Emotional situations arouse the _______

Suggests that autonomic arousal and skeletal action occurs first in an emotion. The emotion felt is the label we give the arousal of the organs and muscles

James-Lange theory leads to two predictions:

– People with a _____ autonomic or skeletal response should feel less emotion

– ______ one’s response should enhance an emotion

Blocks transmissions at synapses and nerve-muscle junctions

_____ are marked by intense sympathetic nervous system arousal

Creating certain body actions may also slightly influence _____

perception of the body's actions _____ to emotional feeling

An emotion is usually considered a _____

Emotional experiences ______ many areas of the brain

regarded as critical for emotion

suggest particular cortical areas are activated during an emotional experience

______ is critical for emotion in general without contributing to other behavioral aspects

Facial expressions exist for happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise,

Emotional feelings vary along two continuous dimensions

Damage to parts of the prefrontal cortex blunts ____

– Inconsistent preferences

– Decreased guilt and trust

Closely related physiologically and behaviorally in corresponding emotions such as anger and fear

Attack behaviors depend on the ______ & _______

inhibits violent impulses

Impulsiveness and aggressive behavior have been linked to ____

Impulsiveness and aggressive behavior have been linked to low serotonin release

found in people with history of violent behavior

influence violent behavior in many ways, including autonomic arousal

Interaction between ______ shows strong link to aggression

Important for enhancing the startle reflex

Extremely fast response to unexpected loud noises

Auditory information stimulates an area of the ____ that commands tensing of neck and other muscles

Startle reflex is _____ if already tense

Startle reflex can be used as a behavioral measure of ______

Cells in the _____ get input from pain fibers, vision, and hearing

Different paths through the amygdala are fear from except

Rat with damage to amygdala shows _____

Brain area that controls long-term, generalized emotional arousal

Have damage amygdala wherein they have impaired social behaviors, including learning what to fear

Non-damaged monkeys with a vigorously active amygdala show fear to _____

fMRI studies show the amygdala responds weakly to photos that arouse fear or photos of faces showing fear

Response is stronger when the meaning is unclear and requires some processing

Responds more strongly to an angry face directed toward the viewer and frightened faces directed elsewhere

People’s tendency toward anxiety remains _____ over time

People with genes for reduced ____ uptake have increased responses to threat

In humans, amygdala damage results in the loss of emotion

Rare genetic condition that causes calcium to accumulate in the amygdala until it wastes away

Patient SM have a sense of

damage affects the ability to recognize facial expressions of fear or disgust

defined stress as the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it

threats to the body activate a general response to stress

increased sympathetic nervous system activity

sympathetic response declines; adrenal cortex continues releasing cortisol and other hormones to prolong alertness

occurs after prolonged stress; individual no longer has energy to sustain responses

Stress activates two systems in the body

A system activation on fight or flight responses that prepares the body for brief emergency responses

HPA axis also known as

becomes the dominant response to prolonged stressors

Activation of the hypothalamus induces the pituitary gland to secrete ______

Stimulates the _____ to secrete cortisol

helps to mobilize energies to fight a difficult situation

- Produces symptoms similar to depression

- Weakens the immune system

- Can harm the hippocampus

____ or overstimulation more likely to damage or kill neurons in the hippocampus

Controlling stress responses reduces response in several brain areas, including the _____

Genes, Social support, Physical health, and Previous stressful experiences are an example of

Blocks a neurotransmitter

Mimics or increases the effect of a substance

If the receptors bind it is considered as

Tendency to activate the receptor

The decrease of the substance's enjoyable effects

The strong reactions that happen when the drug is absent as the body is expecting to receive the drug under certain circumstances

Metabolizes alcohol into acetaldehyde (a toxic substance) and then into acetic acid (harmless).

Antagonizes the enzyme that metabolizes acetaldehyde.

Blocks opiate receptors thus reducing the pleasure from alcohol.

About equal to naltrexone in effectiveness yet mechanisms of effect is still uncertain.

A suppose alternative in the 1800s but was abandoned after seeing how addictive it is.

effects rush slowly therefore avoiding the "rush" and making the withdrawal symptoms gradual, similar to heroine

Has the advantage of producing a long-lasting effects with similar effects to methadone

Positive side of manic depressive disorder

Negative side of manic depressive disorder

Full-fledge episodes of mania

Experience hypomania instead.

stabilizes mood and prevents mania or depression relapse.

Main drug for Bipolar Personality Disorder

Inhibits the transporter protein responsible for the reabsorption of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, histamine, acetylcholine receptors, as well as certain sodium channels

specific to the neurotransmitter serotonin but with milder side effects

Blocks the enzyme monoamine oxidase that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into active forms.

Reinforcing brain stimulation, reinforcing experiences, and stimulating drugs increase the activity of axons that release dopamine in the

help some people decrease their use of alcohol or opiates.

Stimulated the septum of rats. Made the rats pull the lever so many time to self-stimulate because they got addicted.