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evolution practice.. LONG

Total questions: 157

Worksheet time: 3hrs 43mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What is Natural Selection?

a)

Favorable traits that will help one survive in the environment are passed on to offspring.

b)

All of the species surviving in their environment.

c)

Species being selected to fight.

d)

The weaker traits are passed down to offspring.

2.

What SOURCES of evidence do scientists use today to show evolutionary relationships?

a)

Trees

b)

Cladograms

c)

Phylogenetic Trees

d)

Homologous

3.

What is the difference between Homologous and Analogous structures?

a)

Homologous: same structure, different function.

Analogous: same structure, same function.

b)

Homologous: different structure, same function.

Analogous: different function, same structure.

c)

Homologous: Cladograms, Poly.

Analogous: Vial, Friend.

d)

Homologous: same structure, different function.

Analogous: same function, different structure.

4.

The study of prehistoric life.

a)

Mutations

b)

Coevolution

c)

Paleontology

d)

Embryology

5.

The movement of alleles in or out of a population

a)

Genetic Drift

b)

Genetic Flow

c)

Non-Random Mating

d)

Natural Selection

6.

A change in the frequency of existing genes due to a random event/change

a)

Genetic Flow

b)

Extinction

c)

Speciation

d)

Genetic Drift

7.

What is extinction?

a)

Species gradually evolving throughout time.

b)

The elimination of a species mostly caused by a gradual or sudden change in the environment.

c)

When two or more species affect each other's evolution through the process of natural selection.

d)

The formation of a new distinct species from preexisting population.

8.

What is coevolution?

a)

The study of prehistoric life.

b)

The study of the structures of organisms.

c)

When two or more species affect each other's evolution through the process of natural selection.

d)

Over generations, organisms evolve a variety of characteristics that allow them to survive in different environments.

9.

Homologous structures?

a)

This type of structure has the same physical structure across multiple species.

b)

This type of structure has the same function in multiple species, but different structures.

c)

This type of structure has no use in a species, but had a purpose to its ancestors.

d)

Homologous, Analogous, & Vestigial structures are all used as comparison data fir thus field of science.

10.

Analogous structures

a)

This type of structure has the same physical structure across multiple species.

b)

This type of structure has no use in a species, but had a purpose to its ancestors.

c)

This type of structure has the same function in multiple species, but different structures.

d)

gene sequences of organisms to determine evolutionary relationships.

11.

(a)   structures have the same structure, but a different function.

12.

What is gene mutation?

a)

Favorable traits chosen

b)

Alteration of DNA that could be helpful or harmful.

(could cause evolution)

c)

Movement of genes into and out of a population

d)

An elimination of a species after a change in their DNA.

13.

What is speciation?

a)

Occurs when a catastrophic event changes an environment suddenly

b)

A number of different species split-off from a common ancestor.

c)

Development of a new species.

d)

Over many generations, organisms evolve a variety of characteristics to survive.

14.

Divergent Evolution

a)

There must be no movement into or out of a population

b)

There must be no natural selection

c)

A number of different species split-off from a common ancestor

d)

When two species living close together change in response to each other

15.

similar structures that evolved independently in different organisms due to serving similar purposes

(a)  

16.

A number of different species arise from one common ancestor

- New environments caused differences to evolve in populations

a)

Convergent Evolution

b)

Divergent Evolution

c)

Coevolution

d)

Gradualism

17.

This structure could be leftover from an ancestor that had used the structure, and thus could provide evidence of divergent evolution. This structure no longer has a function, but is still present.

a)

Homologous

b)

Analogous

c)

Vestigial

18.
What is the advantage of having different shaped beaks?
a)
To look different from other species.
b)
To be able to eat the food readily available in the environment.
c)
To protect itself against predators.
d)
To protect itself against prey.
19.
Why don't all living things become fossils?
a)
because some living things are too big
b)
because some are subject to catastrophism and others are not
c)

because environmental conditions have to be just right (for formation & to prevent decay)

20.

In the Picture - Where are the oldest fossils of the organisms that lived longest ago found?

a)

At the bottom

b)

At the top

c)

In the middle

21.
Similar structures in organisms due to a common ancestor, but serve a different function
a)
Homologous Structure
b)
Analogous Structure
c)
Vestigial Structure
22.
Structures in organisms that have the same function due to similar environmental pressures.
a)
Analogous Structure
b)
Homologous Structure
c)
Vestigial Structures
23.
Structures that were used by ancestors, but not needed for present day organisms.
a)
Vestigial Structures
b)
Homologous Structures
c)
Analogous Structures
24.
Developed theory of Natural Selection
a)
Darwin
b)
Lamarck
25.
Developed theory of acquired characteristics
a)
Lamarck
b)
Darwin
26.
Slow in steady change in a species
a)
Gradualism
b)
Punctuated Equilibrium 
27.
Long periods of little change in a species followed by short periods of rapid change
a)
Punctuated Equilibrium
b)
Gradualism
28.
A mutation in DNA that causes a beneficial characteristic.
a)
Adaptation
b)
Acclimatization
29.
An organism with no nucleus
a)
Prokaryote
b)
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
30.
A cell with a cell wall and large vacuole
a)
Plant Cell
b)
Animal Cell
31.
A cell with no membrane bound organelles
a)
prokaryote
b)
eukaryote
32.
A cell with a nucleus
a)
eukaryote
b)
proakryote
33.
A cell with chloroplast
a)
plant cell
b)
animal cell
34.
Darwin theorized that individuals having an advantage due to their traits or abilities will be more likely to survive and reproduce.  This theory is known as
a)
evolution
b)
speciation
c)
adaptation
d)
natural selection
35.
Remains of ancient organisms are called
a)
Extinctions
b)
Fossils
c)
Mutations
d)
Variations
36.
the hind leg bones in a whale are examples of
a)
homologous structures
b)
analogous structures
c)
fossils
d)
vestigals
37.
What is the study of organisms at the early stages of development?
a)
DNA studies
b)
embryology 
c)
extinction
d)
fossil record
38.
Which layer is the oldest?
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
39.

A placental squirrel in North America resembles a marsupial squirrel in Australia. They are genetically and geographically separated. This is best explained by ___.

a)

convergent evolution

b)

divergent evolution

c)

spontaneous generation

d)

vestigial structures

40.

The average individuals in a population are favored in _____ selection.

a)

directional

b)

stabilizing

c)

disruptive

d)

natural

41.

The scientist who came up with the current classification system

a)

Darwin

b)

Newton

c)

Mendel

d)

Linnaeus

42.

A ________ can be used to classify organisms based on characteristics.

a)

punnet square

b)

phylogenetic chart

c)

trophic pyramid

d)

dichotomous key

43.

Which taxonomic level would include the LEAST number of organisms?

a)

species

b)

genus

c)

order

d)

phylum

44.

Which of the following is the CORRECT form of a scientific name?

a)

canis lupus

b)

Canis Lupus

c)

Canis lupus

d)

canis lupus

45.

The science of grouping and naming organisms

a)

Phylogeny

b)

Dichotomy

c)

Taxonomy

d)

Genetics

46.
Two organisms that are closely related would have
a)
very similar DNA sequence
b)
exactly the same DNA sequences
c)
no proteins in common
d)
completely different DNA sequence
47.

_____ selection favors one extreme form of trait in a population.

a)

directional

b)

stabilizing

c)

disruptive

d)

natural

48.

In _____ selection, individuals with both extreme forms of the trait are at a selective advantage.

a)

directional

b)

stabilizing

c)

disruptive

d)

natural

49.

The average individuals in a population are favored in _____ selection.

a)

directional

b)

stabilizing

c)

disruptive

d)

natural

50.

Any trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival.

a)

Evolution

b)

Adaptation

c)

Fossil Record

d)

Epigenetics

51.
Darwin theorized that individuals having an advantage due to their traits or abilities will be more likely to survive and reproduce.  This theory is known as
a)
evolution
b)
speciation
c)
adaptation
d)
natural selection
52.
Remains of ancient organisms are called
a)
Extinctions
b)
Fossils
c)
Mutations
d)
Variations
53.
If an organism has a vestigial structure, that structure likely once had a function in a(n)
a)
close relative
b)
early ancestor
c)
unrelated organism
d)
embryological stage
54.
the hind leg bones in a whale are examples of
a)
homologous structures
b)
analogous structures
c)
fossils
d)
vestigals
55.
What is the study of organisms at the early stages of development?
a)
DNA studies
b)
embryology 
c)
extinction
d)
fossil record
56.
What is this an example of?
a)
vestigial structures
b)
embryology
c)
homologous structures
d)
fossil record
57.
Which layer is the oldest?
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
58.
Structures in organisms that have the same function due to similar environmental pressures.
a)
Analogous Structure
b)
Homologous Structure
c)
Vestigial Structures
59.
Slow in steady change in a species
a)
Gradualism
b)
Punctuated Equilibrium 
60.
Long periods of little change in a species followed by short periods of rapid change
a)
Punctuated Equilibrium
b)
Gradualism
61.

A placental squirrel in North America resembles a marsupial squirrel in Australia. They are genetically and geographically separated. This is best explained by ___.

a)

convergent evolution

b)

divergent evolution

c)

spontaneous generation

d)

vestigial structures

62.

The average individuals in a population are favored in _____ selection.

a)

directional

b)

stabilizing

c)

disruptive

d)

natural

63.

In _____ selection, individuals with both extreme forms of the trait are at a selective advantage.

a)

directional

b)

stabilizing

c)

disruptive

d)

natural

64.

_____ selection favors one extreme form of trait in a population.

a)

directional

b)

stabilizing

c)

disruptive

d)

natural

65.

What is the movement of genes into and out of a gene pool called?

a)

random mating

b)

nonrandom mating

c)

gene flow

d)

direct evolution

66.
Two organisms that are closely related would have
a)
very similar DNA sequence
b)
exactly the same DNA sequences
c)
no proteins in common
d)
completely different DNA sequence
67.

Tetrapods (4 limbs) have very similar bone structures. This leads biologists to believe:

a)

They all had a common ancestor

b)

Their common ancestor was probably a lamprey

c)

Their limbs are convergent evolution

68.

If humans and penguins share similarities in an enzyme this could be an example of:

a)

Biochemical/molecular evidence

b)

Embryological evidence

c)

Anatomical Evidence

69.

Which is artificial selection?

a)

Breeding dogs for specific traits.

b)

Coyote species diverging from the wolves.

70.

An animal has several inherited characteristics that makes it much fitter than its rivals. According to Natural Selection it should:

a)

Help the others that are less fortunate

b)

Survive longer, have more and better babies.

c)

Be equals with its kin

71.

Genetic variation in a population can be increased with:

a)

Mutations

b)

Genetic drift

c)

Founders effect

d)

Genetic bottleneck.

72.

High fitness individuals in a population:

a)

Live longer and have more offspring

b)

Live longer but have less offspring

c)

Neither live longer nor have more offspring

73.
Which of the following pieces of evolution evidence deals with aged and identified fossils?
a)
fossil record
b)
comparative embryology
c)
comparative biochemistry
d)
comparative anatomy
74.
The structures shown are_________
a)
homologous
b)
heterologous
c)
analogous
d)
vestigial
75.

Which species’ DNA is most similar to the DNA of the toothed whale?

a)

Hippopotamus

b)

Baleen Whale

c)

Grazing Mammals

d)

Camels

76.
Why did the population of moths change
a)
Predators were able to easily see their prey.
b)
People hunted lighter colored moths
c)
White moths were killed by the smoke from the factories
d)
Moths mood changed to sad, causing them to become dark
77.
When every organism of a species has died.
a)
Evolution
b)
Natural Selection
c)
Extinction
d)
Artificial Selection
78.

What word describes a trait that helps an organism survive in its environment?

a)

natural selection

b)

mutation

c)

camouflage

d)

adaptation

79.
The differences among a species, like different bird beaks, are called
a)
genes.
b)
variations.
c)
traits.
d)
theories.
80.
The theory of evolution by natural selection means that what is changing over time?
a)
The inherited traits of a population.
b)
The acquired traits of a population.
c)
Hair color and eye color
d)
Attractive features.
81.

Which of the following conditions are necessary for natural selection to occur?

a)

overproduction of offspring

b)

variation within a population

c)

variation of fitness among the population

d)

all of the above

82.

The belief that speciation occurs sporadically with long periods of no speciation and brief periods of rapid speciation.

a)

Gradualism

b)

Punctuated Equilibrium

c)

Microevolution

d)

Speciation

83.

The belief that speciation occurs at a constant stable rate.

a)

Gradualism

b)

Punctuated Equilibrium

c)

Microevolution

d)

Speciation

84.

A structure that is anatomically and genetically similar between organisms belonging to different species.

a)

Homologous Structure

b)

Analogous Structure

c)

Vestigial Structure

d)

Archaic Structure

85.

A structure that an organism has but no longer serves a function.

a)

Homologous Structure

b)

Analogous Structure

c)

Vestigial Structure

d)

Archaic Structure

86.

Structures that are superficially similar between organisms but arose by different evolutionary pathways (ex: bird wing and bat wing).

a)

Homologous Structure

b)

Analogous Structure

c)

Vestigial Structure

d)

Archaic Structure

87.

The name of the scientist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

a)

Charles Darwin

b)

Jean Baptist Lamarck

c)

Greggor Mendel

d)

Carolus Linneaus

88.

The name of the scientist who proposed the theory of evolution by acquired traits.

a)

Charles Darwin

b)

Jean Baptist Lamarck

c)

Greggor Mendel

d)

Carolus Linneaus

89.

When a population develops a different genetic makeup that is not reflective of the majority of other populations of the same species. The change is unrelated to evolution.

a)

Genetic Drift

b)

Natural Selection

c)

Population Bottleneck

d)

Founder Effect

90.

When a very small subgroup of a population forms its own population leading to a change in the genetics of the population.

a)

Genetic Drift

b)

Natural Selection

c)

Population Bottleneck

d)

Founder Effect

91.

The mechanism that is believed to cause evolution. Also known as survival of the fittest.

a)

Genetic Drift

b)

Natural Selection

c)

Population Bottleneck

d)

Acquired Traits

92.

The disproven mechanism of evolution that states organisms can pass on physical traits gained through behaviors in their lifetimes.

a)

Genetic Drift

b)

Natural Selection

c)

Population Bottleneck

d)

Acquired Traits

93.

The idea that species will change over time to form new species.

a)

Evolution

b)

Adaptation

c)

Fossil Record

d)

Epigenetics

94.

Any trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival.

a)

Evolution

b)

Adaptation

c)

Fossil Record

d)

Epigenetics

95.

The main form of evidence for evolution.

a)

Evolution

b)

Adaptation

c)

Fossil Record

d)

Epigenetics

96.

Why has Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution continued to be accepted a scientific fact?

a)

His mechanism of natural selection has continuously stood up to scientific inquiry, unlike other theories of evolution.

b)

He helped Mendel with his pea plant experiments.

c)

He stated that mutations in genes are passed between organisms.

d)

It isn’t. It is a massive conspiracy by the extreme liberal left wing to convince people that a pseudo-scientific theory is correct.

97.

According to Lamarck’s theory of acquired traits, evolution occurs:

a)

In warm blooded animals only.

b)

In cold blooded animals only.

c)

In individuals

d)

In populations

98.

Which of these would NOT be a vestigial structure?

a)

Remains of a second eyelid in humans.

b)

Humans having an appendix.

c)

Snakes having a pelvic girdle for leg attachment.

d)

Octopi having a beak for grinding food.

99.

Why is natural selection important for the theory of evolution?

a)

It keeps evolution from moving too quickly.

b)

It slows down evolution.

c)

It is the driving force for evolution.

d)

It is unrelated to evolution.

100.
Which of the following is a factor in natural selection?
a)
Individuals of species compete with one another to survive.
b)
All species are genetically diverse.
c)
Individuals better able to adapt to changes leave more offspring.
d)
All are correct 
101.
What is the term for a feature that allows an organism to survive in its environment?
a)
adaptation
b)
variation
c)
homologous structure
d)
vestigial structure
102.
What is the process of which humans breed organisms for certain traits?
a)
artificial selection
b)
descent without modification
c)
inheritance of acquired characteristics
d)
natural selection
103.
This scientist came up with the idea of natural selection.
a)
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
b)
Gregor Mendel
c)
Charles Darwin
d)
Thomas Malthus
104.
Inherited trait that helps an organism survive is a(n) __________.
a)
Fossil
b)
Adaptation
c)
Ancestor
d)
Natural selection
105.
Survival of the fittest or when favorable adaptations reproduce faster is called what?
a)
Evolution
b)
Adaptation
c)
Natural selection
d)
Fossilization
106.
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment 
a)
diversity.
b)
evolution
c)
adaptation
d)
 fitness
107.
This is a process in which organisms gradually change over time.
a)
Environment
b)
Competition
c)
Evolution
d)
Fossils
108.
what gave Charles Darwin the idea of evolution?
a)
google
b)
wikipedia
c)
mans attempt to destroy mankind
d)
finches in the Galapagos island
109.
Which statement best describes the process of evolution?
a)
Populations can survive in different locations on earth
b)
Environmental conditions limit the number of species on Earth
c)
Populations grow when resources are abundant
d)
The traits of a species can change over time
110.

According to natural selection, light colored tree trunks would favor

a)

light colored moths

b)

dark colored moths

c)

red colored moths

d)

red and light colored moths

111.

Natural Selection is driven by a change in the environment and survival of the

a)

Earth

b)

Fastest

c)

Fittest

d)

Biggest

112.
Where the better adapted organisms survive to pass traits along to offspring.
a)
Evolution
b)
Natural Selection
c)
Extinction
d)
Artifical Selection
113.

Who established the "Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection"?

a)

Mendel

b)

Pasteur

c)

Darwin

d)

Lamark

114.

What was the name of Darwin's Book

a)

Origin of Species

b)

Natural Selection

c)

My visit to the Galapagos Islands

d)

5 years on the HMS Beagle

115.

What island is famous for it's relationship to the Theory of Evolution?

a)

Hawaiian Islands

b)

Canary Islands

c)

New Zealand

d)

Galapagos Islands

116.

How are the finches on the Galapagos islands similar?

a)

Same common ancestor that came from the mainland

b)

They all have the same beaks

c)

They all came from different places on the mainland

d)

They all ate the same food

117.

How did the finches on the Galapagos Islands develop to be so different?

a)

They all had the same food available to them

b)

Different Islands had different food. The one's that could get food passed on their traits.

c)

The food they ate changed their beaks

d)

All the finches were the same.

118.

Besides finches, Darwin also studied _ on the Galapagos Islands.

a)

Alligators

b)

eagles

c)

Tortoises

d)

Kangaroos

119.

Larmarks Theory of Evolution was based on _ in a species.

a)

Natural Selection

b)

Acquired Traits

c)

Biodiversity

d)

Adaptations

120.

Lamark's Theory of Evolution was proven to be correct

a)

True

b)

False

121.

The change in species over time is called

a)

Biodiversity

b)

Evolution

c)

Natural Selection

d)

Fitness

122.

The ship that Darwin sailed on for his long voyage.

a)

England Top Cat

b)

SS Minnow

c)

HMS Beagle

d)

The Origin of Species

123.
In addition to observing living organisms, Darwin studied the preserved remains of ancient organisms called
a)
fossils
b)
adaptations
c)
homologies
d)
vestigial structures
124.

Which of the following would an animal breeder use to increase the number of cows that give the most milk?

a)

Natural selection

b)

Stabilized selection

c)

Disruptive selection

d)

artificial selection

125.

An inherited characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is called (n)

a)

vestigial structure

b)

adaptation

c)

speciation

d)

analogous structure

126.

How well an organism survives and reproduces in its environment can be described as its

a)

fitness

b)

homologous structure

c)

common ancestor

d)

analogous structure

127.

Which of the following conditions are necessary for natural selection to occur?

a)

overproduction of offspring

b)

variation within a population

c)

variation of fitness among the population

d)

all of the above

128.

Same structures different functions

a)

analagous

b)

adaptations

c)

homologous

d)

fossils

129.
Whales are aquatic mammals that contain a pelvis bone.  Even though it does not aid in its movement, the function must have been used by a common ancestor of the whale.  Thus, the pelvis is referred to as a(n)
a)
vestigial structure
b)
analogous structure
c)
homologous structure
130.
Which process produced the two different types of beaks in the ground finch and the tree finch?
a)
artificial selection
b)
geographical distribution
c)
natural selection
d)
disuse of the beak
131.
Two organisms that are closely related would have
a)
very similar DNA sequence
b)
exactly the same DNA sequences
c)
no proteins in common
d)
completely different DNA sequence
132.

Which is artificial selection?

a)

Breeding dogs for specific traits.

b)

Coyote species diverging from the wolves.

133.

High fitness individuals in a population:

a)

Live longer and have more offspring

b)

Live longer but have less offspring

c)

Neither live longer nor have more offspring

134.
Humans, birds, whales, and lizards all have similar arm bones. What is the reason for this?
a)
The function of these bones is the same in all animals
b)
They live in similar environments
c)
They have a common ancestor
d)
All organisms resemble humans
135.
Bird wings and butterfly wings are an example of
a)
Homologous structure
b)
Analogous structure
c)
Mimicry
d)
Camoflague
136.
Studying the similarities in organisms development 
a)
DNA
b)
Embryonic 
c)
Vestigial 
d)
Homologous 
137.

The arrangements of DNA can determine how close organisms are.

a)

DNA sequencing

b)

Fossil records

c)

Comparative Anatomy

138.
What is a change in an organism that allows for it to survive in its environment?
a)
homologous
b)
vestigial
c)
variation
d)
adaptation
139.
When all of the organisms of a species have died it is called
a)
evolution
b)
extinction
c)
adaptation
d)
natural selection
140.
What is the study of organisms at the early stages of development?
a)
DNA studies
b)
embryology 
c)
extinction
d)
fossil record
141.
What is this an example of?
a)
vestigial structures
b)
embryology
c)
homologous structures
d)
fossil record
142.
Which of the following is NOT an example of natural selection? 
a)
People selectively breeding hamsters.
b)
Insect populations developing resistance to certain pesticides.
c)
Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.
d)
Male birds of certain species developing colorful feathers to attract female mates.
143.
Which term refers to the process by which individuals that are better suited to the environment survive and reproduce therefore passing down their genes to their offspring? 
a)
Evolution 
b)
Variation 
c)
Adaptation
d)
Natural Selection 
144.
A remnant or trace of an organism from the past is called a _______.
a)
Ancestor
b)
Skeleton
c)
Fossil
d)
Imprints
145.
Inherited trait that helps an organism survive is a(n) __________.
a)
Fossil
b)
Adaptation
c)
Ancestor
d)
Natural selection
146.
Structures with the same parts have different functions; suggests that organisms share a common ancestry
a)
vestigial structures
b)
homologous structures
c)
adaptive radiation
d)
fossil
147.
Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure?
a)
the wings of a red-tailed hawk
b)
the hind limbs of a house cat
c)
the fins of sharks
d)
the tailbone of a human
148.
Why are advantageous traits more likely to be passed onto offspring?
a)
Because they are more likely to survive and reproduce.
b)
Because they come from dominant alleles.
c)
Because they come from recessive alleles.
d)
Because the trait is an acquired phenotype.
149.
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment 
a)
diversity.
b)
evolution
c)
adaptation
d)
 fitness
150.

Man that proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection

a)

Darwin

b)

Lyell

c)

Lamark

d)

Malthus

151.

The idea that earth's processes that formed the Earth long ago are still happening today is called ___

a)

erosion

b)

biogeography

c)

uniformitarianism

d)

geology

152.

The geologists that suggested that Earth is much older than previously thought were

a)

Lyell and Hutton

b)

Wallace and Darwin

c)

Malthus and Lamark

d)

Marshall and Evans

153.

The economist that thought that populations would continue to grow until they ran out of resources was ___

a)

Darwin

b)

Malthus

c)

Wallace

d)

Lamark

154.

Lamark came up with what idea?

a)

Populations outgrow their resources

b)

The theory of evolution by natural selection

c)

the inheritance of acquired characteristics

d)

biogeography

155.

The study of the past and present distribution of organisms is called __

a)

biology

b)

ecology

c)

environmentalism

d)

biogeography

156.

This molecule contains the same 4 basic components for every single species on Earth.

a)

carbohydrates

b)

DNA

c)

proteins

d)

lipids

157.

The study of ________ development points to the fact that ALL vertebrates have the same basic type of development at the early stages.

a)

embryo

b)

molecular

c)

brain

d)

bone