Font size
WorksheetsThe Central Dogma
Total questions: 133
Worksheet time: 2hrs 40mins
number of A and T bases are equal, the G and C bases are equal... True or False
True
False
base composition does not vary between species
true
false
DNA is a polymer of nucleotides , each consists three components
nitrogen base
deocyribose (pentose sugar)
phosphate group
carbon dioxide
oxygen
helium
nitrogen base
oxygen base
helium
phosphate
protein
animo acid
The two ring base ____ is paired with a single ringed base _____
purine, pyramadine
oxytocin, dopamine
oxygen, carbon dioxide
nitrogen, phosphate
What structure is this?
Partial Chemical Structure
- untwisted
- strong covalent bonds
- antiparallel
Space Filling model
- 3D computer generated
Base Printing DNA
- nitrogen base and double helix held
What is this model?
Partial Chemical Structure
Space Filling Model
Base Pairing DNA
What is this?
Partial Chemical Structure
Space Filling Model
Base Pairing DNA
the two parental strands reassociate after acting as templates to the new strands
conservative model
semiconservative model
dispersive model
two daughter molecules will have one parental strand and one newly made strand
conservative model
semiconservative model
dispersive model
each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized DNA
conservative model
semiconservative model
dispersive model
parental molecule have two complementary strands, hydrogen bonding for each partner
I
II
III
the separation of the two DNA strands
I
II
III
complementary nucleotides line up and connect to form a sugar-phosphate backbone of each new strand
I
II
III
repeated nucleotide sequences required to replicate the ends of the DNA, capping it and preventing DNA breaking
telomere
replication origin
centromere
where the replication begins
telomere
replication origin
centromere
allows for duplicated chromosomes to be seperated
telomere
replication origins
centromere
The helicase unwinds the parental double helix
1
2
3
4
5
single - strand binding parties stabilize the unwound parental DNA
1
2
3
4
5
The lagging around is synthesized discontinously. Primase synthesizes as a short run primer, extended by the DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki fragment
1
2
3
4
5
The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' - 3' direction by DNA polymerase
1
2
3
4
5
The RNA primer is replaced with DNA nucleotides by the DNA polymerase. DNA ligases joins when the okazaki fragment to the growing strand.
1
2
3
4
5
A specific sequence of nucleotides and (a) denotes the origins of replication.
Processes only proceed in one direction
True
False
What is the mechanism the cells use to copy nucleotide sequence one one DNA strand into a complementary DNA sequence?
(a)
enzymes that unwind the DNA at the replication forks
(a)
keeps the template strand seperated
(a)
break, swivel and rejoins the DNA strands
(a)
synthesizes the RNA primer that starts the complementary RNA chain, which will start DNA replication
(a)
adds nucleotides to pre-existing chains
(a)
is continuously polymerized with nucleotides
(a)
is synthesized discontinuously as a series of okazaki fragments
(a)
is responsible for connecting the lagging strands into one long complementary strand
(a)
fill in the blank
(a)
fill in the blank
(a)
fill in the blank
(a)
fill in the blank
(a)
fill in the blank
(a)
fill in the blank
(a)
(a)
fill in the blank
(a)
Does DNA proofread and repair?
True
False
Can mistakes in polymerization can be corrected
true
false
the 5' 3 is the duplicated version of the template strand
true
false
this caps the DNA ends, containing multiple repetitions of nucleotide sequences that do not code for any genes
(a)
restored the original length and compensates for shortening due to DNA replication
(a)
where does the cell receive the go signal to continue the cell cycle?
(a)
where does the cell go when it does not receive the go signal? it is a nondividing state
(a)
what is the process of translation [TL;DR]
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
tRNA -> amino acid -> protein
enzyme -> nucleus -> protein
in DNA and RNA, nucleotides are (a) differentiated into nitrogenous bases
in proteins, (a) are monomers
what does transcription and translation do?
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
allows for genetic variability
cells read out or express the genetic instruction in the gene
this is the process that synthesizes the RNA from the DNA by transcribing it
(a)
In a protein-coding gene, the RNA molecule becomes the
(a)
this is the process where the synthesis of the polypeptide using the information in the mRNA, translating the nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences
(a)
this is responsible for facilitating the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains
(a)
In a bacteria, cell mRNA is produced by transcription and immediately translated without additional processing
true
false
In a eukaryotic cell, the nucleus provides a separate compartment for transcription.
true
false
Function of the triplet code:
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
governs that the genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in DNA as a series of non-overlapping codons
decoded into a sequence of amino acids, making up the polypeptide chain
example of a codon
aug, uaa, cua
co2, h2o, h2
g1, s, g2
refers to the instance when the genetic code often has more than one codon that codes for a single amino acid
(a)
is a concept where the first two bases in a codon are identical, and code for the same amino acid
(a)
transcription works with _____, replication works with _____
(a)
RNA strand does not remain hydrogen-bonded to the DNA template strand
True
False
RNA chain is not immediately displaced, producing a single stranded molecule
true
false
RNA molecules are much shorter than DNA
True
False
what catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds that link nucleotides together, forming the linear RNA chain?
(a)
There is no need for primers, because there’s not an immediate need to be as accurate as DNA replication
True
False
Consequences of an error in RNA transcription are much more significant than in DNA replication
True
False
a transcribed segment of DNA is called a
(a)
What RNA is this? codes for proteins
(a)
What RNA is this? forms the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis
(a)
What RNA is this? protein synthesis as the adaptors for mRNAs and amino acids?
(a)
What RNA is this? functions in the splicing of pre- mRNAs
(a)
the sigma factor and a core enzyme
(a)
a special sequence of nucleotides that indicate the starting point for RNA synthesis
(a)
halts the polymerase and prompts the release of the RNA molecule
(a)
In step 1, the RNA Polymerase holoenzyme assembles and located the _____
promoter
amino acid
DNA
RNA
What step in transcription is this?
the polymerase unwinds the DNA at the position, which transcription begins.
step 1
step 4
step 2
step 5
In Step 3 of transcription, the ______ has managed to synthesize about 10 nucleotides of RNA, it breaks its interactions with the promoter DNA, weakens, and eventually breaks its interaction with o (sigma factor). The polymerase now shifts to the elongation mode of RNA synthesis
amino acids
RNA polymerase
promoter
terminator
What step in transcription is this?
The RNA moving rightward along the DNA in this diagram. During the elongation mode
1
7
4
3
In step 5, transcription is highly processive, with the polymerase leaving the DNA template and releasing the newly transcribed ___ only when it encounters a termination signal
RNA
mRNA
snRNA
tRNA
In step 6&7, Termination signals are typically encoded in DNA, and many function by forming an RNA structure that destabilizes the_________'s hold on the RNA
RNA polymerase holoenzyme
polymerase
telomers
telomerase
In bacteria, all RNA molecules are synthesized by a __________ of RNA polymerase, therefore applies to the production of mRNAs as well as structural and catalytic RNAs.
single type
two types
do eukaryotes need more additional proteins aka general transcription factors?
true
false
In Eukaryotic transcription, DNA must be packaged into nucleosomes and higher-order forms of chromatin structure
True
False
There are three types of polymerases in eukaryotic cells
protein
amino acids
dna
RNA pol I
DNA pol III
mRNA
tRNA
mRNA
snRNA
RNA pol I
RNA pol II
RNA pol III
What does the the TBP recognize?
RNA
TATA Box
polymerase
monomers
What is the function of the TFA subunit?
recognizes other DNAs; regulates DNA binding by TBP
stabilizes RNA polymerase interaction with TBP and TFIIB
unwinds the DNA at transcription
recognizes the BRE in promoters
What is the function of the TFIIB?
recognizes the TATA box
stabalizes RNA interaction with TBP and TFIIB; helps attracts TFIIE and TFIIH
recognizes the BRE element in promoters; accurately repositions the RNA polymerase at the start site of transcription
unwinds the DNA at the transcription start point
The TFFIIE attracts and regulates the TFIIH
True
false
The TFIIH unwinds the DNA at the start of transcription and releases the RNA polymerase from the promoter
True
False
What are the three processes of Transcription?
Initiation
Synthesization
Connection
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Connection
Splicing
Termination
Synthesization
Elongation
Introns
In initiation, what must bind to specific DNA sequences and help attract RNApolII
(a)
In initiation, what allows for activator proteins to communicate with RNApolII and other general transcription factors?
(a)
What enzymes in initiation stage of transcription facilitate the assembly of the transcription machinery/
(a)
During elongation in transcription, what uses ATP hydrolysis to pump supercoils into the DNA?
(a)
In elongation what is are removed when the helix opens?
(a)
In elongation, what are forms when the helix opens?
(a)
During termination the RNA is synthesising in a 3’ → 5’ direction.
True
False
phosphatase, guanyl transferase, methyl transferase are the enzymes act in quick succession
True
False
What is NOT a function of the 5' cap and 3' cap?
Facilitate export of mRNA from the nucleus
Help protect the mRNA from degradation
Help ribosomes attach to the 5’ end of the mRNA
adds a methyl group to the guanosine
These are non- coding segments, these must be removed prior to forming mature mRNA
(a)
The coding regions are called (a) and these are fused together when introns are removed to form a continuous sequence. This is usually expressed in the regions of the RNA
These are small nuclear ribonucleoproteins that recognize splice sites
(a)
The process by which introns are removed is called
(a)
Splicing can also result in the removal of exons – a process known as
(a)
the addition of a long chain of adenine nucleotides (a poly-A tail) to the 3’-end of the transcript
(a)
what improves the stability of the RNA transcript and facilitates its export from the nucleusl
(a)
Introns can increase the probability of crossing over between exons of alleles of a gene
True
False
can EXONS lead to production of new proteins with novel combinations of functions
True
False
transfers amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool of amino acids onto the growing polypeptide in a ribosome
(a)
The (a) associates with the mRNA codon
(a) adds each amino acid brought by the tRNA onto the growing end of the polypeptide chain
reading frames is one of the ways to translate the mRNA.
true
false
aminoacyl- tRNA synthetases is a protein that recognizes and attaches the correct amino acid depending on the enzyme
true
false
The process in which information transferred from DNA to mRNA is translated into an amino acid sequence
(a)
what site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
(a)
what site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain?
(a)
what site discharges the tRNAs from the ribosome?
(a)
In elongation of translation, the small ribosomal subunit and initiator tRNA bind to the mRNA
true
false
The attachment of the large ribosomal subunit forms the
(a)
The elongation of process of translation occurs in three phases:
- codon recognition
- peptide bond formation
- translocation
true
false
In translation this describes the process of matching codons to the correct amino acids.
(a)
In this process of translation a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one mole
(a)
in translation this is the process that advances the mRNA–tRNA moiety on the ribosome, to allow the next codon to move into the decoding center.
(a)
The final stage of translation involves the disassembly of the components and the release of a polypeptide chain
(a)
an mRNA molecule that is generally translated in simultaneously by several ribosomes in clusters
(a)
protein shaped like an aminoacyl-tRNA, binds directly to the stop codon in the A site
(a)
mutation that changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene
Point mutations
Silent mutations
Missense mutations
Nonsense mutations
a mutation when there is no observable effect on the phenotype
Point mutations
Silent mutations
Missense mutations
frameshift mutation
a mutation when there is change one amino acid to another
frameshift mutation
Nonsense mutations
Missense mutations
Silent mutations
a mutation that changes a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon
Missense mutations
Point mutations
frameshift mutation
Nonsense mutations
Insertions and deletions – additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene, resulting in a __________
frameshift mutation
Point mutations
Silent mutations
Nonsense mutations
