Font size
Worksheetsbio exam ii
Total questions: 81
Worksheet time: 45mins
Which of the following cell types is not directly involved in transport, i.e. part of xylem and phloem?
Parenchyma
Vessel elements
Sieve tube elements
Tracheids
Companion cells
Which of these structure-function pairs is incorrect?
stomata–regulate gas exchange
trichomes–repel herbivores
cuticle–layer of cells where light reactions occur
guard cells–control stomatal pore size
Which of these actions describes secondary growth?
growth in height
development of fruit
development of leaves and flowers
development of wood and bark
Most of the water absorbed by the plant enters through the
root apical meristem.
root cap.
root hairs.
stomata.
The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is recovered from _____.
soil via the xylem
soil via the phloem
the atmosphere through the stomata
the atmosphere through the cuticle
Most of the water that evaporates from leaves passes out through the
cuticle.
ends of xylem vessels.
spaces between epidermal cells.
stomata.
What 3 routes can water use to move through plant cells? Describe each answer.
transmembrane - within and through cell walls
apoplastic - though cells via plasmodesmata
symplastic - through membrane and vacuoles
transmembrane - through membrane and vacuoles
apoplastic - within and through cells walls
symplastic - though cells via plasmodesmata
transmembrane - within and through cells walls
apoplastic - through membrane and vacuoles
symplastic - though cells via plasmodesmata
transmembrane - through membrane and vacuoles
apoplastic - though cells via plasmodesmata
symplastic - within and through cells walls
environment 10% water
cell 90% water
The cell is _____ compared to environment which is ____
hypertonic, hypotonic
hypotonic, hypertonic
isotonic, isotonic
hypotonic
(a)
hypertonic
(a)
isotonic
(a)
Consider the following plant cells floating in an open beaker containing 0.2M sucrose. By definition, an open beaker has a pressure potential 0 MPa. Assume that the cells have come to equilibrium with the solution in the beaker. In cell 3
p = 0.75 MPa and w = 0.0 MPa.
p = 0.0 MPa and w = -0.75 MPa.
p = -0.25 MPa and w = -0.5 MPa.
p = +0.25 MPa and w = -0.5 MPa.
p = +0.25 MPa and w = +0.25 MPa.
Water tends to move into a cell that has a(n)
high turgor pressure due to cell wall rigidity
high, positive water potential
more negative water potential than its surroundings
low turgor pressure
H2O transport in plants
Which of the following is part of the apoplast?
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Plasmodesma
Cytoplasm
The endodermis is found in the ____ and is used to regulate ______ .
leaf, gas exchange
shoot, plant growth
shoot, photosynthesis
root, water & nutrient transport into the plant
Which process makes the water potential in a leaf more negative?
The pressure placed on the leaf by the cuticle
The evaporation of water from mesophyll cells
The movement of water into the leaf by root pressure
The increased K+ pumped out of guard cells
Transpiration in plants requires _____.
I) adhesion of water molecules to cell walls
II) cohesion between water molecules
III) evaporation of water molecules
IV) active transport through xylem cells
V) transport through xylem
I, III, IV, and V
I, II, IV, and V
I, II, III, and V
I, II, III, and IV
According to the pressure flow model, during fruit development photosynthesizing leaves are the _______ and the fruit are the _______.
sink; sink
sink; source
source; source
source; sink
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?
wind pollination
xylem and phloem
fruits enclosing seeds
sperm cells without flagella
Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed?
Ovule
Petal
Stamen
Carpel
Endosperm tissue of angiosperms has what ploidy level?
n
2n
3n
4n
8n
Which of the following is true of both xylem transport and phloem transport?
Both are passive processes that do not require energy from the plant
Both involve only living cells
Both rely on a gradient of water potential
The direction of flow is usually reversible in both
Plants that reproduce asexually might produce identical progeny from all of the following except
portions of roots
portions of stems
portions of leaves
pollen grain
Which of the following is true?
Only eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus
Only eukaryotes have ribosomes
Only bacteria have cell walls
Only bacteria and eukaryotes have a plasma membrane
A trait not common to all animals is
Eukaryotic
Spinal cord
Heterotroph
Multicellular
Multicellularity is a trait that has evolved independently in
animals
plants
fungi
all of the above
The most diagnostic (i.e. unique) shared derived trait for animals is the presence of
sexual reproduction
multicellularity
a blastula
active movement
Major evolutionary events or adaptations within Animalia
1. Symmetry
2. Tissues
3. Body cavity
1. Symmetry
2. Tissues
3. Body cavity
4. Embryonic patterns of development
5. Locomotion
1. Symmetry
2. Tissues
3. Body cavity
4. Embryonic patterns of development
5. Segmentation
6. Cephalization
1. Embryonic patterns of development
2. Segmentation
3. Cephalization
Porifera differ from other animals in that they
do not form true organs
are sessile
have three germ layers
have radial symmetry
The terms “acoelomate,” “pseudocoelomate,” and “coelomate” are used to describe
cephalization
origin of the blastopore
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
the body cavity of animals
Which of the following traits is unique to deuterostome animals?
A coelom
Bilateral symmetry
Mouth formation on the end of embryos opposite the blastopore
A nervous system
All of the following are major stages of animal development except
cleavage.
fertilization.
inversion.
gastrulation.
organogenesis
The head of a sperm is capped with an organelle that contains glycoprotein-digesting enzymes. This organelle is the
zona pellucida.
acrosome.
granulosa.
neural cap.
The period of rapid division in which the embryo does not increase in overall size is called
syngamy.
cleavage.
neurulation.
meiosis.
All of the following are features representing blastulation except
each cell is in contact with a different set of neighboring cells.
some blastomeres are larger than the others and thus not equivalent.
differentiation into notochord and the hollow nerve chord takes place.
different blastomeres receive different components of the egg cytoplasm.
some blastomeres may divide slower than others depending on the amount of yolk.
In mammals there are enzymes located in the acrosome that enables a sperm to tunnel its way through the
blastula to the egg's plasma membrane
zona pellucida to the egg's plasma membrane
archenteron to the egg's plasma membrane
chorion to the egg's plasma membrane.
At what stage of animal development do cells first move from the surface of the embryo into the interior, resulting in a two- or three-layered embryo?
zygote formation
blastulation
neurulation
gastrulation
metamorphosis
Which of the cells below develop into a human embryo?
Trophoblast
Extraembryonic
Inner cell mass
Blastcoel
Select the incorrectly matched germ layer and its developmental tissue fate.
ectoderm—lining of the digestive tract
ectoderm—epidermis
mesoderm—blood vessels
mesoderm—gonads
endoderm—lining of the respiratory tract
Mesoderm
is located on the outside of the embryo
gives rise to gut linings
is located between endoderm and ectoderm
is found in the blastula
Which embryonic germ layer has as one of its fates to become brain and nervous system?
Mesoderm
Archenteron
Endoderm
Ectoderm
After gastrulation, mesodermal cells contribute to the developing
brain
skeletal system and muscles
inner lining of gut
nerves
What does not normally happen during gastrulation?
Three embryonic germ layers are established
A cavity forms inside the developing embryo that will become the primitive gut
The embryo increases dramatically in size
Embryonic germ layers begin to be committed toward distinct developmental fates
Cell migrations are a prominent feature of this developmental stage
Place the following developmental events in their proper chronological sequence: (1) formation of the neural tube, (2) movement of neural folds, and (3) thickening of neural ectoderm
1, 2, 3
2, 1, 3
3, 1, 2
3, 2, 1
The __________ eventually develop into vertebrae, ribs, and muscles and are found along the sides of the __________.
somites; notochord
neural tube cells; notochord
blastopore cells; dorsal lip
neural crest cells; dorsal lip
Proteins in the egg cytoplasm that play a role in directing embryonic development are called
polar proteins
cytoplasmic determinants
transcription factors
somites
If the blastopore dorsal lip is grafted from one frog embryo onto a second embryo, the second dorsal lip will
change the polarity of the adjacent segments.
block gastrulation.
change the developmental fate of the surrounding cells.
change the prospective potency of the surrounding cells.
Which term refers to organisms that depend largely on external sources of heat to maintain body temperature?
Homeotherm
Endotherm
Heterotherm
Ectotherm
Animals that allow their body temperature to conform to the environment are termed
homeotherms.
isotherms.
poikilotherms.
endotherms.
Which of these thermoregulation processes can be sustained for the longest period of time?
Shivering
Torpor
Nonshivering thermogenesis
Hibernation
Fever
An animal whose internal temperature rises linearly with increases in ambient temperature is most likely
dead
an ectotherm
an endoderm
a heterotherm
a homeotherm
In response to a 10°C rise in environmental temperature, an endotherm’s body temperature will
rise at a constant rate
remain relatively constant
fall at a constant rate
fall, and then become stable
double
Homeostasis is largely maintained using negative feedback loops. Changing conditions are detected in which of part of a negative feedback loop?
Effector
Sensor
Integrating center
Stimulus
______________ are used for respiration by terrestrial insects.
Gills
Moist skin surface
Lungs
Tracheal tubes
The primary advantage of gills for gas exchange in aquatic organisms versus the body surface is th
gills are located near the mouth
gills contain a concurrent exchange system
gills have a much greater diffusion surface area
gills increase resistance to water movement
In the countercurrent exchange in a fish's gills, the oxygen concentration is always _______ in the water than the blood along the entire pathway of each lamella.
higher
lower
the same
varies depending on the time of year
Which factor does not account for the efficiency of gas exchange in fish gills?
Maximized surface area
Maximum path length for diffusion
Countercurrent flow
Increasing pressure gradient
Gas exchange in animals always involves
cellular respiration
breathing movements
active transport of gases
diffusion across membranes
Which of the following is not a common adaptation for respiratory gas exchange?
Mechanisms to adjust the temperature of the medium to increase diffusion
Increasing the surface area over which diffusion of gases can occur
Maximizing partial pressure gradients
Minimizing the diffusion path length through an aqueous medium
Countercurrent flow
The respiratory system of insects consists of
Trachea that supply O2 to cells
Branched gills that end in trachea
Branched gills that end in spiracles
Layers of gas exchange material just under the exoskeleton
Which of the following statements about respiratory adaptations is false?
Internalization of respiratory surfaces leads to the need for ventilation
External gills are found only in invertebrates
Some fish ventilate their gills by constantly swimming with their mouth open
In fish, water flows unidirectionally into the mouth, over the gills, and out from under the opercular flaps
Desiccation of the respiratory surface is more likely to occur in lungs than in gills.
Breathing provides the body with the oxygen required to support the energy metabolism of all cells and also eliminates _______, one of the waste products of cell metabolism.
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
nitrogen gas
calcium carbonate
All terrestrial vertebrates except amphibians breathe by expanding their lungs and thereby creating a
negative pressure within the lungs.
positive pressure within the lungs.
neutral pressure within the lungs.
countercurrent pressure within the lungs.
Which of the following adaptations is not seen in fish gills?
A countercurrent exchange system
Bidirectional ventilation of the gills
Morphological features that increase the surface area available for gas exchange
Morphological features that decrease the path length for diffusion of the respiratory gases
A second oxygen reserve is found in muscle cells using the oxygen-binding protein:
Myoglobin
Hemocyanin
Oxyhemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin
Which of the following would increase the amount of oxygen diffusing from the lungs into the blood?
An increase in the binding rate of O2 to hemoglobin
A decrease in the partial pressure of O2 in the lungs
An increase in the partial pressure of O2 in the blood
A decrease in the red blood cell count
An increase in the water vapor of air in the lungs
The most efficient lungs are found in which of the terrestrial vertebrates listed below?
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Insects
A major disadvantage for O2 exchange in mammal lungs is
One-way air flow
Two-way air flow
Dry surfaces
Positive pressure breathing
Bird and fish respiratory systems are similar in that both
employ a countercurrent exchanger.
have air sacs.
function by means of unidirectional flow of the environmental medium over the gas exchange membranes.
consists of tidal flow of air.
Each molecule of hemoglobin, when fully saturated, carries how many molecules of oxygen?
1
2
4
20
If the O2-binding curves were plotted for the following types of hemoglobin at the pH levels indicated, with pO2 on the x-axis and % oxyhemoglobin saturation on the y-axis, which curve would be to the right of all the others?
Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.2
Fetal human hemoglobin at pH 7.6
Adult hemoglobin at pH 7.6
Llama hemoglobin at pH 7.6
Myoglobin at pH 7.6
What is the likely outcome if you were able to force water through fish gills in the opposite direction to how it normally flows over the gills?
There would be no effect, and maximal oxygenation of blood would still occur.
The direction of blood flow would reverse through the gills to compensate for the reversed direction of water flow.
Gas exchange would be inhibited and movement of oxygen into the blood would cease entirely.
The movement of carbon dioxide from the blood into the water would increase.
The blood's oxygen concentration would not be able to exceed 50%.
A cardiovascular system is not necessary in sponges because they
are aquatic
are only several cells thick
have no skeleton
do not move rapidly
In an open circulatory system there is (are)
no distinction between blood and tissue fluid
no heart
a gastrovascular cavity with a double chambered heart
no blood vessels
The fish heart is a modified tube with _____ pumping chambers arrayed one after the other.
2
3
4
8
A two-cycle heart of a bird or a mammal is more efficient than the amphibian heart in all of the following except
it can pump twice as much blood.
it creates a true double circulatory system.
it separates oxygenated and nonoxygenated blood.
it increases the speed of the blood through the lungs.
it exchanges gases by mixing aerated and nonaerated blood.
Which of the following is not one of the reasons that closed circulatory systems are more efficient than open circulatory systems?
Open systems rely exclusively on simple diffusion for transport, whereas closed systems rely on pumping mechanisms.
Transport within closed systems is more rapid than in open systems.
Blood can easily be directed to specific areas in closed systems, but not in open systems.
Compared to open systems, closed systems operate better under higher pressure.
Mammalian, bird, and crocodile hearts have four chambers with two separate atria and ventricles to ensure _____ distinct circuits for blood flow.
2
3
4
8
Circulatory systems of amphibians demonstrate which of the following advantages over fish?
A 4-chambered heart
Double circulation
Separation of ventricles
2-cycle pump
The rate at which a gas diffuses between two locations is _______ the distance between those locations.
unrelated to
positively related to
the square root of
negatively related to
