is safe, most convenient and relatively economical and dose forms are readily available for most medication

small cylindrical gelatin containers that held dry powders or liquid medical agents.

are clear liquids made up of drugs dissolved in alcohol and water

are dispersions of small droplets of water in oil or oil in water.

flat disks containing medicinal agent in a suitably flavored base. It is held in the mouth to dissolve slowly, thus releasing the therapeutic ingredients.

are dried powdered drugs that have been compressed into small disk

liquid dose forms that contain solid, insoluble drug particles dispersed in a liquid base. It should be shaken well before administration to ensure thorough mixing of the particles

dissolved in concentrated solutions of sugars, usually sucrose

are a solid form of medication designed for introduction into body orifices, dissolves and is absorbed by the mucous membranes

- are glass containers that usually contain a single dose of a medication, the container may be scored or a darkened ring around the neck.

glass containers that contain one or more doses of a sterile medication

are containers with two compartments

are semi-solid emulsions containing medical agents for external application

usually aqueous preparations that contain suspended materials, used as soothing agents that protect the skin and relieve rashes and itching.

- are semi-solid preparations of medicinal substance in an oily base such as lanolin or petrolatum

it is used to treat wounds, such as dry gauze, sponges, nonadherent gauze dressings

provides relief of anginal pain for several hours longer that sublingual preparations, Ant areas without hair may be used chest, flank or upper arm areas.

refers to the ways in which drugs are transported by the circulating fluids to the sites of action

is the process by which the body inactivates drugs. The LIVER is the principal site of metabolism

- is the process by which drugs are eliminated by the body. The most important route of excretion is the KIDNEY, Drugs can be excreted by kidneys, intestines, lungs, mammary, sweat and salivary glands.