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WorksheetsAP BIOLOGY CLAR Midterm Review
Total questions: 90
Worksheet time: 53mins
Match the following cells in solutions to their outcomes:
Animal cell placed in hypertonic solution
Shrivel
Animal cell placed in hypotonic solution
Lyse
Plant cell placed in hypertonic solution
Plasmolysis
Plant cell placed in hypotonic solution
Turgid
Plant cell placed in isotonic solution
Flaccid
The operon model was discovered in E. Coli and is almost exclusively found in (a) .
Reorder the following stages of protein synthesis in eukaryotes:
Activators bind to the enhancer
A DNA bending protein folds the enhancer toward the promotor
RNA polymerase transcribes the DNA beginning at the promotor
Introns are removed from the mRNA; a poly-A tail is added
mRNA leaves the nucleus to find a ribosome for translation
What component of the polypeptide is the next amino acid added forming the peptide bond?
amino group
hydrogen
carboxyl group
R groups
The plants gets its nutrients from sugar, called __________.
Galactose
Fructose
Sugar
Glucose
Which of the following structure is where cellular respiration (Kreb's Cycle and Electron Transport Chain) occurs in the cell?
nucleus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
vacuoles
Pick the odd one out.
Mars
Earth
Venus
Neptune
What type of molecule helps turn on specific genes?
Inducers
Repressors
Methalation
Morphogenesis
Which of the following is true of small, nonpolar molecules?
They easily pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer
They very slowly pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer
They require transport proteins to pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer
They are actively transported across the cell membrane
The human genome appears to have only about as many genes as the simple nematode worm, C. elegans. Which of the following best explains how the more complex humans can have relatively few genes?
Human genes have unusually long introns involved in the regulation of gene expression
More than one polypeptide can be produced from a gene by alternative gene splicing
The human genome has a high proportion of noncoding DNA
The human genome has a large number of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) which increases genetic variability
Describe the effect on the free energy of doubling the amount of enzyme.
double the free energy
half the free energy
triple the free energy
no effect on free energy
Provide reasoning to explain how evidence qualifies a claim
State
Make a claim
Support a claim
Justify
Use appropriate graphs, symbols, words, illustrations, and/or tables of numerical values to describe biological concepts
Describe
Determine
Explain
Represent
The process by which protein conformation is lost or broken down is called what?
dehydration synthesis
translation
denaturation
hydrolysis
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
thylakoid membrane
cristae
stroma
matrix
Which of the following is true about the cytoskeleton? (check all that apply)
A hard protective covering for the cell
Provides reinforcement of the cell's shape
Contains thin filaments that allow contraction of the muscle cells
A mesh of protein fibers
Stores calcium ions
Provide relevant characteristics of a specified topic.
Describe
Determine
Explain
Represent
Major component of the lipid bilayer cell membrane.
Cholesterol
Channel Proteins
Phospholipids
Glycolipid/glycoprotein complexes
Which channel protein found in the lipid bilayer facilitates the passage of water molecules through the membrane?
aquaporins
glycoproteins
vesicles
ion channels
Match the following organelles to their descriptions:
Mitochondria
Present in large numbers in cells that have high energy demands, such as muscles
Golgi apparatus
Has a receiving (cis) and shipping (trans) face: packaging and secretion center
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound structure containing hydrolytic enzymes
Smooth ER
An organelle with extensive, folded membranes: abundant in cells that detoxify poisons
Pick the odd one out.
Jupiter
Mercury
Saturn
Neptune
Which of the following is NOT classified as active transport?
sodium-potassium pump
endocytosis
exocytosis
diffusion
Salivary glands produce a large quantity of enzymes that are transported out of the secretory cells. Which of the following organelles would be abundant in these cells?
nuclei
golgi apparatus
smooth ER
lysosomes
The trp operon in E. Coli is responsible for making 5 polypeptides involved in the tryptophan synthesis pathway. When tryptophan is present, it combines with the repressor protein to block the operator. What type of operon is trp?
Repressible
Inducible
What are the TWO inputs of cellular respiration?
ATP
carbon dioxide
glucose
oxygen gas
water
Which kind of cell is prokaryotic, may or may not have a cell wall, and has no membrane bound organelles?
Animal
Bacteria
Fungi
Plant
Which of the following does not result from hydrogen bonding in water molecules?
Cohesion
Adhesion
Surface Tension
Dissolving fats
Which option below is NOT a source of energy?
water
sunlight
ATP
glucose
The point of organelles such as the mitochondria, golgi, ER, etc. all having membranes is to ...
Provide extra protection to those critical organelles
Increase surface area for materials transport
Prevent hazardous materials from escaping the organelles and damaging the rest of the cell
All of the above
Which of the following would lead to an increase in the rate of transcription?
methylation of DNA, particularly the cytosine bases
acetylation of histone proteins
binding of the operator in an operon
negative feedback from accumulating product
Which list of components characterizes RNA?
a phosphate group, deoxyribose and uracil
a phosphate group, ribose and uracil
a phosphate group, ribose and thymine
an amino group, deoxyribose and uracil
Make an assertion that is based on evidence or knowledge
State
Make a claim
Support a claim
Justify
What is oxidation?
loss of electrons
loss of water
gain of electrons
gain of water
Which process releases energy in glucose to form ATP, NADH, and pyruvate?
Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Krebs Cycle
Fermentation
What are the THREE outputs of cellular respiration?
ATP
carbon dioxide
glucose
oxygen gas
water
Large molecules are moved out of the cell by which of the following processes?
endocytosis
exocytosis
vesicles
passive diffusion
How do organisms manage to grow, reproduce, and maintain their internal organization?
Organisms are consumers and obtain their energy and raw material from other organisms
Organisms exchange matter with the environment, taking in nutrients and releasing waste products
Organisms are producers, taking in raw materials and forming their organic compounds utilizing energy from the sun
Organisms recycle already exsisting raw materials thereby providing a constant stream of organic compounds
Cells in the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. Predict the most likely pathway of an enzyme secreted by pancreatic cells.
ER -> lysosomes -> vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus -> ER -> lysosome
Nucleus -> ER -> Golgi apparatus
ER -> Golgi apparatus -> vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane
DNA replication involves many different enzymes. Helicase unwinds the DNA so that the parent strands can be seperated. DNA polymerase adds the nucleotides to synthesize the daughter strands. What is the role of primase?
It adds a small RNA "primer" to allow DNA polymerase to begin
It sorts the prime numbers of RNA into even piles
It removes incorrecly matched nucleotides to avoid mutations
It connects the gaps between nucleotide segments
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are very different from each other. However, both have (a) .
Match the following genetic regions to their roles:
Makes a repressor protein
Regulatory gene
Place where transcription begins
Promotor
The on/off switch where the repressor protein binds
Operator
Codes for the main protein / enzymes
Genes of Operon
Describe the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
noncompetitive binds to active site and competitive binds to other site
competitive binds to active site and noncompetitive binds to other site
competitive is irreversible and noncompetitive is reversible binding
noncompetitive is irreversible and competitive is reversible binding
In eukaryotic cells, what organelle produces the building blocks of ribosomes?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
nucleolus
cytoskeleton
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following are true about the rough endoplasmic reticulum? (check all that apply)
Found prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Embedded with ribosomes
Modify and transport proteins
Synthesis lipids
Detoxifies the cell
In order to maintain order and power cellular processes,
energy input must exceed energy loss
energy input equals energy loss
energy loss must exceed energy input
energy loss equals energy input
Which process does NOT require oxygen?
Glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Krebs Cycle
Aerobic respiration
Which of the following uses passive transport without the help of proteins to move materials across the plasma membrane?
the depolarization of a muscle cell by transporting ions across the plasma membrane
the uptake of glucose by the microvilli of cells lining the stomach
the movement of large proteins across the plasma membrane
the movement of carbon dioxide across the plasma membrane
Which of the following are true about the cell membrane? (check all that apply)
Found prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Controls what enters the cell
Controls what leaves the cell
Made of phospholipids
Serves as an impermeable barrier
Which protein structure involves the peptide bonds between amino acids?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
Which of the following will increase the rate of the reaction?
increase product
increase substrate
increase inhibitor
increase enzyme
Create a diagram, graph, representation, or model that illustrates or explains relationships
Calculate
Identify
Construct
Evaluate
In plant cells, what organelle gives the cell structure and protects the cell?
cell membrane
vacuole
golgi apparatus
cell wall
An organic compound that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio is known as a (a) .
Which protein involves R group bonding to form the final three dimensional structure?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
White blood cells (WBCs) are more resistant to lysis than are red blood cells (RBCs). When looking at a sample of blood for WBCs, what could you do to reduce the interference from RBCs?
Mix the blood in a salty solution to cause the RBCs to lyse
Mix the blood in a hypotonic solution to cause the RBCs to lyse
Mix the blood in a hypertonic solution to cause the RBCs to lyse
Mix the blood in an isotonic solution to cause the WBCs to float on top
In eukaryotic cells, which part stores genetic information?
nucleolus
nucleus
vacuole
nucleoid region
Which of the following are part of a bacterial lac operon? (Select all that apply)
Promotor
Genes for lac enzymes
Regulatory genes
Enhancers
In eukaryotic cells, which part stores genetic information?
nucleolus
nucleus
vacuole
nucleoid region
Describes the forming of a bond between monomers with the removal of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
Dehydration
The arrangement of molecules in the plasma (cell) membrane is called the
fluid mosaic model
selectively permeable model
plasma membrane model
Match the following molecular terms:
Lipids
The major class of biological molecules that are not polymers
Peptide bonds
Linkages between the monomers of proteins
Alpha helix
A secondary structure of proteins
Cellulose
A structural carbohydrate found in plants
Melanocytes are cells in the skin's epidermis that produce melanin - a protein that protects the skin from UV light. Based on their function, what organelle would be found in high numbers in melanocytes?
ribosomes
chloroplasts
lysosomes
mitochondria
What is the function of the electron transport chain between Photosystem II and Photosystem I?
establish electrochemical gradient of protons
to funnel electrons into photosystem I for the Calvin cycle
transport electrons to oxygen to make water
to synthesize ATP using ATP synthase
Cellular Respiration's goal is to
make water
make ATP
make glucose
make oxygen
What are the TWO inputs of photosynthesis?
ATP
carbon dioxide
glucose
oxygen gas
water
A researcher observes a cell from a adrenal gland under an electron mictoscope. Adrenal glands produce several type of steroid hormones. What should the researcher expect to see in the cell?
a high number of mitochondria
large prominent rough ER
large prominent smooth ER
a high number of centrioles
All of the following are evidence of endosymbiosis EXCEPT
mitochondria and chloroplast ribosomes are similar to bacterial ribosomes
mitochondria and chloroplast have double membranes
mitochondria and chloroplast are similar in size to bacteria
mitochondria and chloroplast have a nucleus
In eukaryotic cells, which organelle generates energy for the cell?
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
chloroplast
vacuole
rough endoplasmic reticulum
What are the TWO outputs of photosynthesis?
ATP
carbon dioxide
glucose
oxygen gas
water
Describe the orientation of the phospholipids in the membrane.
Phospholipids orient in bilayer with hydrophilic heads on exterior
Phospholipids orient in monolayer with hydrophilic head on extracellular
Phospholipids orient in bilayer with hydrophobic tails on exterior
Phospholipids orient in monolayer with hydrophobic tails on extracellular
Which structure is unaffected by denaturation?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
The endosymbiont theory is supported by which pieces of evidence? (Select all that apply)
mitochondria have circular DNA like prokaryotes
mitochondria use ATP like prokaryotes
chloroplasts contain ribosomes like prokaryotes
chloroplasts have a contractile vacuole like prokaryotes
In eukaryotic cells, what structure is made up of uncoiled and uncondensed DNA and proteins.
chromosome
nucleus
nucleolus
chromatin
cytoskeleton
Match the following DNA strands to their complementary strands:
5' - TTTA - 3'
5' - AAAT - 3'
5' - CTAG - 3'
5' - GATC - 3'
5' - AGCC - 3'
5' - TCGG - 3'
5' - AGGA - 3'
5' - TCCT - 3'
5' - TCGA - 3'
5' - AGCT - 3'
Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings?
active transport
osmosis
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
Which macromolecule(s) have phosphorus?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Fats
Hydrolysis is involved in which of the following?
formation of starch, a polysaccharide, from monomers of glucose
hydrogen bond formation between nitrogen bases of nucleic acids
peptide bond formation between amino acids to form a protein
the digestion of sucrose, a disaccharide, into its monomers of glucose and fructose
Which of the following are common traits of both the chloroplast and mitochondrion?
Both are surrounded by a single membrane
Both have their own DNA
Both are found in animal and plant cells
Both synthesize proteins using ribosomes on the Rough ER
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6
If ten molecules of glucose were joined together by dehydration reactions, the polymer's molecular formula would be:
C (a) H (b) O (c)
Because of the unique properties of water associated with hydrogen bonding, water evaporates from pores on the leaves of plants and draws water molecules in a continuous chain from the roots up through the vascular tissues of plants. Which of these groups of terms describes the process and the properties of water that explain this?
adhesion, cohesion, and translocation
adhesion, cohesion, and transcription
cohesion, adhesion, and transpiration
cohesion, hybridization, and transpiration
This type of inhibition blocks the active site of an enzyme:
competitive inhibition
allosteric inhibition
noncompetitive inhibition
Which environmental conditions can cause denaturation of the enzyme?
slight increase in temperature
extreme increase in temperature
decrease in temperature
extreme increase in temperature and pH changes
