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WorksheetsFINAL
Total questions: 80
Worksheet time: 40mins
Endotoxin
is toxic due to the effects of the peptide side chains.
may have different effects depending on the bacterial species.
consists of lipopolysaccharide.
is found in Gram-positive cells.
determines bacterial shape.
Which of the following ways in which molecules move across a membrane does not require energy?
Facilitated diffusion
Group translocation
ABC transporters
Active transport
What would be the total magnification of an image viewed on a bright-field microscope when using the ocular (10X) and the high power objective (40X)?
1000X
400X
4000X
10X
40x
Endospores are
obligate intracellular parasites.
a dormant cell type.
made by all bacterial genera.
involved in bacterial reproduction.
sensitive to heat and dessication.
The target of penicillin in bacterial cells is ______.
70S ribosomes
the DNA
the cell membrane
endospores
the cell wall
Which of the steps shown is found in the endospore and acid-fast stains but NOT in the simple stain or Gram stain?
Alcohol decolorizer
Making a bacterial smear
Rinsing water
Primary stain
Heat during primary stain
The simplest technique for isolating bacteria is referred to as the
most probable number method.
bacterial growth method.
pour-plate method.
serial dilution method.
streak-plate method.
In the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall, the polymers of NAM and NAG sugars in peptidoglycan are cross-linked together by tetrapeptide chains and ______.
carbohydrate interbridges
nucleic acid interbridges
covalent interbridges
fatty acid interbridges
peptide interbridges
Specimens can be observed at the atomic level using a(n)
scanning electron microscope.
transmission electron microscope.
atomic force microscope.
fluorescence microscope.
light microscope.
The idea of spontaneous generation postulated that
living organisms could spontaneously arise from other living organisms.
living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material.
living organisms must contain at least ten cells.
organisms could spontaneously turn into other types of organisms.
organisms could evolve into the next generation of organisms.
Bacteria are good research models because they
vary in size from microscopic to macroscopic.
develop the same diseases as humans and animals.
share many properties with more complex organisms.
have similarly complicated growth requirements.
The solidifying agent used most successfully in bacterial nutrient media is
peptone
gelatin
agar
starch
agarose
The resolving power of a microscope is described as the ability of the microscope to
separate the colors of an organism's internal structure.
magnify structures at various depths in a tissue.
separate clearly two objects that are very close together.
combine the images of two objects that are very close together.
magnify an object and its surroundings.
You discover an encapsulated Gram-positive, peritrichous, spore-forming bacillus. Which of the following describes the organism?
Spherical bacterium with a thin cell wall, a slime layer, and flagella distributed over its surface, that can form endospores for survival of adverse conditions.
Rod-shaped bacterium with a thin cell wall, a capsule, and single flagellum at one end, that can form endospores for survival in adverse conditions.
Rod-shaped bacterium with a thin cell wall, a slime layer, and single flagellum at one end, that can form endospores for survival in adverse conditions.
Rod-shaped bacterium with a thick cell wall, a capsule, and flagella distributed over its surface, that can form endospores for survival of adverse conditions.
Spherical bacterium with a thick cell wall, a slime layer, and a single flagellum at one side of the cell.
Bacteria are present on the body
at all times
only after intense exercise.
only in certain areas.
only during disease-causing infections
only after using public transport.
Which of the statements about biofilms is TRUE?
Biofilms may protect organisms against harmful chemicals.
Biofilms are very rarely involved in human bacterial infections.
Biofilms are a peptidoglycan-encased community of microorganisms.
Biofilms may significantly inhibit bioremediation efforts.
Biofilms are very seldom found in a natural environment.
All of the statements regarding archaea are true EXCEPT
they contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
they reproduce by binary fission.
they are found as single cells
they contain a rigid cell wall.
they often grow in extreme environments.
The movement of dissolved solutes from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called _______.
isotonic
active transport
diffusion
osmosis
hypotonic
Bioremediation refers to
development of new vaccines.
monitoring newly discovered disease organisms.
destroying organisms causing infectious diseases.
using bacteria to clean up environmental pollutants.
rehabilitating wayward pathogenic bacteria.
The CORRECT order of reagent use in the Gram stain reaction is
crystal violet, alcohol, iodine, safranin.
safranin, alcohol, methylene blue, iodine.
methylene blue, alcohol, safranin, iodine.
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin.
alcohol, safranin, iodine, crystal violet
Ultraviolet radiation at the bactericidal wavelength destroys bacteria by
disrupting ribosomes.
destroying endospores.
damaging nucleic acid.
denaturing proteins.
preventing spore formation.
Hand washing with plain soap is very useful in controlling spread of microorganisms because
plain soap is bacteriostatic and inhibits bacterial growth.
it is very effective at the mechanical removal of microorganisms.
all soaps are bacteriostatic and kill endospores.
all soaps are virucidal and kill all viruses.
plain soap is bactericidal and kills all bacteria.
The term antiparallel
refers to the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
refers to a type of prokaryotic replication.
is synonymous with semiconservative.
refers to the opposite orientation of the two strands in DNA.
refers to the structure of single-stranded RNA.
The 3' end of DNA
usually has guanine and guanine attached to it.
has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of deoxyribose.
attaches to the 3' phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide.
has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of ribose.
always has thymine and uracil attached to it.
GCCCAAAG is a molecule of
RNA
Protein
DNA or lipid
DNA
Cannot tell as written
If a 75 base-pair fragment of DNA has 25 cytosines in it, how many adenines would you expect it to have?
100
125
25
50
70
Microbial death rates may be affected by
pH
Temperature
the presence of organics
growth in a biofilm
All of the answer choices are correct
A sterile item is free of
prions only.
endospores, viruses, AND prions.
microbes, endospores, AND prions.
microbes, viruses, AND prions.
all viable microbes, endospores, AND viruses.
Which is true about prokaryotic (bacterial) RNA polymerase?
It is used during transcription
It requires a primer.
It has a detachable subunit, alpha factor, which recognizes the promoter.
It reads the template in the 5'-3' direction.
All of the choices are true.
One of the first chemicals used by Lister to prevent surgical infections was
soap
mercury
alcohol
carbolic acid
iodine
The E-site
is the aminoacyl site on the ribosome.
is responsible for the release of the tRNA.
is another name for anticodon.
is found on the RNA polymerase enzyme.
is found on the 35S polysome.
Without changing the sequence or the orientation of the sequence(s), which is/are complementary to the sequence 5' AGGCUAAC 3'?
5' TCCGATTG 3'
3' TCCGATTG 5'
3' TCCGATTC 5' AND 5' CTTAGCCT 3'
3' TAAGCTTA 5'
5' CTTAGCCT 3'
RNA is characterized by which one of the following features?
thymine
ribose
all of the answer choices are correct
double-stranded
deoxyribose
The most important function of nitrites in processed foods is to
prevent browning of the product.
destroy cell membranes of potential pathogens.
inhibit the germination of Clostridium botulinum endospores.
make the food more acidic.
prevent carcinogen formation.
There are ______ codons to code for the 20 possible amino acids.
61
30
64
20
3
Which of the following is NOT involved in transcription?
Uracil
Ribosome
Sigma factor
Promotor
Polymerase
Which of the following is/are true of DNA replication?
It starts at the origin of duplication.
Nucleotides are added to the 3' end.
It requires a DNA primer to get started.
It is carried out by transcriptases.
All of the choices are true.
A stop codon
codes for the stop amino acid AUG.
codes for the stop amino acid s-methyl-methionine.
codes for no amino acid.
forms a hairpin loop forcing the ribosome to fall off.
enhances the binding of the e-polymerase.
Pasteurization
is the use of heat to reduce numbers of pathogenic/spoilage bacteria in a food item to a safe level.
is a mild heating process used to preserve only milk and milk products.
is a process that uses short bursts of radiation to kill microorganisms on foods.
is a process that uses intense cold to kill only pathogenic microorganisms on packaged foods.
is the use of high moist heat to remove all bacteria and viruses from fresh food products for safety.
The specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA to which the RNA polymerase binds is the
regulatory region.
sigma region.
core region.
starter region
promotor region
Almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are
the result of active immunity.
IgM.
the result of passive immunity.
the result of infection.
self-made.
The formation of a covalent bond between two adjacent thymines is caused by
microwave radiation.
UV radiation.
heat.
alkylating agents.
X-rays.
The F plasmid carries the information for
the sex pilus.
the Y chromosome.
bacterial flagella.
recipient cell DNA replication.
antibiotic resistance.
Attenuated agents are
weakened but replicating microbes.
toxins
dead viruses.
weakened, nonreplicating microbes.
parts of an organism.
Segments of DNA capable of moving from one area in the DNA to another are called
inverted repeats
mutagens.
transposons.
base analogs.
intercalating agents.
Which antibodies cross the placenta and protect the fetus?
IgM
IgM and IgG
IgA
IgG
IgD
What part of the attached bacteriophage enters through the host cell wall?
The entire virus.
Only the enzymes necessary for replication.
The nucleic acid and capsid.
The capsid only.
The nucleic acid.
The mechanism by which genes are transferred into bacteria via viruses is called
conjugation.
replica plating.
transduction
ellipsis.
transformation.
Fungal diseases are generally referred to as
infestations.
funguses.
systemics.
infections.
mycoses.
Irradiation of cells with ultraviolet light may cause
adenine complementary base pairing with cytosine.
cytosine trimers.
thymine dimers.
the addition of uracil.
four nucleotides to covalently bind together.
The source of variation among microorganisms that were once identical is
mutant.
antibiotic resistance.
virulence factors.
mutation.
sigma factors.
Outside of living cells, viruses are
replicating by binary fission.
metabolically inert.
gaining ATP from the mitochondria.
using cilia to move to the next host.
scavenging glucose.
Herd immunity
occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune.
only provides protection to those that are already immune.
occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases.
is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases.
only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune.
All of the following are true about attenuated agents EXCEPT
they only induce immunity after several doses.
they may cause disease in immunocompromised individuals.
they multiply in the body.
they may revert or mutate to disease-causing strains.
they cause a strong cell-mediated immune response.
Chemical mutagens that mimic the naturally occurring bases are called
nucleobase copiers.
nitrogen mustards.
alkylating agents.
base analogs.
nitrous oxide.
A tangle of fungal hyphae is generally known as a
mycelium.
spore.
bud.
germ tube.
biofilm.
The practice of deliberately stimulating the immune system is called
memory immunity.
vaccination.
hypersensitivity.
acquired immunity.
autoimmunity.
The causative agent of malaria is what type of microbe?
Protozoan
Mosquito
Virus
Fungus
Bacterium
The protein projections on the surface of a virus that are involved in attachment to the host cell are called
hooks.
spikes.
suckers.
cilia.
pili.
The symbiotic relationship wherein both partners benefit is termed
parasitism.
commensalism.
dysbiosis.
mutualism.
independence.
What part of the attached bacteriophage enters through the host cell wall?
The capsid only.
The nucleic acid and capsid.
The nucleic acid.
Only the enzymes necessary for replication.
The entire virus.
Monoclonal antibodies
are always IgE.
have the same variable regions.
usually recognize several epitopes.
are usually of different classes.
All of the answer choices are correct.
In addition to lysis, animal viruses may exit the host cell by
endocytosis.
fusion.
budding.
fission.
extrusion.
When a non-enveloped animal virus adsorbs to the host cell with its protein spikes, the virions are taken into the cell by the process of
penetration.
budding.
production.
endocytosis.
fusion.
Once inside the host cell, phage DNA
is replicated.
is transcribed.
may get degraded by bacterial nucleases.
may integrate into the host chromosome.
All of the choices are correct.
Bacteria may survive phagocytosis by
avoiding recognition and attachment of lymphocytes AND lysing the phagosome.
preventing encounters with phagocytes AND preventing fusion of two phagosomes.
preventing fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome AND mimicking host molecules.
preventing fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome AND lysing the phagosome.
lysing the phagosome AND mimicking host molecules.
Select the correct sequence for proving Koch's postulates.
1. The microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally infected hosts.
2. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease.
3. The same disease must be produced when a pure culture of the microorganism is introduced into susceptible hosts.
4. The microorganism must be grown in pure culture from diseased hosts.
1, 2, 3, 4
2, 4, 3, 1
4, 3, 1, 2
4, 1, 2, 3
1, 3, 2, 4
A phage that replicates inside the host cell and then lysis its host during its release is a
lysogenic phage.
latent phage.
virulent or lytic phage.
temperate phage.
dormant phage.
C5a peptidase
is a virulence factor AND is a molecule promoting chemotaxis.
synthesizes C5a.
is produced by the host cell in response to infection.
is a molecule promoting chemotaxis.
is a virulence factor.
Species of both Shigella and Streptococcus
invade host cells AND cause a rash.
cause diarrhea AND are delivered by flea bites.
invade host cells AND produce a toxin.
produce a toxin AND cause a rash.
are delivered via flea bites AND produce a toxin.
The site at which a virus has infected and subsequently lysed the infected cell, releasing its progeny to infect and lyse surrounding cells, thereby forming a "clear zone," is
a lyse area.
a plaque.
a dead zone.
a zone of inhibition.
a burst area.
Using phages to treat a bacterial infection is an interesting idea because
a single phage can be genetically engineered to infect many different species of bacteria.
lysed bacteria pose no threat to a person's health.
a single type of phage can destroy a wide range of strains of the same pathogen
of the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance in people.
of the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance in pathogens.
The common species name of the virus is frequently based on the
shape of the viral nucleocapsid.
geographic area it is found.
presence or absence of a nuclear membrane.
type of nucleic acid it contains.
disease the virus causes.
Adhesins are
exotoxins AND are involved in the first step of the infectious process.
are exotoxins OR are endotoxins.
often found at the tip of pili AND are endotoxins.
involved in the first step of the infectious process AND are often found at the tip of pili.
involved in the first step of the infectious process AND are endotoxins.
Viruses that infect bacteria are referred to as
bacteriophages.
virophages.
viralcidens.
bacterialogens.
bacteriocidins.
An infection in which the virus is continually present in the body is referred to as
balanced.
persistent.
acute.
determinant.
fatal.
Virulent pathogens are
more likely to cause severe disease.
more likely to cause disease.
most likely normal microbiota.
more likely to be opportunists.
unable to cause disease.
The infectious dose
is the same for all bacteria but varies for viruses.
is defined as the number of microbes needed to kill the host.
may be 10–100 cells for Salmonella.
is defined as the number of microbes needed to cause infection.
is the same for all microorganisms.
Opportunists or opportunistic pathogens
are never normal microbiota.
take advantage of special circumstances.
are usually saprophyte, like fungi.
are usually mutualistic.
always cause disease.
People who carry and may spread pathogenic organisms without any apparent signs or symptoms of illness are called
opportunists.
mutualists.
secondary infectors.
primary infectors.
carriers.
