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AP Biology Midterm Review

Total questions: 101

Worksheet time: 2hrs 41mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
Attractions between water molecules due to polarity are called:
a)
Covalent bonds
b)
Ionic bonds
c)
Polar bonds
d)
Hydrogen bonds
2.
Some insects can stand on the surface of calm water. Their feet push the surface of the water down slightly, but they do not break the surface. Why?
a)
The insects are light enough so they do not break the hydrogen bonds holding the water molecules together
b)
The insects actually use their wings to hover slightly above the water’s surface and they only skim it with their feet.
c)
The insect’s feet are non-polar, so they are repelled by the polar water molecules and are pushed away from the water’s surface.
d)
The insects are small enough to see the individual water molecules, so they are able to step carefully from one molecule to the next
3.
What property of water allows it to be such a versatile solvent that it is often called the "universal solvent?"
a)
Purity
b)
Polarity and cohesion
c)
High heat capacity
d)
Expansion upon freezing
4.
The attraction that causes water and other liquids to form drops on thin films is called ________________. This is also water’s ability to be attraction to other water molecules.
a)
adhesion
b)
capillary action
c)
cohesion
d)
surface tension
5.
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid is called...
a)
polar molecule
b)
surface tension
c)
capillary action
d)
specific heat
6.

What is difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon?

a)

saturated has double bonds, unsaturated does not

b)

saturated has no double bonds, unsaturated does

c)

there is no difference, they are the same

d)

saturated has oxygen, unsaturated does not

7.

What type of reaction builds macromolecules? What is the byproduct?

a)

dehydration ; water

b)

dehydration ; no byproduct

c)

hydrolysis ; water

d)

hydrolysis ; no byproduct

8.

What reaction allows for macromolecules to be broken apart?

a)

hydrolysis

b)

dehydration

c)

hydrogen bonds

d)

solventing

9.

What molecule is responsible for lowering activation energy for a reaction?

a)

enzyme

b)

starch

c)

triglyceride

d)

phospholipid

10.

What is the difference between bonds responsible for primary structure and secondary structure in proteins?

a)

primary is peptide bonds ; secondary is hydrogen bonds

b)

primary is hydrogen bonds ; secondary is peptide bonds

c)

no difference - they are both peptide bonds

d)

no difference - they are both hydrogen bonds

11.

What type of macromolecule is ribose, the sugar found in RNA?

a)

carbohydrate

b)

lipid

c)

protein

d)

nucleic acid

12.

What is the difference between the forces that lead to secondary and tertiary structures in proteins?

a)

secondary is due to hydrogen bonding of backbone ; tertiary is interactions of side chains

b)

secondary is due to interactions of side chains ; tertiary is due to hydrogen bonding of backbone

c)

no difference - they are both caused by hydrogen bonding

d)

no difference - they are both caused by interactions of side chains

13.

If the structure of a protein is modified, what is the likely result?

a)

the protein will no longer function as intended

b)

the protein will remain the same.

c)

the protein will become a lipid

d)

the secondary and tertiary structure remain the same while the primary is changed

14.

Which of the following can cause a protein to denature?

a)

pH

b)

heat

c)

radiation

d)

all answers listed

15.
ATP is...
a)
a unit of energy in the cell
b)
a type of lipid
c)
a molecule of DNA
16.
Nucleotides are made up of three parts. The three parts are...
a)
DNA, RNA, and a sugar
b)
a lipid, a fat, and an oil
c)
a carbohydrate, a protein, and a fat
d)
a sugar, a phosphate, and a base
17.
___________ are the main source of energy for cells.
a)
Proteins
b)
Lipids
c)
Nucleic acids
d)
Carbohydrates
18.

What is the main function of ATP?

a)

When the body breaks down proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids to create energy for our body to function.

b)

Copies DNA

c)

Transports Molecules

d)

Carrier of genetic information

19.
What are the components of a nucleotide?
a)
nitrogen base, phosphate group, and pentose sugar
b)
pentose sugar, purine, and pyrimidine
c)
nitrogen base and a phosphate group
d)
DNA, phosphate group, monosaccharide
20.

Which base is ONLY found in DNA?

a)

Cytosine

b)

Guanine

c)

Thymine

d)

Adenine

21.

Which base is only found in RNA?

a)

Uracil

b)

Thymine

c)

Adenine

d)

Guanine

22.

Which of the following organelles digests damaged proteins?

a)

Mitochondria

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Lysosomes

d)

Golgi Apparatus

23.

Which of the following organelles is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

a)

Mitochondria

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Lysosomes

d)

Golgi Apparatus

24.

Which organelle sorts out mixtures of substances and sends them to their proper destinations?

a)

Mitochondria

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Lysosomes

d)

Golgi Apparatus

25.

Which organelle contains its own DNA?

a)

Mitochondria

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Lysosomes

d)

Golgi Apparatus

26.

Contains a large and a small subunit as well as binding sites for amino acids. May be free floating or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

a)

Ribosome

b)

Lysosome

c)

Nucleus

d)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

27.

A network of membranous tubules continuous with the Nuclear Envelope. Functions in synthesizing lipids, detoxification, and storage of calcium ions.

a)

Smooth ER

b)

Rough ER

c)

Lysosome

d)

Mitochondria

e)

Cell Membrane

28.

Contains hydrolytic enzymes which work best at an acid pH. Leakage of these organelles can cause cell death "self digestion." Used to break down old molecules.

a)

Lysosome

b)

Mitochondria

c)

Chloroplast

d)

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

29.

Formed from a double membrane. Organized internally in cristae. Internal compartment called the matrix. Has its own DNA. The site of cellular respiration and the production of Adenosine Triphosphate.

a)

Mitochondria

b)

Chloroplast

c)

Nucleus

d)

Cytoplasm

30.

Which of the following are found in Plant cells and not Animal cells?

a)

Cell Wall

b)

Centrioles

c)

Vacuoles

d)

Chloroplasts

e)

Mitochondria

31.

Contains a double membrane, cytoplasm, thylakoids and stroma. Converts light energy into chemical energy.

a)

Chloroplast

b)

Mitochondria

c)

Nucleus

d)

Rough ER

32.

A membrane-bound organelle that removes hydrogens from various substrates and adds them to oxygen creating hydrogen peroxide. Can aid in detoxification and conversion of fatty acids into energy.

a)

peroxisome

b)

glyoxysome

c)

lysosome

d)

endoplasmic reticulum

33.

A membrane-bound organelle that removes hydrogens from various substrates and adds them to oxygen creating hydrogen peroxide. Can aid in detoxification and conversion of fatty acids into energy.

a)

peroxisome

b)

glyoxysome

c)

lysosome

d)

endoplasmic reticulum

34.

Composed of cellulose. The outermost layer of a plant cell.

a)

Cell Wall

b)

Cell Membrane

c)

Cytoplasm

d)

Cholroplast

35.

Which of the following produces the energy needed for protein synthesis in the endomembrane system?

a)

Endoplasmic reticulum

b)

Golgi apparatus

c)

Lysosomes

d)

Mitochondria

36.

Which of the following is a difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

a)

Smooth ER exists in a part of the cell near the cell membrane, while rough ER exists in a part of the cell near the nucleus.

b)

Smooth ER is not studded by ribosomes, while rough ER is studded by ribosomes.

c)

Smooth ER is meant to compartmentalize the cell, while rough ER detoxifies and synthesizes lipids.

d)

Smooth ER is made without the additional help of proteins, whereas rough ER is made with the help of special proteins called reticuloproteins.

37.

Which of the following is a reason that cells are so small?

a)

Cells are small because they want to maximize their surface area-to-volume ratio.

b)

Cells are small because they want to maximize their volume-to-surface area ratio.

c)

Cells are small because they need to produce extremely small macromolecules.

d)

Cells are small because they prefer to work together in clusters of many thousands that wouldn't otherwise fit anywhere.

38.

Which of the following is one way that cells increase their surface area without increasing their size?

a)

Cells will often include perfectly spherical membranes.

b)

Cells will often include folds in their membranes.

c)

Cells will often include holes in their membranes.

d)

Cells will maximize their volume.

39.

What happens to cells as they increase in volume?

a)

Their radius decreases.

b)

Their surface area increases.

c)

Their surface area decreases.

d)

Their circumference decreases.

40.

Which of the following is the correct name of the model that describes the structure of the cell membrane?

a)

The Fluid Molecular Model

b)

The Free Molecular Model

c)

The Fluid Mosaic Model

d)

The Free Mosaic Model

41.

Major component of the lipid bilayer cell membrane.

a)

Cholesterol

b)

Channel Proteins

c)

Phospholipids

d)

Glycolipid/glycoprotein complexes

42.
Describes the arrangement of the cell membrane as bendable and made of many parts. 
a)
The Fluid Mosaic Model 
b)
The Major Mobility Model 
c)
The Crazy Cell Model
d)
The Maze Model
43.
___________ have 2 functions in the cell membrane.
1.) They act like gatekeepers, only let certain things in. 
2.) Enzyme receptors embedded in the membrane.
a)
Carbohydrates 
b)
Proteins 
c)
Phospholipids 
d)
Cholesterol
44.
Something is ___________ ____________
when some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot. 
a)
Selectively (or Semi) Permeable 
b)
Totally Transparent
c)
Liquid Licorice 
d)
Heavily Patrolled 
45.

Stores water, nutrients and waste.

a)

Centriole

b)

Cytoplasm

c)

Large central vacuole

d)

Nucleolus

46.

Which organelle is represented in the image?

a)

chloroplast

b)

nucleus

c)

cell membrane

d)

mitochondria

47.

A thin, flexible layer that is found in all cells and separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment.

a)

protein coat

b)

protein membrane

c)

cell membrane

d)

nucleolus

48.

What is the difference between mitochondria and chloroplast?

a)

Mitochondria produces energy and chloroplasts breaks down energy

b)

There is no difference. They are the same.

c)

Mitochondria breaks down energy from food and chloroplasts produce energy from sunlight.

d)

Mitochondria contains DNA and chloroplasts are green

49.

Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?

a)

carbohydrates

b)

cholesterol

c)

glycolipid

d)

protein

50.
___________ allow cells to recognize each other and act like ID tags. 
a)
Carbohydrates 
b)
Proteins
c)
Phospholipids 
d)
Cholesterol
51.

The use of a protein pump (ions like Na+, K+, H+, etc.) is an example of ___ because ___.

a)

exocytosis; ions are moved out of the cell

b)

active transport; ATP is required

c)

facilitated diffusion; a protein is needed for transport

d)

endocytosis; ions are moved into the cell

52.
What determines the rate of nutrients and waste are exchanged from the cell and the environment?
a)
surface ratio
b)
volume
c)
surface area
d)
surface area to volume ratio
53.
Which cells are more efficient at obtaining nutrients?
a)
Small Cells
b)
Medium Size Cells
c)
Large Cells
d)
X-Large Cells
54.
High Surface area to volume ratio allows cells to do what quickly?
a)
Move materials around inside the cell
b)
Move materials in and out of the cell 
c)
Communicate to other cells
d)
Divide
55.

What type of transport requires the assistance of special transport proteins to help some molecules, like glucose, into the cell without the use of energy?

a)

Facilitated Diffusion

b)

Osmosis

c)

Active Transport

d)

Diffusion

56.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis are both classified as what type of transport?

a)

Active Transport

b)

Passive Transport

c)

Energy

d)

Neutral Transport

57.
This picture represents what type of cell transport?
a)
endocytosis
b)
exocytosis
c)
osmosis
d)
passive transport
58.
This picture represents which type of cellular transport?
a)
passive transport
b)
endocytosis
c)
exocytosis
d)
osmosis
59.
During diffusion
a)
substances (things) moves from high to low concentration
b)
water moves when energy is used
c)
large or oddly shaped molecules move across a cell membrane
d)
water moves from high to low concentration
60.

Since eukaryotic cells are big, how do they get nutrients to the center efficiently?

a)

compartmentilization

b)

specialization

c)

They have your mom in there to help them

d)

Cell cycle control

61.

The prokaryotic strategy is:

a)

To be bigger so that surface area increases.

b)

To be smaller so that surface area increases.

c)

Have a faster cell cycle

d)

Have more transcription factors.

62.

Why does compartmentalization exist?

a)

Make certain areas that are fit for the cell to function the best.

b)

Increase Surface area and allow for unspecialization

c)

Decrease Surface area and allow for specialization

63.

Membrane-bound organelles have been an

important component in the evolution of complex,

multicellular organisms. Which of the following

best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells

having internal membranes?

a)

Eukaryotic cells are able to reproduce faster because of the presence of organelles.

b)

Some organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, are similar to prokaryotic cells in structure.

c)

Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.

d)

Compartmentalization leads to a higher mutation rate in DNA, which leads to more new species.

64.

What are cells made of?

a)

Your mom

b)

Organelles

c)

Other cells

d)

Mitochondria

65.

Researchers have proposed a model of chloroplast evolution. According to the model, chloroplasts evolved from a small prokaryotic organism that was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryote. The engulfed prokaryote then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic host.


Which of the following observations best supports the model?

a)

Chloroplasts are separated from other subcellular compartments by semipermeable membranes.

b)

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms both acquire nutrients from the surrounding environment.

c)

Eukaryotes evolved after prokaryotes and have more complex structures.

d)

Chloroplasts and some prokaryotes share similar photosynthetic reactions.

66.

Which of the following observations best supports the claim that mitochondria evolved from once-free-living prokaryotic cells by the process of endocytosis?

a)

Mitochondria produce ATP

b)

Mitochondria contain proteins

c)

Mitochondria exchange substances with the cytosol.

d)

Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane.

67.
Which of these is NOT true?
a)
Enzymes can denature (change shape) when the temperature gets too high.
b)
Enzymes can only be used once in a chemical reaction. 
c)
Extreme pH can denature enzymes.
d)
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. 
68.
Letter D...
a)
active site
b)
enzyme
c)
substrate
d)
products
69.
The graph shows how enzymes affect reactions in cells. Which statement best summarizes the information shown in the graph?
a)
Enzymes increase the energy of the reactants.
b)
Enzymes decrease the energy level of the products.
c)
Enzyme decrease the activation energy of the reaction.
d)
Enzymes reverse the direction of the reaction.
70.

In order to increase the rate of reaction using an enzyme a scientist could.... (Choose all that apply)

a)

Increase the amount of substrate

b)

Decrease the temperature

c)

Increase the temperature toward its optimal temperature.

d)

Introduce a competitive inhibitor

71.
What type of macromolecule are enzymes?
a)
Protein
b)
Carbohydrate
c)
Lipid
d)
Nucleic Acid
72.
The part of the enzyme that the substrate bonds to is called the _____.
a)
active site
b)
activation energy
c)
bond site
d)
peptide bond
73.
When a molecule can occupy the same active site as the substrate, a situation called __________________ can result
a)
Competitive lnhibition
b)
Allosteric Regulation
c)
Non-Competitive Inhibition
d)
Feedback Inhibition
74.
At high temperatures enzyme activity declines because of:
a)
Denaturation
b)
Decreased Kinetic Motion
c)
Increased H-Bonding
d)
Dissociation of Ionic Compounds
75.

A molecule that binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site, causing the enzyme to change shape and be unable to bind substrate

a)

Allosteric Inhibition

b)

Feedback Inhibition

c)

Competitive Inhibition

d)

Noncompetitive Inhibition

76.

What happens to the reaction rate if an enzyme is denatured or nonfunctional?

a)

No change in the reaction rate

b)

Increase in reaction rate

c)

Decrease in reaction rate

d)

Decrease then increase in reaction rate

77.

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease reaction rates?

a)

Binds to the active site

b)

Binds to the allosteric site

c)

Increases the free energy

d)

Increases the substrate concentration

78.
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
a)
regenerate ATP for use in the light reactions of photosynthesis
b)
produce carbon dioxide for use in the light reactions of photosynthesis
c)
produce oxygen by oxidizing water
d)
produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide
79.
What is the primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
a)
To produce glucose
b)
To produce NADPH and ATP
c)
To use ATP
d)
To produce RuBP
80.
What is the function of NADP+?
a)
It absorbs light
b)
It is an electron carrier
c)
It is a light-reflecting pigment
d)
It acts as long-term energy storage
81.
What is one function of the other pigments  besides chlorophyll, in the chloroplast?
a)
to block damaging wavelengths of light
b)
to absorb different wavelengths than the chloroplasts
c)
to provide different colors to the leaves
d)
to transfer energy to a separate photosystem beside the one using chlorophyll a and b.
82.
Green plants reflect ________ light.
a)
Red
b)
Green
c)
All
d)
Red and Violet
83.

What structure in the chloroplast captures sunlight?

a)

chlorophyll

b)

Xanthrophyll

c)

hemoblobin

d)

electron transport chain

84.

What molecules carry electrons?

a)

ATP

b)

NADPH

c)

NADH

d)

ADP

85.
What is the main job of the electron carriers in cellular respiration? 
a)
Transport electrons and hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain 
b)
Capture energy throughout the process of cellular respiration
c)
Provide the reactants for the process of cellular respiration
d)
Pump positive hydrogen ions and shuttle electrons across the electron transport chain and contribute to chemiosmosis
86.
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is
a)
oxygen
b)
water
c)
carbon dioxide
d)
NAD+
87.

Which generate more ATP?

a)

Oxidative phosphorylation

b)

Substrate level phosphorylation

c)

Glycolysis

d)

Kreb's Cycle

88.
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related, in terms of energy?
a)
The energy captured in photosynthesis is used to power cellular respiration.
b)
The energy transformed in cellular respiration is used to power photosynthesis.
c)
Photosynthesis and respiration perform the same task in terms of energy transformation
d)
Energy is not involved in either photosynthesis or cellular respiration.
89.
What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
a)
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
b)
6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
c)
6CO2 + 6H2O -> 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy
d)
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy -> 6O2 + C6H12O6
90.

What are the net products of photosynthesis?

a)

6 CO2, 6 H2O, Energy

b)

6 O2 and 6 H2O

c)

C6H12O6 and 6 O2

d)

6 CO2 and C6H12O6

91.
Which of the following is the correct equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
a)
CO2 + light + H2O --> O2 + Sugar
b)
CO2 + sugar + H2O --> O2 + light
c)
O2 + light + H2O --> CO2 + Sugar
d)
CO2 + O2 + H2O --> Light+ Sugar
92.
During chemiosmosis
a)
H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor
b)
a concentration gradient is generated when H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix to the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion
c)
energy is released as H+ ions move freely across the mitochondrial membrane
d)
ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase
93.

What is ATP synthase responsible for?

a)

Creating ATP in chemiosmosis

b)

Breaking down NADPH

c)

Creating NADPH

d)

Breaking down ATP

94.

What powers the ATP synthase enzymes in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

a)

The energy absorbed during the light reactions.

b)

The electronegativity of oxygen

c)

Energy released by breaking the chemical bonds in glucose

d)

The diffusion of hydrogen

95.

How are the ATP synthase enzymes in photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar?

a)

They both rely on chemiosmosis of hydrogens down a gradient to power phosphorylation

b)

They are both located in the cytoplasm of the cell

c)

They both use oxygen to create a concentration gradient

d)

They both receive hydrogen ions from FADH2

96.

Which of the following describes the endosymbiotic theory?

a)

A prokaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller prokaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell eukaryotic.

b)

A eukaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller prokaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell prokaryotic.

c)

A prokaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller eukaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell eukaryotic.

d)

A eukaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller eukaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell prokaryotic.

97.

Which statement explains why water molecules stick together?

a)

Both sides are negative

b)

One side has a positive charge and the other side has a negative charge

c)

One side has a negative charge and the other side has a neutral charge

d)

Both sides are positive

98.
What is the main job of the electron carriers in cellular respiration? 
a)
Transport electrons and hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain 
b)
Capture energy throughout the process of cellular respiration
c)
Provide the reactants for the process of cellular respiration
d)
Pump positive hydrogen ions and shuttle electrons across the electron transport chain and contribute to chemiosmosis
99.

Which of the following statements are false?

a)

Glycolysis does not require oxygen

b)

Glycolysis is the first step in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration

c)

Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria

d)

Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvates, and 2 NADH

100.

What process is found in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

a)

the Kreb's cycle

b)

oxidative phosphorylation

c)

the citric acid cycle

d)

glycolysis

101.

During chemiosmosis

a)

H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor

b)

a concentration gradient is generated when H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix to the inner mitochondrial membrane

c)

energy is released as H+ ions move freely across the mitochondrial membrane

d)

ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase

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