What is the strongest chemical bond between two atoms in solution? a) covalent b) ionic c) hydrogen d) salt bridge e) hydrophobic interaction

The primary structure of a protein relates to its____ a) sequence of amino acids b) length c) shape d) solubility e) bonds between amino acids

A bilayer is associated with____a) carbohydrates b) lipids c) proteins d) DNA e) RNA

Who developed the germ theory of disease? a) Louis Pasteur b) Robert Koch c) Daniel Bird d) Francesco Redi e) John Tyndall

Which of the following pH measurements is considered acidic? a) 6 b) 7 c) 8 d) 9 e) 10

Prokaryotes do not have___ a) cell walls b) flagella c) a nuclear membrane d) specific shapes e) genetic information

Which of the following is not a common characteristic of fungi? a) nonphotosynthetic b) flagella c) microscopic or macroscopic d) cell walls contain chitin and cell membranes contain ergosterol e) sexual and asexual reproduction

Cell grouping that resembles a cluster of grapes best describes which of the following? a) staphylococci b) streptococci c) staphylobaccili d) strepobacilli e) vibio

Lipid A is associated with: a) Gram-positive bacteria b) Gram-negative bacteria c) the cytoplasmic membrane d) the endospore e) none of the above

Teichoic acid is associated with: a) gram-positive bacteria b) gram-negative bacteria c) the cytoplasmic membrane d) the endospore e) none of the above

"Movement of compounds from one side of the membrane to the other by exploiting a concentration gradient describes which form of transport?" Hint: a transport protein is used and no energy is used. The process can only eliminate a gradient, it cannot create one. a) osmosis b) active transport c) facilitated diffusion d) group translocation e) none of the above

Regarding viral replication, in which type of virus does the viral nucleic acid alone enter the cell? a) bacteriophage b) animal virus c) both d) neither

Which of the following is a eukaryote? a) virus b) bacterium c) viroid d) prion e) trematodes

In a defined medium, a) the exact chemical composition of a medium is known b) agar is available for microbial growth c) blood may be included d) organic chemicals are excluded e) the exact chemical composition of a medium is unknown

If a culture has 2000 cells at the middle of log phase, and the generation time of the bacterium is 30 minutes, how many cells will there be two hours later? a) 4,000 b) 8,000 c) 16,000 d) 32,000 e) 20,000,000

What is the end product of glycolysis? a) glucose b) citrate c) oxaloacetate d) alpha-ketogluterate e) pyruvate

In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, the energy of proton motive force is used to generate what molecule? a) NADH b) ADP c) ethanol d) ATP e) glucose

What is the final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration? a) carbon b) nitrogen c) helium d) hydrogen e) oxygen

Which type of mutation is characterized by a single base substitution in the DNA sequence resulting in no change in the amino-acid sequence? a) wild-type b) frameshift c) silent d) nonsense e) missense

Transcription produces__a) DNA molecules b) RNA molecules c) polypeptides d) palindromes

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for separating the two DNA strands for replication? a) DNA gyrase b) DNA polymerase c) Helicase d) Primase e) RNA polymerase

Which of the following antibiotics targets the 30S ribosomal subunit? a) aminoglycosides b) macrolides c) lincosamides d) penicillin e) azoles

Which form of heat treatment can sterilize? a) pressurized steam b) boiling c) pasteurization d) none of the above e) all of the above

Which of the following is an oxidizing agent? a) alcohol b) phenol c) hydrogen peroxide d) ethylene oxide e) quats

Which of the following is the target of beta-lactam antibiotics? a) peptidoglycan synthesis b) DNA synthesis c) RNA synthesis d) protein synthesis e) folic acid synthesis

Which of the following is an aldehyde? a) alcohol b) ozone c) hydrogen peroxide d) ethylene oxide e) quats

Which of the following is a nucleoside analogue? a) Amantadine b) Saquinavir c) Azidothymidine d) Pleconaril e) Foscarnet

Which enzyme is the target of reverse transcriptase inhibitors? a) DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase b) DNA-dependentRNA-polymerase c) RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase d) RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase e) None of the above

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for relieving the tension that builds during strand separation? a) DNA gyrase b) DNA polymerase c) Helicase d) Primase e) RNA polymerase

a) DNA gyrase

An organism found growing in bleach (pH 4) would be described as a(n)

a) vasophile

b) basophile

c) alkalophile

d) acidophile

e) none of the above

What molecule brings amino acids to the ribosomes and acts as a bridge, connecting mRNA and the growing amino-acid sequence?

a) mRNA

b) tRNA

c) rRNA

d) DNA

e) zRNA

At the end of the electron transport chain an enzyme uses the energy of the proton gradient to make "the energy currency of the cell." What is that enzyme called?

a) Carbohydrate

b) ATP synthase

c) AMP synthase

d) ADP synthase

e) Protease

Which of the following is not a property of enzymes?

a) Is unchanged by the reaction it catalyzes

b) lowers the activation energy of a reaction

c) biological catalysts

d) alters the substrates and products of a reaction

e) very specific (only interacts with one of a few substrates)

The carbon source utilized by a chemoautotroph is:

a) organic compounds

b) sunlight

c) inorganic compounds

d) microscopic batteries

e) carbon dioxide

Which type of mutation is characterized by a single base substitution in the DNA sequence resulting in a change in the amino-acid sequence?

a) wild-type

b) frameshift

c) missense

d) nonsense

e) missense

What is the name of the DNA sequence that repressors bind to in order to stop transcription?

a) operator

b) inducer

c) promoter

d) start codon

e) terminator

During stationary phase of growth some cells are dying. During this process they release all of their cellular components, including DNA, into the environment where other cells can take them in and use them. Which form of DNA transfer is being described?

a) conjugation

b) transformation

c) transduction

d) mispackaging of a virus

e) all of the above

Which growth phase represents the time when cells are preparing for, but have not begun, cell division?

a) prolonged decline

b) exponential phase

c) stationary phase

d) death phase

e) lag phase

Making mRNA from a DNA template is called...

a) translation

b) transcription

c) conjugation

d) transformation

e) splicing

In which mechanisms of DNA transfer does the donor survive?

a) conjugation

b) transformation

c) transduction

d) absorption of naked DNA

e) none of the above

An organism that requires high salt concentrations for growth would belong to which of the following groups?

a) capnophile

b) alkalinophile

c) halophile

d) psychrophile

e) none of the above

What is the START codon?

a) UGU

b) GUA

c) AUG

d) GUG

e) UGA

DNA is loaded into the capsid instead of viral nucleic acid. This mistake is responsible for which type of DNA transfer?

a) transduction

b) transformation

c) conjugation

d) absorption of naked DNA

e) all of the above

Metabolic reactions that result in the degradation of large compounds and generate energy are termed.

a) symbolic

b) anabolic

c) parabolic

d) catabolic

e) ambolic

A medium that contains precise amounts of pure chemicals is termed a(n)

a) intolerant medium

b) differential medium

c) defined medium

d) selective medium

e) complex medium

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

a)

b) 2

c) 5

d) 1

e) 3

The generation time is:

a) the time it takes for a bacterial population to double

b) when the number of dying cells equals the umber of dividing cells

c) when cells prepare for growth

d) the time it takes to reach exponential phase

e) none of the above

Which enzyme is responsible for transcription?

a) ribosomes

b) primase

c) helicase

d) DNA polymerase

e) RNA polymerase

Which of the following terms is used to describe an enzyme that is normally on (expressed) but can be turned off (not expressed)?

a) constitutive

b) inducible

c) operative

d) repressible

e) binary

To harvest energy for the cell the electron transport chain passes electrons from carrier to carrier to create a proton gradient. If a carrier loses an electron, that molecule is referred to as:

a) mutated

b) oxidized

c) reduced

d) inactivated

e) none of the above

An organism growing optimally in a hydrothermal vent would be described as:

a) mesophile

b) psychrophile

c) hyperthermophile

d) coldophobe

e) thermophile

Which of the following is a mis-pair?

a) A:T

b) G:C

c) T:A

d) C:G

e) T:U

What is the purpose of the streak-plate?

a) determine the Gram reaction

b) make a bacterial lawn

c) test the biochemical characteristics of a cell

d) make a mixed culture

e) Generate isolated colonies for pure culture

Which of the following is not a characteristic of deoxyribonucleotides?

a) nitrogenous base

b) 2' hydroxyl

c) 5' carbon sugar

d) 5' phosphate

e) 3' hydroxyl

What feature in the RNA sequence tells the ribosome where to begin translation?

a) promoter

b) stop codon

c) start codon

d) origin of replication

e) operon

A group of linked genes expressed as a single unit is the definition of which term?

a) start codon

b) promoter

c) transcription

d) operon

e) translation

If a culture has 1,000,000 cells at the middle of log phase, and the generation time of the bacterium is 30 minutes,how many cells will there be three hours later?

a) 3,000,0000

b) 6,000,000

c) 32,000,000

d) 64,000,000

e) 1,000,000,000

What is the final electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration?

a) an organic molecule

b) an inorganic molecule

c) oxygen

d) glucose

e) pyruvate

The ability of media to show the difference between organisms makes it which of the following?

a) selective

b) complex

c) defined

d) differential

e) all of the above

Which of the following mutations is not caused by a single base substitutions?

a) silent

b) missense

c) nonsense

d) frame-shift

e) all of the above

You culture E. coli, a facultative anaerobe, on solid media using two different conditions, one aerobic, and the other anaerobic. What would you expect to see regarding colony size?

a) no growth on the anaerobic plates

b) no growth on the aerobic plates

c) colonies would be the same size no matter the conditions

d) bigger colonies (faster growth) with anaerobic conditions

e) bigger colonies (faster growth) with aerobic colonies

All of the following are involved in DNA replication except:

a) strand separation

b) primer

c) polymerase

d) operator

e) all of the above are involved in DNA replication

What is the complement of the sequence 5' ATGGCTAA 3', written in the 5' to 3' direction?

a) 5' TACCGATT 3'

b) 5' TTAGCCAT 3'

c) 5' GVAATCGG3'

d) 5'GGCTAACG 3'

e) 5' UACCGAUU 3'

removal of microbes by mechanical means

a) antisepsis

b) disinfection

c) pasteurization

d) sterilization

e) degerming

Destruction of most microorganism and viruses on nonliving tissue

a) antisepsis

b) disinfection

c) pasteurization

d) sterilization

e) degerming

Destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object

a) antisepsis

b) disinfection

c) pasteurization

d) sterilization

e) degerming

Reduction in the number of microorganisms and viruses, particularly potential pathogens, on living tissue

a) antisepsis

b) disinfection

c) pasteurization

d) sterilization

e) degerming

Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in foods and beverages

a) antisepsis

b) disinfection

c) pasteurization

d) sterilization

e) degerming

What form of microscopy amplifies difference in refractive index to create contrast?

a) confocal

b) interference

c) dark-field

d) fluorescence

e) Phase-contrast

What is the strongest chemical bond between two atoms in a solution?

a) covalent

b) ionic

c) hydrogen

d) salt bridge

e) hydrophobic interactions

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to:

a) use a magnifying glass

b) develop a taxonomic system

c) view protozoa and bacteria

d) disprove spontaneous generation

e) prove the germ theory

The Archaea:

a) are macroscopic

b) are commonly found in extreme environments

c) contain nuclei

d) contain mitochondria

e) contain endoplasmic reticulum

Who developed the swan-necked flask experiment?

a) Louis Pasteur

b) Robert Koch

c) Daniel Bird

d) Francesco Redi

e) John Tyndall

Who conducted the meat in the jar experiment?

a) Louis Pasteur

b) Robert Koch

c) Daniel Bird

d) Francesco Redi

e) John Tyndall

Molds are:

a) fungi

b) algae

c) bacteria

d) archaea

e) protozoa

Which chemical bond involves electrons being stripped from a cation by an anion?

a) covalent

b) ionic

c) hydrogen

d) salt bridge

e) hydrophobic interactions

Which biological macromolecule has a carbon:hydrogen:oxygen ration of 1:2:1?

a) Carbohydrates

b) Proteins

c) Nucleic acids

d) Lipids

Which biological macromolecule has a carbon:hydrogen:oxygen ration of 1:2:1?

a) Carbohydrates

b) Proteins

c) Nucleic acids

d) Lipids

Which carbohydrate molecule is part of the nucleotides in DNA?

a) deoxyribose

b) ribose

c) glucose

d) fructose

e) galactose

Amino acids are linked together by___ bonds?

a) covalent

b) ionic

c) hydrogen

d) salt bridge

e) hydrophobic interactions

Along with Algae, which group of organisms can be either single celled or multicellular?

a) fungi

b) viruses

c) bacteria

d) archaea

e) protozoa

Which of the following stains is used to detect Mycobacterium species?

a) simple stain

b) capsule stain

c) endospore stain

d) gram stain

e) acid-fast stain

Which of the following is most likely to be used in a typical microbiology laboratory?

a) bright-field microscope

b) confocal scanning microscope

c) phase-contrast microscope

d) scanning electron microscope

e) transmission electron microscope

The bending of light when it transitions from one substance to another is referred to as:

a) magnification

b) reflection

c) contrast

d) refraction

e) resolution

Protein synthesis is associated with

a) lysosomes

b) ribosomes

c) the Golgi apparatus

d) cytoplasmic membrane

e) chloroplasts

Bacterial pilli is composed of which organic macromolecule?

a) carbohydrate

b) protein

c) nucleic acid

d) lipid

Which of the following best describes that mechanism that flagella impart motion to a bacterial cell (as discussed in class)?

a) jet turbine

b) wagging of a tail

c) an outboard motor or propeller

d) flapping of a bird's wings

e) none of the above

What color shirt would you have to wear if you pretended to be Gram negative?

a) purple

b) pink

c) green

d) blue

e) yellow

Which of the following is found in Eukaryotes but not Prokaryotes?

a) DNA

b) lipid membrane

c) mitochondria

d) proteins

e) RNA

The periplasmic space is associated with:

a) gram-positive bacteria

b) the endospore

c) the cytoplasmic membrane

d) gram-negative bacteria

e) none of the above

The bacterial flagellum is made of subunits called flagellin. What organic macromolecule is flagellin?

a) carbohydrate

b) protein

c) nucleic acid

d) lipid

True or false, plasmids are always as big as a cell's chromosomes.

True or false, the bacterial endospore is a form of reproduction for the bacteria that utilize it.

True or false, the bacterial endospore is a form of reproduction for the bacteria that utilize it.

Regarding viral replication, in which type of virus does the viral nucleic acid alone enter the cell?

a) bacteriophage

b) animal virus

c) both

d) neither

The infectious agent that contains no nucleic acid is a

a) virus

b) viroid

c) prion

d) both

e) neither

Members of this group have chitin in their cell walls

a) algae

b) fungi

c) protozoa

d) helminths

e) bacteria

All members of this group are single-celled

a) algae

b) protozoa

c) fungi

d) helminths

e) arthropods

Members of this group lack a cell wall

a) algae

b) plants

c) fungi

d) protozoa

e) arthropods

What are viral capsids composed of?

a) DNA

b) RNA

c) protein

d) lipids

c) polysaccharides

What feature of fungi is referred to as septate or aseptate?

a) hyphae

b) thallus

c) mycellium

d) spores

e) reproduction

Which arthropod is the vector for malaria?

a) mosquito

b) flea

c) louse

d) tick

e) house fly

Regarding viral replication, which type of virus requires an intracellular uncoating step?

a) bacteriophage

b) animal virus

c) both

d) neither

Integration of the viral genome into a host cell genome is most associated with which type of infection?

a) lytic

b) latent

c) both

d) neither

Which type of multicellular parasite has proglottids?

a) nematodes

b) cestodes

c) trematodes

d) all of the above

e) none of the above

True or false, fungi can be single or multicellular

True or false, some fungi have the ability to exist as either yeast or mold depending on environmental signals

True or false, the viral envelope is acquired from a cellular membrane

Activation energy:

a) is the amount of energy required during an activity such as flagellar motion

b) requires the addition of nutrients in the presence of water

c) is lowered by the action of organic catalysts

d)results from the movement of molecules

e) is provided by microscopic batteries

Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is false? Enzymes:

a) bind to substrates

b) lower the activation energy

c) are permanently altered during the reaction

d) speed up biochemical reactions

e) can be named for the types of reactions they catalyze

In substrate phosphorylation, the terminal (final) electron acceptor is:

a) oxygen

b) hydrogen

c) carbon dioxide

d) organic compound

e) none of the above

In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, the energy of proton motive force is used to generate what molecule?

a) NADH

b) ADP

c) ethanol

d) ATP

e) glucose

Glycolysis is:

a) catabolic

b) amphibolic

c) anabolic

d) robotic

e) parabolic

Which of the following answers lists the phases of the bacterial growth curve in the correct order?

a) log, stationary, death, log

b) lag, log, stationary, death

c) stationary, death, lag, log

d) log, lag, stationary, death

e) none of the above

Organisms that preferentially thrive in icy waters are described as

a) barophiles

b) thermophiles

c) mesophiles

d) psychrophiles

e) hyperthermophiles

Which of the following terms best describes an organism that cannot exist in the presence of oxygen?

a) obligate aerobe

b) facultative anaerobe

c) obligate anaerobe

d) microaerophile

e) aerotolerant anaerobe

What does the C in CHNOPS stand for?

a) calcium

b) carbon

c) cobalt

d) chromium

e) chlorine

True or false, photoautotrophs use light as a source of carbon

True or false, bacteria form biofilms in nature

Which of the following is not a mechanism of genetic transfer in bacteria?

a) transduction

b) transformation

c) transcription

d) conjugation

e) all of the above are mechanisms of genetic transfer

Which of the following is not part of an operon?

a) operator

b) promoter

c) origin

d) gene

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

e) 5

A nucleotide is composed of

a) a five-carbon sugar

b) phosphate

c) a nitrogenous base

d) all of the above

Which type of mutation is characterized by a single base substitution in the DNA sequence resulting in no change in the amino-acid sequence?

a) wild-type

b) frameshift

c) silent

d) nonsense

e) missense

In translation, the site through which tRNA molecules leave a ribosome is called the

a) A site

b) X site

c) P site

d) E site

Cells that have the ability to take up DNA from their environment are said to be

a) Hfr cells

b) transposing

c) genomic

d) competent

A bacterial culture has been mutated with UV light and immediately placed in the dark. Which form of repair is most likely to be used to fix the damage?

a) light repair

b) dark repair

c) mismatch repair

d) proofreading

e) SOS repair

Which of the following are called "jumping genes"?

a) Hfr cells

b) transducing phages

c) palindromic sequences

d) transposons

A plasmid is

a) a molecule of RNA found in bacterial cells

b) distinguished from a chromosome by being circular

c) a structure in bacterial cells formed from plasma membrane

d) extrachromosomal DNA

Which of the following is a true statement concerning prokaryotic chromosomes?

a) they typically have two or three origins of replication

b) they contain single-stranded DNA

c) they are located in the cytosol

d) they are associated in linear pairs

e) they contain double-stranded RNA

True or false, transcription and translation can be coupled in eukaryotes