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All Year Review

Total questions: 148

Worksheet time: 37hrs 0mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What is homeostasis?

a)

Keeping something at an ideal position/setting

b)

A species of hominids

c)

The category in which we put biomolecules

d)

A mixture that is fully blended (with all biomolecules equal)

2.

What are the FOUR most common elements in living things?

a)

Carbon

b)

Silicon

c)

Nitrogen

d)

Hydrogen

e)

Oxygen

3.

What is the function of carbohydrates?

a)

Perform cell's functions/tasks

b)

Fast energy

c)

Energy storage

d)

Alter other biomolecules

e)

Store information for cells

4.

Carbohydrates are primarily made out of...

a)

Carbon

b)

Hydrogen

c)

Oxygen

d)

Nitrogen

e)

Phosphorus

5.

What is the function of proteins?

a)

Perform cell's functions/tasks

b)

Fast energy

c)

Energy storage

d)

Alter other biomolecules

e)

Store information for cells

6.

Proteins are primarily made out of... (and sometimes Sulfur)

a)

Carbon

b)

Hydrogen

c)

Oxygen

d)

Nitrogen

e)

Phosphorus

7.

What is the function of nucleic acids?

a)

Perform cell's functions/tasks

b)

Fast energy

c)

Energy storage

d)

Alter other biomolecules

e)

Store information for cells

8.

Nucleic acids are primarily made out of...

a)

Carbon

b)

Hydrogen

c)

Oxygen

d)

Nitrogen

e)

Phosphorus

9.

What is the function of lipids?

a)

Perform cell's functions/tasks

b)

Fast energy

c)

Energy storage

d)

Alter other biomolecules

e)

Store information for cells

10.

Lipids are primarily made out of...

a)

Carbon

b)

Hydrogen

c)

Oxygen

d)

Nitrogen

e)

Phosphorus

11.

Your friend is really irritable while sitting in class. He feels lightheaded and dizzy. He is also feeling a bit of confusion and brain fog.


What inferences are most realistic to make about the biomolecules in your friend's body?

a)

He is running low on fast sources of energy

b)

Proteins are being broken down or reshaped

c)

The coding information in the cell is incorrect or incomplete

d)

There is not enough insulation or energy storage

12.

Your friend is really irritable while sitting in class. He feels lightheaded and dizzy. He is also feeling a bit of confusion and brain fog.


What biomolecule does your friend need?

a)

Carbohydrates

b)

Lipids

c)

Proteins

d)

Nucleic Acids

13.

Dystrophin is a molecule that holds muscle fibers together. In people with muscular dystrophy, a genetic disease that causes people to lose the ability to walk at a young age, dystrophin molecules never develop.


What can you infer about the biomolecules of affected individuals? (select all correct answers)

a)

There is a lack of sources of fast energy

b)

A biomolecule is missing

c)

The coding information in the cell is incomplete or incorrect

d)

If removes insulation and long term energy storage

14.

Dystrophin is a molecule that holds muscle fibers together. In people with muscular dystrophy, a genetic disease that causes people to lose the ability to walk at a young age, dystrophin molecules never develop.


What biomolecule is this person missing?

a)

Carbohydrates

b)

Lipids

c)

Proteins

d)

Nucleic Acids

15.

Bowhead whales can have a specialized layer of blubber up to 30 cm’s thick. This acts as a special insulation that traps the heat their muscles create from movement.


What biomolecule is the blubber primarily made of?

a)

Carbohydrates

b)

Lipids

c)

Proteins

d)

Nucleic Acids

16.

Helicase is an example of a biomolecule that can destroy bonds between DNA strands during DNA replication.


What biomolecule is helicase?

a)

Carbohydrate

b)

Lipid

c)

Protein

d)

Nucleic Acid

17.

A scientist discovers new life on a distant planet. While watching the alien species live on the planet, scientists begin to notice that in order to hunt this species will attack another smaller species and inject them with some sort of liquid. After a short time, the smaller organism develops a sort of necrosis which is when a small portion of the organism's flesh begins to break down. Soon after necrosis begins the smaller organism dies.


What can you infer about the function of the poison?

a)

It decreases fast sources of energy

b)

Proteins are being broken down or reshaped

c)

The coding information in the cell is altered

d)

If removes insulation and long term energy storage

18.

A scientist discovers new life on a distant planet. While watching the alien species live on the planet, scientists begin to notice that in order to hunt this species will attack another smaller species and inject them with some sort of liquid. After a short time, the smaller organism develops a sort of necrosis which is when a small portion of the organism's flesh begins to break down. Soon after necrosis begins the smaller organism dies.


What biomolecule are the aliens injecting?

a)

Carbohydrates

b)

Lipids

c)

Proteins

d)

Nucleic Acids

19.

There is a person with Albinism. This individual does not produce melanin. Melanin allows for people to be protected from the sun. Since Albinos do not produce this protein they are prone to getting sunburns.


What inferences are most realistic to make about the biomolecules in this individual's body?

a)

He is running low on fast sources of energy

b)

Proteins are being broken down or reshaped

c)

The coding information in the cell is incorrect or incomplete

d)

There is not enough insulation or energy storage

20.

There is a person with Albinism. This individual does not produce melanin. Melanin allows for people to be protected from the sun. Since Albinos do not produce this protein they are prone to getting sunburns.


What biomolecule results in the individual having albinism?

a)

Carbohydrates

b)

Lipids

c)

Proteins

d)

Nucleic Acids

21.

Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

a)

Diffusion, a form of passive Transport

b)

Difussion, a form of Active Transport

22.

Osmosis is a form of ______________.

a)

Passive Transport because it does not require energy.

b)

Active Transport because it requires energy.

23.

The diffusion or movement of WATER across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low concentration t to an area of high concentration is_______________________

a)

osmosis

b)

diffusion

c)

endocytosis

d)

exocytosis

24.
ALL living cells have this in common
a)
Nucleus
b)
Cell Membrane
c)
Cell Wall
d)
Mitochondria
25.
A cell will _____________________ in a hypertonic solution.
a)
swell
b)
shrink
c)
will not change
d)
will explode
26.
A cell will __________________ in a hypotonic solution.
a)
swell and perhaps burst (lyse)
b)
shrink
c)
the size of the cell will not change
d)
the size of the cell will change from large to small and from small to large
27.
Osmosis is the diffusion of _____ across a selectively permeable membrane.
a)
food
b)
air
c)
water
d)
oxygen
28.

In the given scenario what will happen? An egg with a dissolved shell is placed in pure water for 48 hours.

a)

Water will move in and out of the cell equally, and the cell with neither shrink nor swell.

b)

The egg will gain water and swell.

c)

The egg will lose water and shrink.

29.

An gummy bear placed in a hypertonic (salty) solution will

a)

Stay the same

b)

Shrink- get smaller

c)

Swell- get bigger

30.
Ideally, your cells should be in a(n) _______ solution
a)
isotonic
b)
hypertonic
c)
hypotonic
d)
isometric
31.

What is a hypertonic solution?

a)

a high concentrated solution

b)

a low concentrated solution

c)

a solution that has equal concentration to another solution

32.

What is a hypotonic solution?

a)

a high concentrated solution

b)

a low concentrated solution

c)

a solution that has equal concentration to another solution

33.

A(n) _________________ refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side.

a)

isotonic solution

b)

hypertonic solution

c)

hypotonic solution

34.

from the illustration, water will move from:

a)

a low concentrated solution (hypotonic) to a high concentrated solution (Hypertonic)

b)

a high concentrated solution (hypertonic) to a low concentrated solution (Hyportonic)

35.

A red blood cell will _______________ when we put it in a hypertonic solution. HINT: gummy bear in salty water

a)

Shrink

b)

Swell

c)

Stays the same

36.

A red blood cell (RBC) will _______________ when we put it in a hypotonic solution because _____________________. Ex. Adding a RBC to distilled water

a)

Shrink; water goes out of the RBC

b)

Swell; water goes inside the RBC

c)

Stays the same; water does not move

37.

A red blood cell will _______________ when we put it in a isotonic solution

a)

Shrink

b)

Swell

c)

Stays the same

38.

which side is hypertonic?

a)

Left. Low concentration

b)

Right. High concentration

39.

which side is hypotonic?

a)

Left. Low concentration

b)

Right. High concentration

40.

a semi-permeable membrane is a membrane that

a)

lets everything to pass

b)

lets some things to pass

c)

does not let anything to pass

41.
In passive transport, molecules move from an area of __________ concentration to an area of __________ concentraiton
a)
high, low
b)
low, high
c)
water, salt
d)
active, passive
42.
Which of the following is not a type of passive transport?
a)
Osmosis
b)
Diffusion
c)
Endocytosis
d)
Facilitated Diffusion
43.
The solution that has the highest amount of particles?
a)
Hyptonic
b)
Isotonic
c)
Hypertonic
44.
Which type of transport gets rid of wastes?
a)
Protein Pumps
b)
Endocytosis
c)
Exocytosis
d)
Facilitated Diffusion
45.
In which solution will water move into a cell?
a)
Hypertonic
b)
Hypotonic
c)
Isotonic
d)
Equilibrium
46.
What type of transport is this?
a)
Diffusion
b)
Osmosis
c)
Facilitated Diffusion
d)
Active Transport
47.
What type of transport is this?
a)
Endocytosis
b)
Exocytosis
c)
Diffusion
d)
Sodium-Potassium Pump
48.
What type of transport is this?
a)
Endocytosis
b)
Facilitated Diffusion
c)
Active Transport Pump
d)
Osmosis
49.
What type of transport is this?
a)
Facilitated Diffusion
b)
Exocytosis
c)
Active Transport
d)
Diffusion
50.
What type of transport is this?
a)
Endocytosis
b)
Diffusion
c)
Exocytosis
d)
Osmosis
51.
What type of organelle is used during endocytosis and exocytosis?
a)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
b)
Golgi Body
c)
Vesicle
d)
Lysosome
52.

Particle of movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

a)

Active transport

b)

Passive transport

53.

Which type of transport does not use energy to transport substances?

a)

Active transport

b)

Passive transport

54.

Which type of passive transport uses transport proteins to transport items such as glucose through the membrane?

a)

Facilitated diffusion

b)

Osmosis

c)

Diffusion

55.

Which type of passive transport focuses on the movement of water through the membrane?

a)

Facilitated diffusion

b)

Osmosis

c)

Diffusion

56.

Which type of diffusion is represented?

a)

Facilitated diffusion

b)

Osmosis

c)

Diffusion

57.

Which type of solution has the same solute concentration inside of and outside of the cell?

a)

Hypertonic

b)

Hypotonic

c)

Isotonic

58.

The cell shrunk in size, which means it was placed in a ____ solution.

a)

Isotonic

b)

Hypertonic

c)

Hypotonic

59.

The cell expanded in size to the point of lysing (bursting), which means it was placed in a ____ solution.

a)

Isotonic

b)

Hypertonic

c)

Hypotonic

60.

The cell shows water moving in and out equally, which means it was placed in a ___ solution.

a)

Isotonic

b)

Hypertonic

c)

Hypotonic

61.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

a)

To control what comes in and out of the cell

b)

To break down food inside the cell

c)

to serve as a barrier

d)

to eat the cells food

62.

What are the function and fun way of remembering what the cell wall does

a)

Rigid outer layer of a plant cell

b)

"Im a brick wall"

c)

Rigid outer layer of an animal cell

d)

" Im a clay wall"

63.

The cytoplasm can be remembered by saying " Sail through my (a)   "

64.

Which organelle produces the energy a cell needs to carry out its function

a)

Mitochondria

b)

Golgi Bodies

c)

Cytoplasm

d)

Nucleus

65.

Which organelle is found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

a)

Nucleolus

b)

Cell Membrane

c)

Lysosome

d)

Golgi Bodies

66.

What is a fun way to remember what lysosomes do?

a)

I clean things up!

b)

Make something sweet

c)

The control center

d)

Tin of information

67.

What is the function of the Vacuoles

a)

Store food, water and waste

b)

Receive proteins

c)

Assembles amino acids

d)

Found inside the nucleus

68.

Which organelle receives proteins and materials from the ER, packages them and distributes them

a)

Vacuoles

b)

Golgi Bodies

c)

Nucleus

d)

Chromatin

69.

Which cell contains Chloroplasts?

a)

Animal

b)

Plant

70.

What is a fun way to remember what the Endoplasmic Reticulum does?

a)

transportER

b)

I am a mighty powerhouse

c)

Im the control center

71.

what is the function of ribosomes

a)

to assemble amino acids to create proteins

b)

to pack proteins

c)

to clean proteins

72.

The control center of cell is

a)

the nucleus

b)

ribosomes

c)

chromatin

73.

Chromatin is

a)

tiny strands inside the nucleus that contain the instructions for directing the cell's function

b)

found inside the nucleus

c)

needed to make proteins

74.
What can the cell cycle also be called?
a)
Cell growth
b)
DNA Replication
c)
Preparation for Mitosis
d)
Cell Divison
75.
During what phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur?
a)
Interphase
b)
M phase
c)
S phase
d)
G2 phase
76.
During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow?
a)
G1 phase
b)
S phase
c)
M phase
d)
Cytokinesis
77.
Put the following stages of the cell cycle in order: G2, S, G1, M. 
a)
G1, S, G2, M
b)
S, G1, G2, M
c)
G1, M, G2, S
d)
M, G1, S, G2
78.
Put the following actions in order: DNA replicates, cell grows, cell divides, cell prepares for mitosis. 
a)
DNA replicates, cell grows, cell prepares for mitosis, cell divides
b)
cell grows, cell prepares for mitosis, DNA replicates, cell divides
c)
cell grows, DNA replicates, cell prepares for mitosis, cell divides
d)
DNA replicates, cell prepares for mitosis, cell grows, cell divides
79.

What is the result of the cell cycle?

a)

Three cells

b)

Four daughter cells

c)

Two identical cells

d)

One clone cell

80.

_____ is the uncontrolled growth of cells, often resulting in a tumor or mass of abnormal cells

a)

Cancer

b)

Apoptosis

c)

Radiation

81.

Which phase is this in?

a)

Interphase

b)

Metaphase

c)

Anaphase

d)

Telephase

82.

Which phase is this in?

a)

Prophase

b)

Metaphase

c)

Anaphase

d)

Telephase

83.

Which phase is this in?

a)

Prophase

b)

Metaphase

c)

Anaphase

d)

Telephase

84.

Which phase is this in?

a)

Prophase

b)

Metaphase

c)

Anaphase

d)

Telephase

85.

Which phase is this in?

a)

Prophase

b)

Interphase

c)

Anaphase

d)

Cytokinesis

86.

Reorder the following

a)

Prophase

b)

Metaphase

c)

Anaphase

d)

Telephase

e)

cytokenises

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
87.

What phase is anaphase?

a)

b)

c)

d)

88.

What phase is metaphase?

a)
b)
c)
d)
89.

What phase is Telephase?

a)
b)
c)
d)
90.

What phase is Prophase?

a)
b)
c)
d)
91.

What phase is Interphase?

a)
b)
c)
d)
92.

What phase is cytokinesis?

a)
b)
c)
d)
93.

DNA stands for

a)

Dioxyribo Nucleic Acid

b)

Dunder Nucleic Acid

c)

Dopamine Nucleic Acid

d)

Deciduous Nucleic Acid

94.

Which is in order from largest to smallest structure?

a)

chromosome, DNA strand, gene, nucleotide

b)

chromosome, gene, DNA strand, nucleotide

c)

gene, DNA strand, chromosome, nucleotide

d)

DNA strand, chromosome, gene, nucleotide

95.

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

a)

phosphate, sugar, base

b)

A, T, G, C

c)

Nucleic Acids

d)

two base pairs connected

96.

One strand of DNA has how many nucleotides

a)

millions

b)

about 20

c)

billions

d)

thousands

97.

Which of the following is correctly matches: ATT GTA CGA

a)

TAA CAT GCT

b)

ATT GTA CGA

c)

TAA GTA TCG

d)

GCC ACG TAC

98.

What do genes do?

a)

make proteins

b)

store energy

c)

create covalent bonds

d)

create hydrogen bonds

99.

The size and shape of proteins determines:

a)

their function

b)

their bonds

c)

their nucleotides

d)

their chromosomes

100.

The 'backbone' or 'ribbon' of the DNA strand is made of:

a)

phosphate and sugar

b)

phosphate only

c)

phosphate and base

d)

sugar and base

101.

Covalent bonds occur:

a)

on the ribbon (between the sugar)

b)

between the bases

c)

only between A & T

d)

only between G & C

102.

Hydrogen bonds occur:

a)

on the ribbon (between the sugar)

b)

between the bases

c)

only between A & T

d)

only between G & C

103.

What is this a picture of?

a)

nucleotide

b)

DNA strand

c)

chromosome

d)

gene

104.

Label the picture in order:

a)

phosphate ; sugar ; base

b)

phosphate ; base ; sugar

c)

base ; sugar ; phosphate

d)

base ; phosphate ; sugar

105.

Which of the following correctly matches: GCT AGA TCG

a)

CGA TCT AGC

b)

TAG CTC GAT

c)

ATC GAG CTA

d)

ATG CTC CGT

106.

DNA is shaped in a:

a)

double helix

b)

tightly packed swirl

c)

twisted ladder

d)

nucleotide

107.

antiparallel stands of nucleotides run in:

a)

opposite directions

b)

the same direction

c)

base pairs

d)

chromosomes

108.

In which phase does the DNA copy itself?

a)

interphase

b)

metaphase

c)

anaphase

d)

telophase

109.

In which phase do the chromosomes line up?

a)

prophase

b)

metaphase

c)

anaphase

d)

telophase

110.

In which phase do the chromosomes form?

a)

prophase

b)

metaphase

c)

anaphase

d)

telophase

111.

In which phase do the chromatids split apart?

a)

prophase

b)

metaphase

c)

anaphase

d)

telophase

112.

In which phase do new nuclear membranes form?

a)

prophase

b)

metaphase

c)

anaphase

d)

telophase

113.
Which sequence of DNA bases would pair with this partial strand
ATG TGA CAG
a)
ATG TGA CAG
b)
TAC ACT GTC
c)
GTA AGT GAC
d)
CAT TCA CTG
114.
Which of the following best describes a DNA molecule?
a)
double helix
b)
contains ribose
c)
made of amino acids
d)
contains Uracil
115.
In a molecule of double-stranded DNA, the amount of Adenine present is always equal to the amount of
a)
cytosine
b)
guanine
c)
thymine
d)
uracil
116.
Adenine bonds with ______________.
a)
Guanine
b)
Thymine
c)
Cytosine
d)
Adenine
117.
Guanine bonds with ______________.
a)
Adenine
b)
Guanine
c)
Cytosine
d)
Thymine
118.
Why is DNA important?
a)
it is very small and very complicated
b)
it's in everything
c)
it serves as the blueprint for traits of all living things
d)
because we eat it every day for energy
119.
Which 2 molecules form the sides (backbone) of the DNA ladder?
a)
deoxyribose sugar and adenine
b)
deoxyribose sugar and a hydrogen bond
c)
deoxyribose sugar and the nucleus
d)
deoxyribose sugar and phosphate
120.
Which organelle is DNA usually found in?
a)
cell membrane
b)
vacuole
c)
chloroplast
d)
nucleus
121.
Nitrogenous bases are joined by which type of bond?
a)
polar bonds
b)
ionic bonds
c)
covalent bonds
d)
hydrogen bonds
122.
The enzyme that unzips the DNA to prepare for replication
a)
helicase
b)
replicase
c)
polymerase
d)
synthase
123.
DNA replication results in two DNA molecules,
a)
each one with two original strands
b)
each one with two new strands
c)
each one with one new strand and one original strand
d)
one with two new strands and the other with two original strands
124.
What is the correct complimentary strand for the following DNA?ATCGAG
a)
TACGAG
b)
ATCGAG
c)
TAGCTG
d)
TAGCTC
125.
The drawing shows the structure of what molecule?
a)
A DNA molecule
b)
A lipid molecule
c)
A carbohydrate molecule
d)
A protein molecule
126.
In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?
a)
G1
b)
S
c)
G2
d)
M
127.
What is responsible for holding the two strands of the DNA double helix together?
a)
hydrogen bonds
b)
alleles
c)
London dispersion forces
d)
deoxyribose sugars
128.
Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides ("The Builder")?
a)
Topoisomerase
b)
DNA Polymerase
c)
Ligase
d)
Primase
129.
Why is it crucial that living things are able to replicate their DNA?
a)
Each cell must have its own DNA
b)
Less copies of DNA are needed when a new cell is created
c)
A cell needs multiple copies of DNA
d)
Only muscle cells need DNA 
130.
The DNA is found in the nucleus of what type of organisms?
a)
Bacteria
b)
Eukaryotes
c)
Prokaryotes
d)
Viruses
131.

What is the name of the place where the double helix is unwound?

a)

Replication Fork

b)

The Y zone

c)

Open Sesame

d)

Replication Spoon

132.

The two strands of DNA are

a)

Parallel

b)

Antiparallel

c)

Perpendicular

d)

At Right Angles

133.
How does RNA differ from DNA?
a)
RNA contains uracil and deoxyribose
b)
RNA contains ribose and thymine
c)
RNA contains uracil and ribose
d)
RNA contains adenine and ribose
134.
Question Image

Match the following

a)
UUU
1.
Phenyl-alanine
b)

UAG

2.

Stop

c)

AUG

3.

Methionine (Start)

d)

GUG

4.

Valine

e)

UGG

5.

Tryptophan

135.

Reorder the following amino acids if given this mRNA strand:

AUG UCC CCA CUC UAA

a)

Methionine

b)

Serine

c)

Proline

d)

Leucine

e)

Stop

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
136.
What amino acid is represented by the codon UUA?
a)

Phenylalanine

b)

Tyrosine

c)

Leucine

d)

Stop codon

137.

mRNA: UUA CAG GUA

Use the codon chart to determine the second amino acid.

a)

Methionine (MET)

b)

Leucine (LEU)

c)

Glutamine (GLN)

138.
What amino acid is represented by the codon UUA?
a)
Phenylalanine
b)
Tyrosine
c)
Leucine
d)
Stop codon
139.
The codon CCU codes for what amino acid?
a)
Isoleucine
b)
Stop
c)
Methionine
d)
Proline
140.
Choose the nucleotide sequence of the RNA strand that would be complementary to the following strand: 
GTAGTCA
a)
UATUAGA
b)
ACGACTG
c)
CAUCAGU
d)
CATCAGT
141.

The following codon is translated into which amino acid?


AUU

a)

Methionine

b)

Isoleucine

c)

Histidine

d)

Arginine

142.

CROSSING OVER INCREASES

a)

LIFE SPAN

b)

GENETIC VARIATION

c)

THE NUMBER OF OFF-SPRING

d)

ALL ARE TRUE

143.
This image shows chromosomes during Prophase 1. Which of the following correctly describes the process shown?
a)
segregation of sister chromatids
b)
condensation and segregation of alleles
c)
mutationin which the DNA content of the gene is altered
d)
crossing - over in which alleles are exchanged
144.

Match the following for mitosis and meiosis.

a)

PMAT happens once or twice

1.

Mitosis & Meiosis

b)

makes 4 genetically different cells

2.

Meiosis

c)

Sister Chromatids (already crossed over) pull apart

3.

Anaphase 2 of Meiosis

d)

Homologous Chromosomes pulled apart & Independent assortment

4.

Anaphase 1 of Meiosis

e)

makes 2 identical cells

5.

Mitosis

145.

Which of the following are CORRECT observations about MITOSIS and MEIOSIS? (Check all that apply.)

a)

Mitosis produces cells that identical to the parent cell.

b)

Meiosis produces cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

c)

All cells go through INTERPHASE as part of the cell cycle, whether it goes to mitosis or meiosis next.

d)

In both types of cell division, the chromosomes are only duplicated once.

e)

Only in Mitosis, do you see chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad.

146.

how many chromosomes do human gametes have?

a)

46

b)

23

c)

18

d)

36

147.

Crossing over usually occurs between:

a)

Sister Chromatids

b)

Homologous Chromosomes

c)

Alleles

d)

Non-Homologous Chromosomes

148.
This image shows chromosomes during Prophase 1. Which of the following correctly describes the process shown?
a)
segregation of sister chromatids
b)
condensation and segregation of alleles
c)
mutationin which the DNA content of the gene is altered
d)
crossing - over in which alleles are exchanged