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WorksheetsAPES test 1
Total questions: 88
Worksheet time: 44mins
What is Growing Power, Inc.?
large corporate farm developed in California to feed large numbers of people
an ecologically-based farm developed by powerful corporate farmers to grow food for large numbers of people at low costs
an ecologically-based farm developed by a former professional basketball player on a small urban plot that applies all three scientific principles of sustainability
an ecologically-based farm developed by rural farmers in the Midwest on a large tract of land that applies all three scientific principles of sustainability
a small farm in the Southwest region of the United states developed by a wealthy landowner to grow food organically
An urban area where people have little or no easy access to nutritious food without traveling long distances is called a(n) ____.
food island
food bank
food desert
rural food oasis
A severe shortage of food leading to mass starvation, many deaths, economic chaos, and social disruption is called ____.
hunger
chronic malnutrition
food security
famine
Each year, at least 250,000 children under 6 years of age go blind from a lack of ____.
vitamin C
vitamin B
vitamin A
vitamin D
Iron
Anemia results from a deficiency in ____.
phosphorus
iron
cobalt
iodine
calcium
One in every ____ people worldwide suffers from an iron deficiency.
2
5
10
20
100
The term overnutrition refers to ____.
obtaining too few calories per day
eating unbalanced meals
eating too much protein
energy intake exceeding energy use
eating poor quality foods
Approximately 26 million children each year suffer irreversible brain damage from a lack of ____.
phosphorus
iron
cobalt
iodine
Overnutrition and undernutrition are both key factors in which of the following health problems?
lower life expectancy
higher rates of anemia
chronic lack of iodine
higher rates of type 2 diabetes
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), ____ people face health problems because of undernutrition and another ____ people face health problems because of overnutrition.
0.5 million; 1 million
1.6 billion; 2 billion
0.6 billion; 1 billion
795 million; 2.1 billion
The root cause of food insecurity is ____.
corruption
war
poverty
climate change
political upheval
The term undernutrition refers to people who consume ____.
poor quality foods
too much protein
the wrong kinds of food
unbalanced meals
insufficient daily calories
Many of the world's poor only have access to a low-protein, high-carbohydrate, vegetarian diet and suffer from ____.
chronic undernutrition
hunger
famine
chronic malnutrition
food security
What percentage of the food products currently on U.S. supermarket shelves contains some form of genetically modified food or ingredients?
40%
100%
80%
50%
30%
With industrialized food production, for every one unit of energy put on the table in the United States, how many units of nonrenewable fossil fuel energy are required to produce it?
5
100
2
1
10
Of the estimated 30,000 plant species that people can eat, only ____ of them supply an estimated 90% of the world's food calories.
6
14
88
42
3
About two thirds of the world's human population survives primarily by eating one or more of the three grain crops. What are these three grains?
corn, rice, and maize
rice, wheat, and corn
corn, wheat, and oats
oats, rice, and wheat
oats, maize, and rice
The major goal of industrialized agriculture for any crop has been to steadily increase each crop's ____.
yield
aesthetic qualities
purity
tolerance of drought
tolerance to weeds
Plantation agriculture is a form of high-input agriculture that involves growing cash crops and is primarily used in ____.
water-short, arid areas such as Spain
water-short, arid areas such as the Southwest region of the United States
the Midwest region of the United States
tropical, less-developed countries
tropical, more-developed countries
Which product is commonly grown in plantation agriculture?
coffee
wheat
beets
corn
alfalfa
With traditional intensive agriculture, farmers increase their crop yields by ____.
increasing greenhouse-raised crops
using heavy equipment, along with large amounts of fossil fuels
increasing monocultures
increasing their inputs of human and draft-animal labor
producing only enough for their family's needs
Slash and burn agriculture is a type of ____.
high-input agriculture
monoculture agriculture
low-input polyculture
industrialized agriculture
plantation agriculture
A second green revolution has been taking place since 1967, based on ____.
sheep that fatten quickly
vitamin enriched soybeans
extra heavy hogs
fast-growing rice and wheat
fast-growing cattle
Low-income people in less-developed countries typically spend how much of their income on food?
20-30%
5-10%
25-20%
50-70%
40-50%
People in the United States spend how much of their disposable income on food?
less than 10%
more than 30%
less than 20%
less than 2%
more than 40%
About 20,000 kilocalories of grain fed to livestock will produce enough beef to provide ____ kilocalories to a person that eats it.
40
2,000
2
20,000
40,000
What is the largest cause of soil erosion?
mountain avalanches
sink holes
flowing water
still water
wind
A decline of the productive potential of soil, especially on arid or semiarid land, by 10% or more because of prolonged drought and human activities is called ____.
waterlogging
overgrazing
soil erosion
desertification
salinization
One benefit of irrigating crops is that it ____.
increases surface water supply
increases salinization
boosts crop productivity on farms
prevents waterlogging
increases groundwater supply
What is an advantage of modern synthetic pesticides?
They are inexpensive.
They increase biodiversity.
They decrease genetic resistance to pesticides.
They decrease pollution.
They increase yields.
What is a disadvantage of modern synthetic pesticides?
They worsen soil erosion.
They work slowly.
They have aided the spread of insect-transmitted diseases such as malaria.
They decrease food supplies.
They may become less and less effective over time.
One of the most important characteristics of a pesticide is how long it will remain deadly in the environment, a characteristic called ____.
history
lethal dose
impact
usefulness
persistence
Americans waste what percentage of their food?
10-20%
1-5%
30-40%
80-90%
60-75%
Compared to high-input industrialized monoculture, low-input polyculture ____.
produces greater amounts of greenhouse gases
increases topsoil erosion
produces higher yields with less energy per unit of yield
produces similar yields with less energy per unit of yield
produces lower yields with less energy per unit of yield
What occurs in alley cropping?
A row crop alternates in strips with another row crop.
Crops are planted in strips between trees and shrubs.
Special tillers are used so the topsoil is not disturbed.
Terraces are built to prevent swift water runoff.
Crops are planted across slopes.
Compared to traditional tillage, conservation tillage ____.
reduces topsoil erosion
reduces the amount of carbon stored in the ground
does not require herbicides
accelerates water loss from the soil
causes soil compaction
One way to maintain soil fertility is through ____.
soil salinization
slash-and-burn agriculture
waterlogging
soil conservation
aquaculture
Organic fertilizer is derived from ____.
plant and animal materials
inorganic fertilizer
exclusively animal manure
exclusively plant materials
synthetic fertilizer
Which of these actions can we take to reduce desertification?
increase grazing
manipulate weather to control drought
decrease human contribution to climate change
decrease number of trees in desertified areas
increase irrigation
Genetically modified crops ____.
cannot tolerate herbicides
need more fertilizer
produce lower yields
need more water
could reduce biodiversity
Raising animals in feedlots leads to ____.
spacious living conditions for livestock
reduced meat production
greater soil erosion
less land use
increased overgrazing
What is a disadvantage of using aquaculture to produce fish?
low yield in small volume of water
makes dense fish populations more vulnerable to disease
usually is low efficiency
leads to overharvesting of fisheries
expensive with low profits
Which soil conservation technique involves plowing and planting crops in rows across the slope of the land rather than up and down?
windbreaks
contour planting
alley cropping
hydroponics
terracing
One way to greatly reduce topsoil erosion is to eliminate or minimize the plowing and tilling of topsoil and to leave crop residues on the ground.
True
False
Broad spectrum pesticides are toxic only to pests, not to beneficial insects.
True
False
The overall aim of integrated pest management is to reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level.
True
False
Most of the water in the Colorado River comes from ____.
snow melt in the Rocky Mountains
lakes in Montana
Great Salt Lake
glaciers in Canada
aquifers in Wyoming
The Colorado River provides electricity to people in ____ state(s).
35
1
50
7
20
At a certain depth, the spaces in soil and rock are completely filled with water. What is this called?
surface water
watershed
the bedrock
the zone of saturation
runoff
The geological layer, consisting of underground caverns or porous layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock, where groundwater flows, is called ____.
the watershed
an aquifer
the water table
the zone of saturation
surface water
The land from which surface water drains into a particular lake, river, or other body of water is known as ____.
the bedrock
surface water
watershed
the zone of saturation
an aquifer
What percentage of the world's reliable surface runoff is currently being withdrawn?
8%
1%
15%
66%
34%
What percentage of water withdrawn from lakes, streams, and rivers is used by cities and residences?
70%
40%
10%
90%
50%
In the United States, what percentage of direct water use is lost due to water leaks?
4%
14%
55%
30%
72%
Which product requires the most freshwater to produce?
one car
one loaf of bread
one cup of coffee
one t-shirt
one hamburger
Indirectly used water (i.e., water consumed to produce food and other products) is called ____.
water table
nonrenewal aquifers
virtual water
surface runoff
groundwater
Most aquifers are ____ naturally by precipitation that sinks downward through exposed soil and rock.
transpired
desalinated
confined
recharged
emptied
The United States is withdrawing groundwater from aquifers at a rate that is, on average, ____.
four hundred times faster than they can be recharged
equal to the rate that they are recharged
two times slower than the rate of recharge
twenty times slower than the rate of recharge
four times faster than they can be recharged
The term subsidence refers to ____.
living on very little money
failure of the groundwater supply
sinking of ground when groundwater has been withdrawn
money paid by the government to farmers
intrusion of salt water into a freshwater aquifer
Withdrawing too much water from an aquifer can cause several issues, including ____.
disrupting migration and spawning of fish
flooded land displacing people
land subsidence
depriving estuaries of nutrient-rich silt
increasing transpiration
The amount of freshwater available compared to the amount used for human purposes is described by a measure called ____.
transpiration
virtual water
recharge
freshwater scarcity stress
reliable surface runoff
Areas such as the San Joaquin Valley and Mexico City have experienced subsidence because ____.
of a drought that lasted decades
groundwater was over-pumped
the sediments were all clay
the main rivers were dammed
of urban growth that made the area sink
Large dam and reservoir projects ____.
can create new farmland
disrupt the migration and spawning of fish
keeps dirty silt from polluting rivers
have no real benefits other than water supply
can last forever
What is one advantage of dam and reservoir systems?
Dams and reservoirs decrease downstream flooding.
Dams and reservoirs disrupt migration of some fish.
Dams and reservoirs reduce nutrients released downstream.
Dams and reservoirs lead to devastating flooding if there is a failure.
Dams and reservoirs can displace people behind the dam
Groundwater flows out of the ground onto land or onto lake bottoms through exit points called ____.
estuaries
reservoirs
springs
aquifers
watersheds
Usually, dammed water creates an artificial lake called a(n) ____.
sinkhole
reservoir
saturated zone
aquifer
delta
Desalination has a number of problems, including ____.
land subsidence
providing water in areas of scarcity
drying up rivers
reducing soil salinization on irrigated lands
requiring massive amounts of energy to pump seawater through pipes
One method of desalination uses high pressure to force saltwater through a membrane filter. This method is called ____.
diffusion
active transport
passive transport
reverse osmosis
distillation
What is the most efficient means of water delivery to crops?
trickle or drip irrigation
flood irrigation
diagonal-pivot systems
gravity-flow canal systems
center-pivot sprinkler systems
Gray water is ____.
used water from showers, sinks, dishwashers, and tubs
water that is not needed
water that can never be used again
water that has been used for irrigation
water that comes from the faucet
Rainwater harvesting ____.
collects rainwater from rooftops and stores it
cannot be used in urban settings
is expensive and technically difficult
is only useful in areas where it rains all year round
involves pumping water from shallow aquifers that are recharged quickly by rain
Which technique is an example of a low-tech method that may be used to conserve water in developing countries?
drip irrigation
flood irrigation
planting deep-rooted perennial crop varieties
center-pivot sprinkler
low-energy, precision application sprinkler
One widely used method for desalinating water is ____.
subsidence
transpiration
treadle pumping
reverse osmosis
activated carbon filtration
The removal of mangrove forests in coastal areas has resulted in ____.
less seawater being held near the shore
a reduction in mangrove related deaths
increased flooding
more beaches along which water can collect
a reduction in storm surges
One of the most important and effective ways to reduce flooding is to ____.
preserve and restore wetlands
encourage people to build on floodplains
drain wetlands
clear vegetation
increase groundwater withdrawals
One major human activity that has contributed to flooding is ____.
destroying vegetation
directing stream flow
urbanization
irrigation
constructing dams
What is one disadvantage of using groundwater?
produces too much cheap electricity
cheaper to extract than most surface waters
depletes aquifer from overpumping
rarely clean enough to drink
more expensive to extract than most surface waters
The overpumping of the Ogallala Aquifer is a problem for ____.
drinking water availability in Las Vegas
the future of agriculture in the Great Plains
the Aral Sea ecosystem
flow in the Colorado River delta
agriculture in California's Central Valley
Long mounds of earth along the banks of a river are called ____.
levees
water banking
aquifers
reservoirs
estuaries
Which country is very flat, only slightly above sea level, and one of the world's poorest?
Argentina
Bangladesh
Pakistan
Japan
Tibet
Emerging shortages of water for drinking and irrigation in many parts of the world is one of the major environmental problems the world will face during this century.
True
False
Because there is so little freshwater, most of humanity manages what water they have in an efficient and helpful way.
True
False
Water is a national security issue.
True
False
Below the water table, the spaces in the soil, gravel, and rock are filled with water.
True
False
Groundwater does not move at all.
True
False
Deep aquifers can be nonrenewable on a human timescale.
True
False
Based on climate models, the southwestern United States and northern Mexico will likely have extended periods of extreme drought throughout the rest of this century.
True
False
A large number of Americans rely on groundwater for drinking water.
True
False
